Types of negritos in the philippine islands by bean

Types of Negritos in the Philippine Islands
Author(s): Robert Bennett Bean
Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1910), pp. 220-236
Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association
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TYPES OF NEGRITOS IN THE PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS'
By ROBERT BENNETT BEAN

Aetas, or Negritos, of the Philippines have been studied
THE
at close range by Meyer, Montano, Reed, and others, and
from a distance by many anthropologists. The Honorable
Dean C. Worcester, Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands,
has visited the Negritos wherever in the archipelago they could be
found; yet never before have they been classified into types,
although at least three types are represented among them - three
types that are the fundamental units of mankind - the Primitive,
the Iberian, and the Australoid. The most plausible supposition to
account for the three types among the Negritos is that the Australoid
preceded the Iberian and Primitive, who have been incorporated
with the Australoid as the result of recent or remote intrusions. By
the workings of Mendelian heredity the kinky hair, black skin, and
diminutive stature of the Australoid have obscured the character-
istics of the other types.
This is the first study dealing with the ears and physical char-
acteristics of the Philippine Islanders of the interior and is based
largely on photographs in the collection of the Bureau of Science
of the Philippine Government, and in the private collection of Mr
Worcester, to whom I am indebted for access to both collections.
The Negritos are the first of the inland tribes selected for study,
because they are relatively few in number and are undoubtedly be-
coming fewer, as they lose their purity when they come into con-
tact with surrounding peoples. They were selected also because
very few studies of Negritos have been made dealing with the physical
characteristics of the living, and no previous study has been made of
their ears; and, finally, because a large number of representative
1 The photographs of the Negritos in this paper are reproducedwith the permission
of the Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands and the editor of the Philip-
pine Journal of Science, in which journal they were originally published.
220

BEAN] TYPES OF NEGRITOS 22 I

photographs of Negritos from many parts of the islands could be
obtained.
The photographs have been derived from several sources, taken
at various times by different men. The photographs of the Negritos
of Bataan or Mariveles mountain, of Isabela province, of Pampanga
province, and some of those of Palawan island and elsewhere, were
taken by Mr Worcester. The Negritos of Zambales were photo-
graphed by Mr A. Reed and others; those of Cagayan by Mr
Charles Martin of the Bureau
of Science: the Tinitian and
other Negritos (Bataks) of
the island of Palawan were
photographed by Lieutenant
E. Y. Miller while governor, 1Ai-
and the photographs of the
Negritos of the island of Panay,
provinces of Antique and
Capiz, and of Ambos Camar-
ines, were taken by Mr M. L.
Miller, Chief of the Division
of Ethnology, Bureau of Sci-
ence. These are groups from
which photographs have been
studied, with the addition of
a few others from out of the
way places in the Philippine
Islands.
It is to be noted that Ne-
FIG. 12.- The chief of the tribe of Ne-
gritos still remain in the gritos in the Mariveles mountain across the
Philippine Islands, from Pala- bay from the city of Manila. Australoid type.
wan in the south to the ex-
treme northern end of Luzon. Not only is the distribution of the
Negritos so general throughout the islands, but the types selected
show a similar general distribution, although slight local resem-
blances exist. The Negritos of a single locality have evidently
inbred, yet the probability of intermixture with the surrounding
populations can in no instance be excluded.

222 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. S., 12, 19IO

MARIVELES NEGRITOS
The Mariveles Negritos appear to be the purest Negritos in the
Philippines judging from the photographs available, and the chief
of the tribe in the mountain across the bay from Manila is a typical
Negrito of the Australoid form (see figs. 12 and I3). The head is
~ii~ ---l:i:-l:: rii-- i;i'ii-iii -- -:i: i-ii-`l~-.- .iii :i:i
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----

FIG. 13. - The same Negrito as in Fig. 12. Australoid type.

