2. Non-fiction could be biographies,
articles from textbooks, newspaper
and magazine articles
Fiction is any creative work, chiefly any
narrative work, portraying individuals, events, or
places in ways that are imaginary or inconsistent
with history, fact, or plausibility.
4. Six elements of fiction :
1.Character
2.Plot
3.Point of View
4.Setting
5.Style
6.Theme
5. LITERARY TECHNIQUE
It refers to a specific, deliberate construction and use of
language to convey meaning. It is an artistic and an aesthetics way
of writing texts.
6. THEME
It refers to the central idea, message or subject the text want
to convey. It is a revolving idea althroughout the text
conveyed through significant events, elements and
techniques
8. Literary Elements are specific means
by which writers or storytellers
manipulate words in specific patterns to
unfold their stories and experiences
9. Literary
Elements
CHARACTER
A character is a figure in a literary work.
Characters can be major or minor.
Characters are classified into:
• Flat, when they are defined by a
single idea of quality and does not
change too much from the start of
the narrative to its end
• Round, when they possess the
complexity of real people
• Protagonist, the main character
with whom the reader is meant to
identify, also the person is not
necessarily good by any
conventional moral standard,
• The tragic flaw is the
single characteristic
(usually negative) or
personality disorder that
causes the downfall of
the protagonist
• Antagonist, the character
who opposes the main
character, also the
counterpart to the main
character and source of a
story’s main conflict;
10. Setting refers to the time and place where a story
occurs. It can be used to create the mood or
atmosphere within a story.
The setting can be:
a. Specific
Examples:
• Thunderbird Resort, Poro Point, City of San Fernando 2500 La
Union
• Northern Naguilian National High School, Gusing Norte,
Naguilian
2511 La Union
a. Ambiguous Examples:
• A large urban city during economic hard times
• Somewhere in the 2nd floor of the grocery store
11. • Plot is the sequence of events in a story. It is made up of:
A.Exposition, the beginning of the story, characters, setting, and
the main conflict are typically introduced.
B.Rising Action, also called Complication, where the main
character is in crisis and events leading up to facing the conflict
begin to unfold. The story becomes complicated
12. C.Climax, the peak of the story, where a major event occurs in which the
main character faces a major enemy, fear, challenge, or other source of
conflict. The most action, drama, change, and excitement occur here.
D.Falling Action, where the story begins to slow down and work towards its
end, tying up loose ends.
E.Resolution, like a concluding paragraph that resolves any remaining issues
and ends the story.
13. • Point-of-view refers to the identity of the
narrative voice. It is the person or entity through
whom the reader experiences the story. It may be:
Third-person, where a narrator describes what is
seen but as a spectator.
Second-person, using the pronoun you to narrate
the story
First-person, when we are seeing events through
the eyes of the character telling the story
14. Conflict
The conflict is a struggle between opposing forces which is the driving force of a story. Conflicts
can exist as:
a. Man versus man, the typical scenario between the protagonist and antagonist
b. Man versus nature, where the character is tormented by natural forces such as storms or
animals
c. Man versus self, where the conflict develops from the protagonist’s inner struggles, and may
depend on a character trying to decide between good and evil or overcome self-doubts
d. Man versus society, where a character must take on society itself, stands at odds and
realizes the necessity to work against these norms
e. Man versus fate, where a protagonist is working against what has been foretold for that
person
15. Theme
A theme is the main idea or underlying meaning
conveyed by the piece.
17. Elements of a Non Fiction Piece
Methods of Characterization-
1.Direct-a character in the story is described by the author directly.
2. Indirect- a character who is described by the author through his/her
personality, action, physical appearance, thoughts, and speech.
Kinds of characters that can be portrayed
According to Roles Played
a. Protagonist- the main or central character. He is also called hero or
heroine (female) when they exemplify nobility and bravery.
a. Antagonist- the counterpart of the antagonist, or the villain.
18. Minor Characters
a. Confidant- the character to whom the main character reveals
his/her sentiments, hopes, and aspirations.
a. Foil- a character who portrays a contrasting quality to another character.
b. Stock type- a character who portrays national or social identity.
According to fullness of development
a. Flat- a character who is portrays just one or two traits.
b.Round- a character who is complicated or who has many sides.
According to changes undergone in the story
a. Static- a character who does not show any change--- he/she has the same
characteristics from the beginning up to the end.
b. Developing/ dynamic- a character who goes through changes in his/her personality.
19. II. The Plot- a flow of events in a story. It is considered as the skeleton, the blueprint, or the
framework of the story.
Parts of the Plot
1. Exposition/ Introduction- introduces the major characters in the story and introduces the
setting of the story.
2. Complication/ Rising Action- the occurring events which occur that may lead to a problem or
conflict.
Kinds of Conflict:
a. External Conflict- the characters’ clash with the forces outside him/her like natural
occurrences such as calamities and social occurrences like fighting an antagonist.
b. Internal Conflict- the characters’ clash within himself/herself. An example of this is the
memories that continuously haunt the character disabling him to think or act well.
20. 1. Climax – is also called the turning point of
events.
2. Resolution- is also called as the falling action
where the problem or conflict is resolved.
3. Conclusion or the end determines whether it
is a success or a failure on the part of the
major characters.
21. Point of View (POV)- this answers the
question “Who is narrating?”
Allusion – this is a literary technique
in which the subject is being refered to
a historical or literary figure.
Flashback- a literary technique in
which there is a reminiscence or
recollection of
the past events
Foreshadowing- a counterpart of
flashback as it utilizes hints or clues
indicative of what will happen next in
the story.
Imagery- another technique in
which the characters or even the
setting or anything in the story is
described very well as if you are
creating a mental image on your
mind.
22. Mood- the feeling or atmosphere the author makes
for the reader.
Moral-the call towards having a good behavior; this
could be in the form of
a maxim, or a saying.
Suspense- the feeling of excitement, tension or even
pressure by the reader as he/she gets involved in
the story to know the outcome of a particular
conflict.
Symbol -the representation of a person, place or an
object.
Theme - the main message ofa story or
a generalization about life
Tone- the attitude of the author
towards its subject. It could be joyful,
serious, humorous, angry, among
others.
