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WHAT IS UK TV BROADCASTING?
 Television broadcasting in the UK, was introduced as an extension of
radio broadcasting. Its development was the responsibility of the BBC.
 The BBC was set up as the British Broadcasting Company in 1922 by a
group of manufacturers of wireless equipment – an early attempt by
hardware manufacturers to create software and a distribution system.
 The BBC is a private sector organisation was the world’s first ‘national
broadcaster’ but during the General Strike of 1926, On 1st January
1927, the British Broadcasting Corporation was founded with a Royal
Charter and granted a licence to broadcast. The new corporation had
a measure of independence from the state.
http://www.mediastudentsbook.com/content/case-study-outline-history-tv-uk

THE MULTI-CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT, 1990 ONWARD
In 1990 and 1996, the Broadcasting Act legislated ‘ independent television’ where digital broadcasting would provide more variety in
channels along side computer services. This meant that after 35 years, BBC, Channel Four and ITV would share their audience with
other broadcasters.
THE BEGINNINGS OF PLURALISM 1982–90
In 1982, Channel Four was established. This meant that it was not under the BBC and therefore could raise a diverse audience.
Channel four was the first public organisation. T was funded by various advertising revenue. Although, they did not produce their own
programmes they because a ‘ broadcaster publisher and created this new form of television where a wider spread a viewpoints were
represented.
A UNIVERSAL PUBLIC SERVICE 1955–82
Introduction of the ‘commercial’ or ‘independent’ television. However, the BBC introduced a new channel with a higher resolution in
1964. In 1967 the ‘switchover’ to colour transmissions began and the final ‘switchover was made in 1985. T.V broadcasting companies
such as BBBC and ITV were closely controlled but the IBA
THE EARLY YEARS 1936–55
In the early years T.V was only for the metropolitan middle class. For short time during1939-1946 all broadcasting was disrupted
because of the war. Back then the BBC only had one channel and could only be received by 81 percentage of the population. Viewers
were required to have a radio and T.V license. In 1955 only four and a half million people had a T.V License.
http://www.mediastudentsbook.com/content/case-study-outline-history-tv-uk

P1 A-OWNERSHIP
Media regulators
 The Department for Culture, Media
and Sport (DCMS).Government is
responsible for broadcasting and
creative industries in the UK .
 The UK communications industries,
with responsibilities across television,
radio, telecommunications and
wireless communications services is
controlled by Ofcom an independent
regulator competition authority
Website address
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/manageme
ntstructure/bbcstructure

P1 A-OWNERSHIP
Royal Charter
The BBC is established under a Royal Charter. The
charter that is in place now has been going since 2007
and end this year. This means that it will be reviewed
and the Royal Charter will decide if they will continue
to support the BBC.
BBC Trust
The strategy and direction of the BBC is set through
the BBC Trust which is governed by the Royal Charter.
The BBC Trust has a clear duty to represent the
interests of the licence fee payers. The Trust sets
purpose remits, issues service licences and holds the
Executive Board to account for its performance in
delivering BBC services. The Trust works closely with
national Audience Councils in order to understand the
needs and concerns of audiences.
Executive
The Executive Board is responsible for the operational
management of the BBC in controlled by The
Executive Board. Directors from across the BBC
contribute to the leadership of the organisation as
part of the Executive Team.
Website address
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bb
cstructure

P1- A- OPERATING MODEL- EXECUTIVE STRUCTURE Directors from across the BBC contribute to the leadership
of the organisation as part of the Executive Team. The
Executive Board is in charge of the BBC. The board
responsibility is deliver the BBC’s services in accordance
with the strategy agreed with the BBC Trust, and for all
aspects of operational management.
 BBC Trust appoints the Director-General is chairman of the
Executive Board, as well as chief executive and editor-in-
chief of the BBC; The Board is a mixture of executive
directors from within the BBC and non-executive directors,
who bring external expertise and insight to the operation
of the Board. The Executive Board meets monthly, and
they share the outcomes of these meetings online.
Changes to the Executive Board
On Friday 5 February it was announced that Sir Nicholas
Serota would be joining the Executive Board as a Non-
Executive Director. Sir Nicholas will take up his role on 1
August 2016.
Charlotte Moore is currently attending the Executive Board in
her capacity as Acting Director, Television.

Executive Team
In addition to the directors
who make up the Board,
directors are engaged in the
Executive Team, which
at pan-BBC issues and
that all divisions are
in delivering the BBC’s
objectives.