long and narrow, the face is moderately wide and short, the nose is
large and straight, broad and heavy, but not flat and depressed like
the nose of the Primitive, and the ear is a combination of Iberian
and Primitive, the Australoid ear. The full figure of the Negrito
chief is characteristic of the Australoid type. The extremities are
long and the body is relatively short. The forearm and the lower
leg appear to be unusually long, but no exact measurements were
made. Measurements of the limb parts made on the photograph
prove both the brachial index and the crural index to be high.
This type of Negrito is without doubt the true Negrito, and the
greater number of Mariveles Negritos are of this type, which is
also found wherever the Negrito exists in purity in the islands, espe-

BEAN] TYPES O; NEGRITOS 223

cially in the northeastern part of Luzon along the shores of the
Pacific ocean and in the adjacent mountains, which is the most un-
frequented part of the archipelago, and the home of the largest
number of pure Negritos in the Philippines.
The Primitive type is also found among the Mariveles Negritos,
particularly among the women, and one of them, the most char-
acteristic Primitive Negrito seen in the Philippines, is shown in
figure 14.
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FIG. 14. - A young woman of the Mariveles tribe of Negritos. Primitive type.

In this individual the head is wide, the face is broad and flat,
the nose is also broad and flat with depressed bridge and flaring
nostrils that open forward rather than downward. The ears cannot
be seen entirely, but the character of the visible parts justifies the
conclusion that they are Primitive in form. The full lips and
receding chin finish the infantile character-complex, and prove the
type to be a Primitive.
The Iberian type is not found in pure form among the Mariveles
Negritos but a few individuals have what may be called a degenerate

224 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. S., 12, 1910

Iberian physiognomy. Such a Negrito is seen in figure I5. This
man is considered by Mr Worcester to be a typical Negrito, and
he is not greatly unlike "Ardi, one of the last of the Kalangs,"
whose picture is given on page 69 of Th? World's Peoples by
Dr A. H. Keane; the ears of the two are almost identical in ap-
pearance. The head and face are long and narrow, the nose is
neither flat nor large but rather thin and slender, and there is con-
siderable facial prognathism, a characteristic of the Iberian. The

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FIG. 15. - A Mariveles Negrito. Degenerate Iberian type.

ear is modified Iberian, with everted concha and turned out helix.
The most plausible explanation of the presence of these two men,
Ardi and the Mariveles man, among Negritos is that they represent
a reversion to a remote cross of the Iberian with the Negrito.

ZAMBALES NEGRITOS
The Iberian type occurs in almost pure form among the
Negritos in parts of the Philippines outside of the Mariveles
group. A Negrito from Zambales of practically pure Iberian form

BEAN] TYPES Of NEGRITOS 225

may be seen in figure 16. This man is so surely Iberian that were
his skin white and his hair straight he might pass for a European.
The forehead is vertical, the face long, thin, and slightly progna-
thous, the nose is slender and
straight, and the chin is sharp.
The ears are typical Iberian,
with dependent lobule, everted
concha, rolled out and spiral
shaped helix. This man un-
doubtedly represents the result
of a previous cross of the Negrito
with an Iberian. It would ap-
pear from this combination of
Iberian form and kinky hair that
hair and physiognomy are sep-
arable characters in heredity and
follow Mendel's laws, whereas
the ear form and physiognomy
hang together as a character-
complex, although they, too,
may be separable.
The Primitive type is more
prevalent among the Zambales
Negritos than any other type, - A Negrito man from Zambales.
and more than in the Mariveles FIG.I6. Iberian type.
Negritos. A characteristic Prim-
itive Negrito man of Zambles may be seen in figure 17. Notice
the bowl-shaped ears, the broad, flat nose with flaring nostrils that
open somewhat forward, the broad head and face, the full lips, and
the small chin. The legs are short and the body relatively long;
the hands and fingers are also short. Compare this Primitive Ne-
grito with the Australoid shown in figure 12 and then contrast both
with the Iberian Negrito in figure I8. Differences in the relative
proportions of the limb parts, as well as other differences, may be
noted. The Iberian has a long, slender nose, the Australoid a
large, straight nose, and the Primitive a broad, flat nose. The
face of the Iberian is long, that of the Australoid is oval, and that

226 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 12, 1910

of the Primitive is round. The Iberian has slender extremities and
body, the Primitive is short and squat, and the Australoid is nearly
all arms and legs, the body being relatively short.
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FIG.17. - A Negrito man from Zam- FIG. I8.--A Negrito from Isabela
bales. Primitive type. province, eastern Luzon. Iberian type.

