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   Coral reefs are accumulated dead skeletal matter
    built up by carbonate-secreting organisms.
   Coral reefs are colonies of tiny living animals found
    in marine waters that contain few nutrients.
   Most coral reefs are built from stony corals. Similar
    to a sea anemone but with a hard skeleton.

                              Built only underwater and
                               at shallow depths, coral
                               reefs   need    a   stable
                               foundation upon which to
                               grow, provided by shallow
                               continental shelves and
                               submerged volcanoes.
   Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3% of that figure,
    while the Pacific including Australia accounts for
    40.8%. Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs account
    for 7.6%.
   Although corals exist both in temperate and
    tropical waters, shallow-water reefs form only in a
    zone extending from 30° N to 30° S of the equator.
   Fringing reef – Grows seaward from the rocky
    shores of islands and continents.
   Barrier Reefs – Parallel shorelines of
    continents and islands and are separated
    from land by shallow lagoons.
   Atoll Reef - a coral island (or islands) that
    encircles a lagoon partially or completely.
   Volcanic island becomes
    extinct.




   As the island and ocean floor
    subside, coral growth builds
    a fringing reef.
   As the subsidence continues,
    the fringing reef becomes a
    larger barrier reef further
    from the shore with a bigger
    and deeper lagoon inside.

   Ultimately, the island sinks
    below the sea, and the
    barrier reef becomes an atoll
    enclosing an open lagoon.
   Reef Flat - shallow zone of the back reef
    located closest to the shore. The flat's
    shallow waters experience wide variations in
    temperature and salinity and contribute to
    the accumulation of sediments. These
    factors, along with occasional exposure
    during low tides, tend to limit coral growth
    on this section of the reef.
   buttress zone (outer part of fore reef) - coral
    reef here is characterized by spurs, or
    buttresses, of coral that jut out from the wall.
    In between the spurs are deep grooves, or
    channels, that help to mitigate the force of
    oncoming waves by channelling spent waves
    back out to sea where they collide with
    oncoming waves, thus cancelling out their
    strength. The grooves also drain sediment off
    the reef.
   Reef wall – zone which receives less sunlight
    but is abundant with corals because of the
    reduced wave activity.
   Temperature - Coral reefs thrive in water
    temperatures of 25° and 29° Celsius. Certain
    corals have evolved to survive outside this
    temperature range
   Wave Motions- Water movements help take
    away waste and bring food.
   Nutrients - Corals survive only in clear water,
    without much sediment, where light can breach the
    surface of the water. Since there isn't much debris
    floating around, the water        is usually low in
    nutrients. These waters would not naturally have
    many animals living in them because of the lack of
    nutrients, but since corals live here, many
    thousands of animals survive by eating either the
    coral, or the animals that eat the coral.
   Light- Light is incredibly important for coral reefs. The
    reason corals are able to survive in such non-nutritious
    water is because of the zooxanthellae algae produces food
    for the coral as well as itself. In order to photosynthesize to
    produce food however, the algae needs light. Without light,
    this ecosystem cannot exist.
   Salinity- Corals tend to live in      salty water,
    surviving in a range of 27-40 parts per thousand
    (ppt) but preferring 36 ppt.
   Depth- Corals live in shallow water and are usually
    found to a depth of 60 meters but deep water
    corals go far deeper to about 2000 meters.

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Coral reefs

  • 1.
  • 2. Coral reefs are accumulated dead skeletal matter built up by carbonate-secreting organisms.
  • 3. Coral reefs are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients.  Most coral reefs are built from stony corals. Similar to a sea anemone but with a hard skeleton.  Built only underwater and at shallow depths, coral reefs need a stable foundation upon which to grow, provided by shallow continental shelves and submerged volcanoes.
  • 4. Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3% of that figure, while the Pacific including Australia accounts for 40.8%. Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs account for 7.6%.
  • 5. Although corals exist both in temperate and tropical waters, shallow-water reefs form only in a zone extending from 30° N to 30° S of the equator.
  • 6. Fringing reef – Grows seaward from the rocky shores of islands and continents.
  • 7. Barrier Reefs – Parallel shorelines of continents and islands and are separated from land by shallow lagoons.
  • 8. Atoll Reef - a coral island (or islands) that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.
  • 9. Volcanic island becomes extinct.  As the island and ocean floor subside, coral growth builds a fringing reef.
  • 10. As the subsidence continues, the fringing reef becomes a larger barrier reef further from the shore with a bigger and deeper lagoon inside.  Ultimately, the island sinks below the sea, and the barrier reef becomes an atoll enclosing an open lagoon.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. Reef Flat - shallow zone of the back reef located closest to the shore. The flat's shallow waters experience wide variations in temperature and salinity and contribute to the accumulation of sediments. These factors, along with occasional exposure during low tides, tend to limit coral growth on this section of the reef.
  • 14.
  • 15. buttress zone (outer part of fore reef) - coral reef here is characterized by spurs, or buttresses, of coral that jut out from the wall. In between the spurs are deep grooves, or channels, that help to mitigate the force of oncoming waves by channelling spent waves back out to sea where they collide with oncoming waves, thus cancelling out their strength. The grooves also drain sediment off the reef.
  • 16.
  • 17. Reef wall – zone which receives less sunlight but is abundant with corals because of the reduced wave activity.
  • 18. Temperature - Coral reefs thrive in water temperatures of 25° and 29° Celsius. Certain corals have evolved to survive outside this temperature range  Wave Motions- Water movements help take away waste and bring food.
  • 19. Nutrients - Corals survive only in clear water, without much sediment, where light can breach the surface of the water. Since there isn't much debris floating around, the water is usually low in nutrients. These waters would not naturally have many animals living in them because of the lack of nutrients, but since corals live here, many thousands of animals survive by eating either the coral, or the animals that eat the coral.
  • 20. Light- Light is incredibly important for coral reefs. The reason corals are able to survive in such non-nutritious water is because of the zooxanthellae algae produces food for the coral as well as itself. In order to photosynthesize to produce food however, the algae needs light. Without light, this ecosystem cannot exist.
  • 21. Salinity- Corals tend to live in salty water, surviving in a range of 27-40 parts per thousand (ppt) but preferring 36 ppt.  Depth- Corals live in shallow water and are usually found to a depth of 60 meters but deep water corals go far deeper to about 2000 meters.