Website
http://www.bbc.co.uk/abouttheb
bc/insidethebbc/managementstr
ucture/bbcstructure/vision.html

P1- A- Operation Model- Partnerships
Partnership through Make It Digital
• ‘Micro Bit’ coding device to all year 7 children across the UK for free to inspire a future
generation - 1 million devices in total.
• Programmes and online activity involving the BBC’s biggest and best-loved brands,
including Doctor Who, EastEnders, Radio 1, The One Show, Children in Need, BBC Weather
and many more.
• The Make it DigitalTraineeship to up to 5,000 young unemployed people.
• Partnerships with around 50 major organisations across the UK, including Apps for Good,
ARM, Barclays, British Computing Society, BT, Code Club, DWP, Google, iDEA, Microsoft,
Nesta, Samsung, Skills Funding Agency, Tech City UK, the Tech Partnership, TeenTech,
Young Rewired State.
• In Get Creative we'll be working closely with a huge number of external organisations
including Culture at King’s, Voluntary Arts, 64 Million Artists, Fun Palaces, Cultural Learning
Alliance, and Arts Council England, as well as Culture 24, The Royal Shakespeare Company,
the BFI, The Roundhouse, Sadler’s Wells, The Young Vic, National Theatre Wales, Arts
Council Wales and many more. It’s the first time amateur and professional arts
organisations have come together on a national project of this scale.
Information
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/howwework/partnerships

The BBC does not carry out any advertising or sponsorship on its
public services.They do this because they want to remain
independent of commercial interests and ensure they can be run
purely to serve the general public interest.
If airtime was sold either wholly or partially, advertisers and
other commercial pressures would be able to have their say on
when the programme is filmed and schedule priorities.Which
deceases theThere revenue for broadcasters.
To guarantee a wide range of unrestricted programmes, each
households pays for aT.V license.This guarantees that a wide
range of high-quality programmes can be made available,
unrestricted, to everyone.The licence fee also helps support
production skills, training, local
The BBC runs additional commercial services around the world.
These are not financed by the licence fee but are kept quite
P1- A-Operating Model- Relationship with Advertisers
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthe
bbc/insidethebbc/howwework/
policiesandguidelines/advertisin
g.html

Information:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/2014/execut
ive/finances/licence_fee.html
P1- A- Operation Model- Revenue
In 2014, the BBC made 3,726 million
on license fees and 1,340 from other
commercial avenues such as BBC
Worldwide.
Total income: 5,066
Operating Cost for production of all
content on BBC was 4,722
This highlights how BBC total income
comes from licensing fees and
worldwide sorts which makes them
different from other U.K broadcasters
such as ITV and Channel 4.

P1- B- Operation Model- Programme Categories- BBC Cannels

P1- B- Operation Model- Programme Categories
Arts: These programmes are usually shown on BBC Two. They
included many aspects of the Arts. At the moment the Arts
programmes being shown are: Hay Festival, Handmande Royal
Appointment and Neelam Gill on Vogue 100.
CBBC- The CBBC channels is focused at younger audience such
as young children and teenagers. The programmes being shown
at the moment on CBBC are Mathilda and Ramsey Bunch, Taking
the Next Step and Jamie Johnson.
Cbeebies- Cbeebies is aimed at toddlers and young children up
to the age of 7. The programme that are on Cbeebies at the
moment are: Go Jetters, Ruff, Tweet and Dave and Topsy and Tim
Comedy- BBC is known for its comedic programmes and have a
wide range of comedies coming out each year. They most
famous comedic programmes produced by BBC are: Mock the
Week, Live at the Apollo and Dad’s Army
Documentaries- Over the lifetime of the BBC, they have produced
hard hitting documentaries that represent not only British life but
life around the world. The documentaries that BBC are shown at
the moment are: Black Power, America Armed Resistance, Life
on Death Row and My Life.