ISABELA NEGRITOS

While considering this Iberian Negrito from Isabela province it
may be well to mention another Iberian Negrito, Pagatolan, a noted
chief of that section of Luzon. Figures 20oaand 20obare rather good

BEAN] TYPES OF NEGCRIT7OS 227

pictures of Pagatolan, who " has had three Albino children, two of
whom are living and one of whom he has caused to be given Chris-
tian baptism. He states that God has been very good to give him
white children, and that he proposed to send them to school."
This Negrito is decidedly Iberian. The long, straight, pointed
nose, the pointed chin, and the square forehead are all evidences of
the Iberian. Unfortunately the ears do not show well, although the
lobule and lower helix and con-
cha resemble the Iberian. The
Albino children may be expres-
sions of Mendelian heredity
from a previous cross between a
Negrito and a European.
The Australoid Negrito is
the true type of eastern Luzon,
and a sub-chief of this region as
a representative of the type may
be seen in figure 19. The Iberian
and the Australoid Negritos are
not greatly unlike each other, and
this is particularly true of the
limb and body parts and their
relative proportions. It would
seem that the Iberian and the
Negrito (Australoid) have been
fusing for a long time because the ISI
amalgamation of the two types
is so nearly complete whereas
the Primitive Negrito represents
a more recent mixture. This FIG. 19. - A Negrito man from Isabela
province. Australoid type.
may be emphasized by presenting
the photographs of Negritos that represent recent mixtures with
the surrounding population, all of such photographs exhibiting a
blended condition with Primitive markings.
First, a group of women and children of Zambales province in
figure 21 illustrates four grades of blends and shows how the kinky
hair of the Negrito may become straight by continual intercrossing


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ii~l iii-:iiii;i-ii-:: -:
-:--i_--il-i i:i; :i:_
i:l:i : ii ::: ; :::: :I: i'-:-: _w::-::-:- i-::BI_: : : :i ::: : :i-:i-,
: :::: : ; : : . :_--ii---
:ii iii---iii
..-. i-

i -:ia)i:i:i:
i-i:i-i-:
ii-:---i-
::-:::

FIG. 20. - Pagatolan, a Negrito chief of Isabela province. Iberian type.

-;_:::-li~ii:-:~:~:-:a-::-
:.::::::i::::::-:
::: : :::::::::
:i:: ''-"iiii~i-~ifiiiliEi''i~li~iii~'-~6i
-::::::: :::1:::::::;:
-:__:::-:-::;_::::s:
:::i::::-l::
j::i:~:::-,:,::i::
:::::i:-:;: :::~::: :_-:::-.i:::li::
ii:':;li:iji::*:-i

:-.-.-
::::::::i:r:::-
..:.:: -i-~
:'r:::-:-;iiiiiii~ii
-I:::-:
:::-:::i~:-i
-::
,-i:i:i-i-i--iii~i~iiii-l-i-i:::ii-
i:
:::-;:-;:::
:::: ::;::: ~ii:~?ii-
::iiii~::i--iiiili iii,~ii~i~i
::?::i:ii-i,:iiii-ii----Biii:iBi:ii-i:ii::i
i:::-_:_::i::i iii':i-Fii_
i:::: ::j ::::::'':::
:::-::i-::
:i-s--i
~-i::i:--iiiii,:i
---:ifii:-i~i:i::-i:-i-
IOii_-ii~:~:i-i-ii
::::
:;:-:::-:':--1:-
- ::,::::,:::::::,-:
i~iiiiii~ii:.i:i-:iri:iiri:iri
:::::1::::iiiii-;i-i
Bi ...-.-: :::..:_
; ::::_::.: :::::::
i:; iiiii-iii
a~i;i~_i-ii-i" :
:i-:i:i-?-ii
-i:i::::i::1::::;:::::_::
:- :::-;:
__::-:i::?

