Scales, Validity and Reliability of Questionnaires

2. ◦LIKERT SCALE
◦It is a very popular/ most common scale used by
researchers to measure behaviors and attitudes
quantitively.
◦Respondents were asked to rate or rank
statements according to the scale provided.
◦It the best tool for measuring the level of
opinions.

3. EXAMPLE:
A Likert scale that measures the attitude of students
towards distance learning.
ITEMS STRONGLY
AGREE
AGREE UNDECIDED DISAGREE STRONGLY
DISAGREE
There would be
difficulty in
communicating
our concerns to
our teacher.
There would be
many
distractions
when learning
at home than in
school.

4. Example of Likert scale
Frequency of Occurrence Frequency of Use
Very frequently Always
Frequently Often
Occasionally Sometimes
Rarely Rarely
Very Rarely Never

5. Example of Likert scale
Degree of importance Quality
Very important Strongly Agree
Important Agree
Moderately Important Undecided
Of little importance Disagree
Not important Strongly Disagree

6. Example of Likert scale
Level of Satisfaction Agreement
Very satisfied Strongly Agree
Satisfied Agree
Undecided Undecided
Unsatisfied Disagree
Very unsatisfied Strongly Disagree

7. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
• In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives
will be rated by the respondents.
• This scale seems to be more
advantageous since it is more flexible and
easy to construct.

8. EXAMPLE:
On a description of an active student in
school activities.
Pleasant 5 4 3 2 1 Unpleasant
Enthusiastic 5 4 3 2 1 Not Enthusiastic
Competent 5 4 3 2 1 Incompetent

9. Reflect on the situation:
You are a teacher who would like to
measure the oral communication
proficiency level of students, which
instrument would you use?
a. students write an essay on communication
b. speech performance using rubric or rating scale
c. students are given multiple choice tests

10. ESTABLISHING
VALIDITY and RELIABILITY
of the RESEARCH
QUESTIONAIRE

11. • It is traditionally defined as “degree to which a test
measures what it claims or purports to be measuring”.
• A questionnaire undergoes a validation procedure to make
sure that it accurately measure what it aims to do.
• A valid questionnaire helps to collect reliable and accurate
data.
VALIDITY

12. FACE VALIDITY
• It is also known as “logical validity.”
• It calls for an initiative judgment of the
instruments as it “appear.”
• Just by looking at the instrument, the
researcher decides if it is valid.
Types of Validity of Instrument

13. CONTENT VALIDITY
• An instrument that is judged with content validity
meets the objectives of the study.
• It is done by checking the statements or
questions if this elicits the needed information.
• Experts in the field of interest can also provide
specific elements that should be measured by the
instrument.
Types of Validity of Instrument

14. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
• It refers to the validity of instruments as it
corresponds to the theoretical construct of the
study.
• It is concerning if a specific measure relates
to other measures.
Types of Validity of Instrument

15. • It indicates the accuracy or precision of the
measuring instrument.
• It refers to a condition where measurement process
yields consistent responses over repeated
measurements.
RELIABILITY

16. Waysto assess the Reliability of the Questionnaire
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
◦This is the simplest method of assessing
reliability.
◦The same test or questionnaire is
administered twice and correlation between
the two sets of scores is computed.

17. Waysto assess the Reliability of the Questionnaire
SPLIT-HALF METHOD
◦This method is also called equivalent or
parallel forms.
◦In this method, two different test covering
the same topics are used and the correlation
between the two sets of scores is calculated.

18. Waysto assess the Reliability of the Questionnaire
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY
◦It determines how well the items measure
the same construct.
◦It is reasonable that when a respondent
gets a high score in one item, he will also
get one in similar items.

20. DIRECTIONS: Refer to your own questionnaire. Fill out the table guide to be
able to create and check your research instrument.
GROUP TASK (by research group to be submitted in a bond paper)