Drama and Soaps: In its lifetime the BBC’s have been recognised for its fantastic
drama and it has one of the longest running soaps in U.K T.V broadcasting history.
The dramas being shown on BBC now are: Wallander, The Musketeers and
Junkheart. The main soaps being shown are EastEnders and Doctors
Entertainment: The BBC have various Entertainment programmes such as, Have I
got News for You. The most popular Entertainment shows on the BBC at the moment
are: Top Gear and Stupid man, Smart Phone.
Films: Over the last number of years the BBC has produced some fantastic films.
Films bout current affairs and even shown some old classics like Maggie. They have
a Film Review programme every week hosted by Mark Kermode where he give an
unique take on films that have been released.
Food: Over the last ten years the food programmes have exploded onto our
screens. The BBC have lead the way with their variety of food programmes. The
most successful food programmes are: The Great British Bake Off and Hairy Bikers.
History: This year in particular BBC have produced a number of Historic
programmes with the Queen’s 90th Birthday and the D- Day anniversary. However,
the BBC have been leading the way for Historic programmes. They always go that
extra step to get the truth across.

Lifestyle: BCC have a huge variety of lifestyle programmes and with the launch
of apps like Pinterest the British public are more interested in making their own
clothes and crafts. The lifestyle programmes that are on the BBC at the moment
are: The Great British Sewing Bee, the Big C and me and The Gardner's World.
Music: As a result of the BBC being born from a radio channel it is only right that
their involved in production music production and involvement in festivals has
growth throughout the years. It is the BBC would have access to famous festivals
such as Glastonbury. The BBC produce shows that incorporate classics with the
new up and coming stars. Some of the programmes that are on the BBC are:
Annie Mac’s Headliners and The Jazz Room
News: Over the years the BBC have been at the heart of any major event such
as 9/11 and the London Bombing. They hard hitting news [problems go further
into the story to give the British people what they deserve; the truth. The BBC
have produce a number of politics programmes that are aired weekly to discuss
any current affairs issues so that the British people are aware of what is going on
in the House of Parliament. The main news programmes shown on BBC now are:
Question Time, Daily Politics and News night.
Science- For many years the BBC have support the developments of science and
nature by producing up to date programmes that explore the science and nature
world. The main Science and Nature programmes on the BBC at the moment are:
Horizon, Click and Spring watch.

Sport: Sport is a huge part of British cultural so it is
only naturally one of the biggest broadcasters in
the UK would be one of the front runners for their
coverage of sport events. The BBC have control
over the coverage of Wimbledon. Match of the
Day is one of the longest running and most
successful sport programmes in UK history.

P1- C- Operation Model-Modes of Delivery
http://www.bbc.co.uk/corporate2/insidethebbc/whatwe
do/aroundtheuk
The BBC have ensured that the whole
of the UK has access to their
channels. They have established
channels in Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland which means that
that these channels can cater to the
region they are shown. For example,
in Northern Ireland they have their
own regional news channels and can
have different scheduling for
different shows. I think this is an
unique idea because it means that
different regions can take
ownership of their own BBC channel

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/revie
w_report_research/vfm/distribution.pdf
The BBC broadcast its channels to a
tower which then broadcasts the
programmes out to any T.V set that
has freeview, BT Vision and Youview.
This mean that no matter what T.V you
have you will have access to the BBC.
All BBC channels have the BBC red
Button attached to them. This allows
people to access a shortlist of channels
and get update while watching BBC.
For example, they can pick and choose
which match they want to watch at
Wimbledon.

All the BBC channels are uplinked to a satellite. This
allows the programmes to be shown on SKY and
Freesat.
Also, all channels can be uploaded to a cable head-
end delivery which means that people who have
VIRGIN TV have access to all BBC channels.
BBC IPlayer plays a huge part in people being able to
access the channels on their phones, tablets or
computers. This means that the channels can be
accessed at anytime, anywhere that has an internet
connection.
I believe that BBC’s modes of delivery are very
accessible for the UK public. In every household there
is an easy solution to access BBC which means that
the BBC is the largest and most population
broadcaster in the UK. ITV have followed in their
footsteps by provide their own IPLAYER and out
letting their channels to SKY etc.