i~i~-i-:--ii:
i:i::iieii~i-
.ii:li~iii'li--~i-i?rii?
iiaiiiaii ii~ii-i.
Eii iiiiii~ii~,iii~ii:ji:iiiii~
iii?ii~i?-i%:ii

FIG. 21. - A group of Zambales Negritos of mixed blood. Modified Primitive type.

BEAN] TYPES OF NEGRITOS 229

with the straight haired Filipino. All the individuals are modified
Primitive in type.
Next a Negrito of Capiz (fig. 22), in the island of Panay, who
has considerable Visayan blood, shows all the marks of a modified
Primitive Filipino, with the wavy hair of a mixed Negrito.
The Negritos in the vicinity of the town of Tinabog, on the
island of Palawan, are more numerous than in the other parts of the
island, but they have mixed with
the Visayans who inhabit the
town of Tinabog. A represen-
tative of this class may be seen lift:::::
in figure 23. The Negritos of
the island of Palawan are called All:~~j
Bataks, and this is a representa-
tive Batak man. Their peculiar
method of shaving the head over
the frontal region is noticed in
this man who has a typical hair
cut. The hair is wavy, a blended
hair form, and the other charac-
teristics are modified Primitive
and Australoid.
There are Negritos in the
Cagayan valley, the great to-
bacco growing district in north- FIG. 22. -A Negrito from Capiz, island
of Panay, with considerableVisayan blood.
ern Luzon, who probably belong Modified Primitive type.
to the Negritos of the eastern
coast of Luzon. Those of the Cagayan valley have mixed with
the Filipinos there, which is indicated by their curly hair and modi-
fied form. A striking illustration of this may be seen in the Ne-
grito of figure 24 in the attitude of shooting an arrow from his
bow. The trim form, and fine muscular development, especially of
the back and arms, calls forth admiration. These Negritos can bend
a bow with apparent ease that a white man unaccustomed to such
a feat would be unable to bend.
Finally, Negritos are shown standing by the side of six foot
AM. ANTH., N. S., 12-16.

230 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. S., 12, 190Io

~'::i~ii`liiiii-ii-i':L :-i:--i-i-::''l i::: :-: ;---si~:-
_- ?i~: ::::::: ~-:i:::-: : ::::i:::r:;j
:i:::~--iii-"ii- ; -i-~--:-- r::_:-:;-`:- I:: -::: :-:--: :-;-iii'~:':-:
i-P-- -:
i?--:-i:-i- :,
li~ii'~ii:::---l:--:-:-I-:::?':::I : :---::-i-:-+-~
I:i~-Z:iil-i-i - ':1::::::::':
::::
.:::
::::-r::
- ::::'::::::::::i:i:iii:ii-iiiii-~ili: ::
-:
-:::-:i::-:;:::
::::--::':

-::
::::;:~-:ii:---i:- - :-:::i-::-~::-~ii_:ii
- -::::::;::---;: --:i:i~-~i-:l:
:::1-
~~iia- ::::: -w-:B? :-::i~. i-?
iiiC.-
'::-"I-:':;:::'::::j:: Y i
::;
: '::::
::-i:-i_:::: i--:-iii--ii:
iji:-:ji~iiaii*il.
:: ::: :: ; ::':
i;-;:-::-:::;:::::::::::- :
i::: ?:~

::::::::--:-::::
::_:
::1---:-----::i-:--:::::i :
:a---::i-:~:::;:;:
-::-:,:::
...:'::i:--:::
:::_:-: -:::
..- :::: ::-::::-:::

:?::
::.
_::j::::-::::::-a::--:::::r::
. :::::-:: ::I:"'
'::::::::::
- i::::i:i:-:*1:::-:::?:::
.. ::-;r_::~--:i~:~,_:::'-~::i--iT-F~:-~:B
)-:I:::j,:ii~::::-:::::;::
---,i.--;i:ii~i: ::::;:
;-iii-:~:
-'-':":-i
"-::~:::::?:-

::~:: :::
i::i:i::::::

i::::~::::::;?:::
:::::::2::::
-~---
::-:in:_:-,::---:-?i::
~?i.-i:i:ais-i-ipi-i:-i
i::
:':"::ì':":::::::::':':::

::: --_i-:-~:--:-::e
_::--- ::i:~
--m:::-- . ::-:-::_:::?::::

FIG. 23. - A Batak man of Tinabog, island of Palawan. Modified Primitive and
Australoid type.

Fj
: :: -:::
"-'-
-:: i-i-:-
:iiii-: ; :--::-:::
: :::
~:_:~:ii~~j~ii4: i
:::-__:j_:::i_;
li:_;JI-:-
-.-..
i
i?::r-~:::::~
-? i:-
:::
i ::-:ii:-::::-,::::::
:-:- : ::
:::::
':i ::
:_ __I ii__li :1 Ii:--_i?ii--:l-
~i:
i? ;ii
-? ..:I:: :--~-s--:-i-
:i

L ri-.;-?--_:i
i?:i
ii-:-~-ii
:il

i?
--i :: i:-1 ::.-:--:
-:-: --.-- : i

il~--:::-:i:l~: ::i--i'---ì_::i:lil:Il.:-:-:ii-l-:i-i:i
_:;;-::::~-:-:- :-i:::::l:ii-i:ii:
i::-:ì-
~:--:-ii--i-:~IIP -'
~:ii:l--i_~i__:::i 3i:$~ii~iiiii__ili
-,-iiiiiiiniii;ii-~~
--~i
--i:~ :-ii-i
~ilii::iii~l-ji: R.a
ii
i:

FIG. 24.-A Negrito of Cagayan province, northern Luzon. Blended hair form.

BEAN] TYPES OF NEGRITOS 23 1

Americans to illustrate the relative size. In figure 25 a Negrito and
a mixed Negrito of Zambales may be seen. Both the Negritos are
modified Primitive in form, and the curly hair of the mixed Negrito

:1::_-:::-:-::i~-
:. 'Otis1
I:
jp ::
tv :::_::-
::::_:i::;:
.:::-
e:
::ii_-::-:--:'-:-:-we
:-:i-: :_-~:
::: :::i-:'i
:::::i _:
-:-::

FIG. 25. -A pure Negirito and a mixed FIG. 26.- A mixed Mangyan Negrito
Negrito standing beside an American. standing beside an American.

indicates that hair form blends in a mixture. In figure 26 is shown
a Negrito from the interior of the Island of Mindoro, who is not a
pure Negrito, but mixed, as indicated by the curly hair.
DISCUSSION

Three possibilities in heredity are apparent from the study of the
ears and physiognomy of the Negritos. First, there is blending in
a cross of the Negrito with other types, and the production of a
hybrid that has curly or wavy hair and modified Negrito physiog-
nomy. Second, there is persistence of the type crossed with the
Negrito, accompanied by kinky or wavy, hair probably an exhibition
of alternate heredity or Mendelism. Third there may be mosaics
such as the Alpine, with the broad head of the Primitive, the narrow
nose of the Iberian, and the kinky hair of the Negrito.