P1- E- Operation Model-Production Process- Eastenders
EastEnders is filmed at BBC Elstree
Centre in Borehamwood,
Hertfordshire. Each day the
production team film between,
adding up to approximately 13
minutes of screen time. This
compares to five or six minutes shot
per day on a normal TV drama.
Episodes are produced in "quartets" of
four episodes, each of which starts
filming on a Tuesday and takes nine
days to record. he episodes are
usually filmed about six to eight
weeks in advance of broadcast.
During the winter months, filming is
done twelve weeks in advance, due to
less daylight for outdoor filming.
Filming
• EastEnders is normally recorded using four
cameras.
Edit number one
• When a quartet is completed, it is edited by the
director, videotape editor and script supervisor.
Edit Number two
• The producer then reviews the edits and decides if
anything needs to be re-edited, which the director
will do
Technically review
•A week later, sound is added to the episodes and
they are technically reviewed, and are ready for
transmission if they are deemed of acceptable quality.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders

P1- E- Operation Model-Production Process- Live T.V
On 15 September 2009, the BBC announced plans to broadcast the first ever live episode of EastEnders, to celebrate the show's
25th anniversary.
Rehearsals
• The EastEnders cast and crew had two weeks to rehearse the episode
• The script was issued on the afternoon of 5 February 2010
• The actor playing the killer would be informed of their actions at 7:30 pm on 19 February, 30 minutes
before the episode's transmission
Directing
• Direction of the episode differed from typical episodes of EastEnders, whereby actors briefly run through their lines,
block the scene to be filmed, then begin shooting with the director on the studio floor.
• Once technical rehearsals began and cameras were added in, Ashdown moved from the studio floor to an outside
broadcast truck. All cameras on set were cabled to the truck, allowing Ashdown to oversee the entire episode
remotely
Filming
• In case of any serious problems during transmission, a rehearsal for the episode was filmed, including each version
of the reveal scene.
• The live broadcast took 400 camera shots to film, and 36 camera operators.
Broadcasting
• "EastEnders Live" was watched by a cumulative audience of 19.9 million viewers. Its original screening averaged
16.41 million viewers, attaining a 57% audience share.

P1- F- Operation Model-Distribution UK and Europe
The BBC is required but the BBC Agreement to ensure
that audiences are able to access the UK Public Services
that are intended for them. The overall cost of
maintaining the distributing content is significant - some
£210m, or 6% of the licence fee.
The distribution policy was reviewed and updated in 2012.
The reason for this was that there had been considerable
change in the technology world. Now the majority had
smartphones so they could access all the programmes if
they had the correct app. This resulted in the broadcasting
and IP environments were blurring into one.
The Distribution framework covers the distribution of TV,
Radio and Online services (including BBC iPlayer and Red
Button services) to any device used to access them
including TVs, radios, personal and tablet computers,
games platforms, set top boxes, and mobile phones. To
oversee all off this the BBC set up their own Executive
Board to manage that the principals of the BBC Trust are
fulfilled.
This distribution is not just in the UK but to a number
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/fil
es/pdf/our_work/distribution_framework/201
5/distribution_framework.pdf

BBC America
BBC Arabic TV
BBC Canada
BBC HD
BBC HD Nordics
BBC Kids
BBC
Entertainment
BBC Lifestyle
P1- F- Operation Model-Distribution UK and Europe
BBC Knowledge
BBC UKTV
BBC Brit
BBC Earth
BBC First
UKTV
BBC Persian
BBC Japan

P1- E- Operation Model-Regulation Bodies
•Persons under eighteen are protected;
• Material likely to encourage or to incite the
commission of crime or to lead to disorder is
excluded;
• That the proper degree of responsibility is
exercised with respect to the content of religious
programmes;
• Generally accepted standards are applied so as
to provide adequate
protection for members of the public from the
inclusion in services of
offensive and harmful material; and
• There is no use of techniques which exploit the
possibility of conveying a message to viewers or
listeners, or of otherwise influencing their minds,
without their being aware, or fully aware, of what
has occurred
The BBC regulation body is OFCOM. OFCOM oversee many aspects of the BBC Productions.
Blow is a list of OFCOM regulations given to the BBC.
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/abou
t/mou_addition_feb2011.pdf

P1- E- Operation Model-Regulation Bodies
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35696657
On 1st March 2016, the BBC News released an article
stating that the BBC Trust should be replaced by OFCOM.
Sir David Clementi, who led the independent review, said
there was a need for "fundamental reform". His main
concerns with BBC Trust is "It conflates governance and
regulatory functions within the Trust. The BBC should
have a unitary Board charged with responsibility for
meeting the obligations placed on it under the Royal
Charter and Agreement, and responsibility for the
interests of Licence Fee payers.” he believes that by
having OFCOM in charge it would "be important to get
the details right, and we now want to work with the
Government to ensure roles are clear, the structure is
effective and the BBC's independence protected."
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/broadcast/code
-may16/Ofcom_Broadcast_Code_May_2016.pdf

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