It remains to be determined exactly what takes place in the
heredity of cross-bred races such as the European and Negrito, but
the indications are that there is blended heredity, mosaic heredity,
and alternate heredity with persistence of type which suggests
Mendelian heredity. There exist among the Negritos forms of hair,
nose, and ear, as well as other features of the physiognomy, inter-
mediate at almost every conceivable point between the widest
extremes, and the general effect is that of disorderly blending as
represented previously by a scheme for heredity.'
The origin of the Negrito may never be known, but it seems
plausible that the Australoid is the true Negrito type on which the
Iberian and the Primitive types have been grafted. The Iberian
came from Europe by way of India in prehistoric migrations, and their
combinations with the Australoid are represented by the Negritos of
Mariveles Mountain and those of the eastern coast of northern Luzon.
The Primitive came from the Orient and has mingled with the Iber-
ian-Australoid Negrito throughout the Philippines, altering the form
and straightening the hair of the purer Negritos that existed before.
The more recent European contact with the Negrito has had very
little apparent effect, although an occasional pure Iberian may be
found with dark skin and kinky hair. The Negrito element has
entered to a considerable extent into the present Filipino population,
although it may not be recognized with ease because of the absence
of kinky hair. The Negritos have been losing their identity by be-
coming incorporated into the body of the surrounding population.
Where once the Negrito was found in all parts of the archipelago,
the only remaining centers in which they exist in anything like their
original purity are the two already mentioned, Mariveles mountain
and the eastern coast of Luzon. In all other parts the kinky hair
has practically disappeared and the Negritos have taken on the form
of the surrounding population, distributing their own forms through-
out the regions roundabout.
In this connection mention may be made of a Negrito of Caga-
yan (fig. 27) who is the village dude, and succeeded in straighten-
ing his hair by the consistent use of native oils. The unusual ex-
1 Bean, R. B., The Racial Anatomy of the Philfppine Islanders, 8vo. Lippincott,
1900.


pression of his countenance with straight instead of woolly hair may
be seen. He is not a typical Negrito, although the nose is semi-
Australoid and the ear modified Primitive.
The photographs of the Mariveles Negritos were all placed upon
a large table before me, and when I scrutinized them carefully I
realized that I was looking into
i:::~::: iQ:ii
'::-:--::-:::--:-: iiiiiii:~i-ii~ii-ilii,?~:i--: ::::-:'--::-~-'::*-::"v
i-iiir-i---li-:--ifi-iii::i-~:- :-:-- -:::::::
:- ---:::::;- -:::_:-::
--:-?---:i::i::'::?:i:pi:
::::--
:?:'i:::::s~ii-:- -:::-:-:ii::i ii:: :::
...- ii: il:ii::,i,::-:::::;: -
::---- :---:-:
:::
ii-
the faces of a familiar people, : : : :::::-- -~--i:i:i~-:ii:i-~::-- ------:~-::~-:-:-:--:::':::
:il::::?...:.:: ::::::'::::'
:: :::::::i:::
i :....
-i-_-_-i -...::::_:::_::_:::
:-::_:: ::--- -~~~-
::1::::1::::::-;
::_:::i::_
I:_ ::::-:i-
-:: __-:--: :i::::--_: I: ::::-::
:::::::-:: :::a::;:::i:i::
-::-: :::
among whom I was born and ;; :
::: :'-: ..:. , :
-:: -::-:::::--i 'I:::
?::
::-:_::;:::i

with whom I grew up, the ::_:-::::::-I::
W.-b-.: --~iii;-ii*i

American negro. Practically
-::: :.--:
: :-::-:::::~~::i :::..
_?: i:::?::_:::
i-~:i~:--::_---
:-:in::::::
::~
----:---i:-'i:l;::::1::::
:?i:--::--::;:i;:I-
?:::::::::::
:::?:::::
i~::~--;:-:--::~:i::::::-:~
__~__~:::--~:-i~~-::::-:;-::i-:-::_:::':"
::::::::-::~:-_-::i::::
:i::- ::
::;~,:i;:i:::
:::i::::
every face recalled. youthful as- -
::;:: :::::~-~i-=iii--i-n:-~-/i:~
sociations, and every individual :i_:::; :::-:i'
: ::::~
: --i:::
:;--i:i-:-::::::::'::::-:--::-:::::-::--
;:: ::i::i:::::::::,:;:
:''::":-:::::::
:::i~i~:r:::
I:i-:::I::::-::::::1:-
-i-li-:--:::-::'::::::::::
: _--~:::: :
ii~iBiliii~iiiiii`:i
:
::-:_::i:_:::::.-
:::-:::_: :-_::-:--::-:-::1
:- :--:-:-::: -::--_-':i:i::r-:~
of the Mariveles group has its ::: ;:. :
::::::;::
-::_
- :::-'::: -I:-:
-i:ii-i----iia:i:i--
-:ii-i-i~i---:-::_
---i:--i--ii~iii-i:
Zi,-,
:::
_
::::::--:-::: :_::-::;-
::: I::i:-i--~i~"::;:
::: -- :-:_:t:::_::---:--
--:i:-:-i:
::::::i:::::::i::::::::i
:::::~::::::: :::
::::::::::_:::::-::
counterpart among American :::I::::_.:_::?:--;-::---::-
j::_ ___:::::::: :::
:: ::::.:...::-_:::-
_::;_: --: :-;
--::
:::
::::::?:-
::::' :-:-e--:
: i:,i~,:i,,:,i,:,
:::-i-:-':--::i::::: :::-::
;:: ::::
. :::~:~~~fi-_
:::~~::r:
:-iii
negroes. s-:-i' ::::_i-::-
:_: .-:::
:~:-:-:iii:i
___--
?-?-:::---_:i-::::: ::::':
:::::1::::i::i:::::
:;:::~:i:::`~~
-_-:----?
.:_-~-i:~
:_::;::::-:::
i-:::i:
The photographs of the Ne- -::'-'':'::::
:-
i;-ii:'::::-:-:- i::::
_:i:::::-:
-.-::
i~iii~ :-: :: :::
:i:::-_i:-j:_:i::-li:::-'i--_::: --:-:i_:::
~:i:-_::::::-i~r
gritos from other parts of the t-~ii~~ili~i_:_::i::-
::::::'::i:::: ::::::---
:::: ::::::::
::-::::' ii~iieiixiii:~l~
i:: .::
::::i:
;: :::::-::-:-:
:~:-- :-::-::
:::i:,:--i::::ril
:-: :: :::;::r-
:::~::-:; ::::::__:::-:-
:::_:?~
Philippines were likewise dis- :-_:- :::::':::-_:?;:
:::::,-:::::
::::::----:---:_:--:
-
i-____: ::::: ::
::::-~:---?:
::l:il::

posed upon a large table, replac- -::?_:::::-i:_:j-:
,:;::-ii:-:_

ing the Marveles Negritos; the :::::i:::i::::::::::::::
familiar faces of the homeland ~iil~
vanished, but in their places ap-
peared the faces that one meets
every day in Manila or in the FIG. 27. - A Negrito of Cagayan province
provinces, familiar Filipino types. with hair artificially straightened.
A few of them still resemble the
American negro, which is particularly true of the Negritos of
Isabela province.
These casual observations must be taken with reservation be-
cause no data can be given to substantiate them; but I believe they
indicate a close relationship between the Negrito of the Philippines
and the African Negro.
To summarize: The Mariveles Negritos who are apparently
purer in type than any other group, and who are largely of the
Iberian and Australoid types, have relatively longer noses, faces,
and lower extremities than any other group of Negritos represented
by photographs ; the Zambales Negritos who are largely mixed and

234 AMERICAN AN7THROPOLOGIS7 [N. S., 12, 1910

of the Primitive type, have relatively shorter noses, faces, and lower
extremities than any other group; and the remaining groups, who
are also much mixed and intermediate between the Iberian and the
Primitive, have noses, faces, and lower extremities of intermediate
length.
It would appear from the photographs that the purest Negritos
are to be found in the Mariveles Mountains, and these Negritos are
of the Australoid type. The Iberian characteristics are more or
less pure in some individuals, the Primitive is more or less pure in
others, but the greater part of them represent the type previously
designated by me as Australoid, which is similar to that found
among the Igorots and all the littoral Filipinos so far examined.
CONCLUSIONS

Any conclusions reached after a study of the photographs pre-
sented must be tentative and subject to revision. It does appear,
however, that there are many inseparable factors in the composition
of the individual, such as the ear form, nose and face form, and
length of the extremities, that constitute a "character-complex"
which exists as an entity and in inheritance may act as a unit
character.
A "character-complex " is that group of characters, such as the
broad head, broad nose, broad face, and characteristic ear, that, com-
bined with small stature, constitute the Primitive species, which
character-complex usually hangs together in heredity, but may break
up when crossed with alien forms to create new character-complexes.
There is blending of one character-complex with another, but
this blending probably does not take place at once upon crossing
two extremely different character-complexes such as the Iberian and
the Primitive, or the Iberian and the Australoid, but results in the
reappearance of one or the other character-complex in pure form, as
shown in figure 15, where the true Iberian has the kinky hair and
dark skin of the Negrito Australoid.
From this follows the second conclusion, which is that the
kinky hair is dominant over the straight hair when the cross takes
place among the Negritos; therefore a character-complex may be
obscured by the kinky hair, so that an otherwise pure Iberian may
appear to be a Negrito because of the character of the hair.


The Negritos in the Mariveles mountain appear to be the purest
Negritos in the Philippine Islands, judging from the photographs.
All other groups of Negritos are more like the surrounding popu-
lation. The Negritos of Mariveles should therefore represent the
fundamental Negrito type, and as they are largely Australoid the
fundamental type of the Negritos should be Australoid. Modified
Primitive and modified Iberian Negritos are also found in the
Mariveles group. The women are more Primitive than the men,
who are more Iberian and Australoid than the women. The Primi-
tive and Iberian characteristics of the Mariveles Negritos are of
such a nature that they should be considered as remnants of the
fusion that must have progressed for many centuries or even
thousands of years to have produced so homogeneous a blend.
May it be presumed that the Primitive and Iberian types con-
joined in prehistoric times at some place in the East of Asia or
nearby, and produced by fusion the Australoid. From this union
innumerable offshoots have sprung in Southern Asia, the islands
bordering that region, and in Africa. The Primitive type remains
pure in parts of the East, and the Iberian type in Europe. If this
hypothesis be untrue, the reverse of it should be considered; viz. the
Australoid forms the basic stock of all humanity, and the Iberian of
Europe on the one side and the Primitive of the Orient on the other
are derivatives. If neither hypothesis be true, at least the Negrito
of Mariveles has Primitive and Iberian characteristics ingrafted from
without.
My recent discovery of paleolithic man in the Philippines (Homo
Pkilippinensis)' may throw light on the origin of the Australoid type
among the Negritos and among the inland tribes as well as in the
littoral population of the archipelago. Homo Philippinensis is
Australoid in form yet somewhat different from the Negrito Aus-
traloid, the Igorot Australoid or the Australoid of the coast, but
not so different as to preclude all relationship. Homo Philippin-
ensis is also related to the earliest form of man in Europe, Homo
Mousteriensis,and Homo Heidelbergensis; it is of the Neanderthal type,
and is not greatly different from the Negro Australoid. The follow-

1 Bean,
op. cit.

236 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 12, 19IO

ing hypothesis is plausible. Primordial man remained practically
unaltered in form in Africa and the Pacific, and Homo Philzppinensis
is this unchanged form; but in Africa the kinky hair and black skin
of the negro may be added features due to environment, and the
Australoid Negrito is a further modification of the negroid form, due
also to environment. Whatever the cause may be, there are at
present three types found among the Negritos - the Australoid, the
Primitive, and the Iberian; and these three types are found also
among the other peoples of the Philippines wherever I have exam-
ined them. The Primitive and the Australoid, and doubtless the
Iberian, are found in all the islands of the Pacific where search has
been made and careful analysis of the people has followed, the first
two types often among more or less pure Negritos.
The more profound the study, the more profound becomes the
impression that the Primitive, the Australoid, and the Iberian are
the three fundamental types of mankind.
TULANE UNIVERSITY,
NEW ORLEANS, LA.

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