Time-lines, weather lines, ocean travel...during earth and climate changes... Here's some well researched data to help see the broader picture over thousands of years of travel and commerce over the globe.

1. 1 Musings on Dark Ages, Climates and ConnectednessContext & Perspectives Presented to Ancient Artifact Preservation Society (AAPS) by Karl Hoenke 26 September 2009 Marquette, Michigan

2. Overview Why’d it take us so long? Dust Veils & Dark Ages Things “out of place” Glance at prehistoric Copper Industry Introduce a few pre-Columbian maps Recommended reading

3. Average World Temperatures °F Younger--Dryas Toba Eruption – Mankind reduced to ~3,000 individuals (bottleneck) Nashville Chicago Calgary Nome Comet Hit – End Ice Age +9 Average Today = 57 °F 0 -9 48 °F -18 39 °F -27 30 °F -36 21 °F 50 100 90 80 70 10 60 40 30 20 0 Thousands of Years Before Present (kBP)

4. Stability Average Today = 57 °F ± 2.5°F !!! 48 °F 39 °F 30 °F 21 °F 30 20 0 10 Thousands of Years Before Present (kBP) Average World Temperatures °F

5. Temperature Perspectives +2 °F -3 °F

6. Selected, but Key Dates 11,000 BC Comet struck N.A. 5,500 BC Black Sea Inundated 2,354 BC 1,628 BC 1,159 BC Dust Veil Events 207 BC 540 AD

7. 11,000 BCComet strikes Upper Midwest Ice Sheet Approximate End of cave painting era in Europe Megafauna disappear from North America World ocean levels rose 300 feet, episodically, over next 6,000 years, inundating coastal settlements world-wide Signs of recovery in Europe: Ćatalhüyük & Göbekli Tepe, Turkey (9,000 BC) Jericho, Israel (9,000 BC) Woodhenges, Britain (8,000 BC) Megalithic Culture, Atlantic Europe, (5,000 BC) Signs of recovery in North America Archaic (& Red Paint) cultures begin ~5,000 BC Mound cultures begin ~3,000 BC Old Copper Culture begins ~3,500 BC

8. 5,500 BCMediterranean Floods Black Sea Indo-Europeans disperse Farming begins penetrating Europe EW Major shift from Matriarchal to Patriarchal societies in Mediterranean region Possible event remembered as Gilgamesh and Biblical Flood

9. World-Wide “Dust Veil” EventsTree Rings Show 5-10 Year Effects Chinese, Roman, Mayan, Sumerian, Akkadian, Egyptian: “Sun has no warmth” Crops fail due to extended draughts Wide-spread famines “Sun casts no shadow” “Stars not seen” Summer frosts kill crops Irish bog oaks, California bristlecones, German & Turkish trees show no-growth rings Ice cores may show sulfur signals, narrow bands Synopsis made from Baillie’s Exodus to Arthur

10. Three Candidates for Disturbances Volcanoes May produce Sulfur signal in ice cores Effects last 2-3 years at most Marine “Outgassing” Effects local or regional Effects may imitate plagues Comet &/or Bolide Strikes Effects differ for marine or land hits Can vary from local to world-wide Can have prolonged effects Effects captured in myth imagery

11. 2,354 BCEruption of Hekla IV Chinese floods & famine Sudden water level rises in Irish lakes Weak link to Egyptian 1st Intermediate Period

13. Biblical Exodus?

15. 207 BC Chinese lose “Mandate of Heaven”, dynasty change amid famines “Stones fall from sky” in Mediterranean Roman famines, epidemics California tree rings extremely narrow Rapid recovery in Mediterranean

16. 540 ADLikelyComet Impact Chinese lose “Mandate of Heaven”, suffer famines “Failure of bread” in Ireland Justinian plague & Collapse of Roman Empire Gupta dynasty ends in India, 540 AD Brief Mayan “intermediate” period Coldest summer, including frosts, in 1500 yr Recovery appears with Classic Mayan (600 AD) Beginning of Medieval Europe (~1,000 AD) After 500 yr of brief dynasties, Song stabilized China, 960 AD

17. 16 Short-List of “Things out of Place” - 1 Excerpted from “Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages” by John Sorenson and Carl Johannessen, 2006 CiS = carved in stone

18. 17 Short-List of “Things out of Place” - 2 Excerpted from “Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages” by John Sorenson and Carl Johannessen, 2006 CiS = carved in stone

19. 18 Short-List of “Things out of Place” - 3 Excerpted from “Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages” by John Sorenson and Carl Johannessen, 2006 CiS = carved in stone

20. 19 Copper Removal from Keweenaw Region Roger Jewell Model Bronze Age Begins Minoan Civilization Level of Mining Activity Collapse of Bronze Age Old Copper Culture 3,000 BC 2,400 BC 600 BC 1,200 BC 1,800 BC

21. 20 Some pre-Columbian Maps

22. 21 Recommended Reading Roger L. Jewell, Ancient Mines of Kitchi-Gummi, 2004 Victor H. Mair (ed), Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World, 2006 (paper by Sorenson and Johannessen) Charles Mann, 1491, 2006 (Pre-Columbian conditions) Gavin Menzies, 1421, 2002 (Chinese world tour) Gavin Menzies, 1434, 2008 (Chinese visit to Europe) Firestone, Allen & West, Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes, 2006 (comet theory) Mike Baillie, Exodus to Arthur, 1999 (Dust Veil Events) Mike Baillie, New Light on the Black Death, 2006

23. QUESTIONS ???

25. Average World Temperatures

26. 80 Timeline of Selected Events kBP = Thousand Years Before Present Early Modern Sapiens Moves “Out of Africa” (~100 kBP) 75 70 Modern Sapiens Bottleneck to Approximately 3,000 Individuals 65 60 55 Modern Sapiens Successfully Leaves Africa 50 Modern Sapiens (Cro-Magnon) Occupies Europe, Paints Caves! 45 40 35 30 S 25 Australia colonized by sea (~40-50 kBP) 20 Americas 1st populated by sea, estimated 18-30 kBP 15 Younger-Dryas (12.8-11.5 kBP) 10 Earliest “City” -- Catalhuyuk 5 Bering Land Bridge Opens 25 Today Stonehenge

27. Topper Site, South Carolina (19-16 kBP, to 50 kBP?) 16 15 Many Sites (Meadowcroft, Cactus Hill, Monte Verde, etc) 14 13 Bering Land Bridge Opens Bering Land Bridge Opens 12 Clovis Culture (11.0-10.8 kBP) 11 Comet strikes N.A. Ice Sheet 10 Maximum Ice Sheet (18-14 kBP) 9 8 7 Virtually Blank N.A. Slate 6 Japan Current Route 5 Textbook Paradigm denies any contact between N.A. & rest of World for 10,000 years! 4 3 2 Timeline of Selected Events kBP = Thousand Years Before Present 1 26 Today

28. Bronze Age (Europe, E Med.) Using the World’s Oceans Events in Americas 11 Clovis Culture (11.0-10.8 kBP) Bering Land Bridge Opens Folsom Culture 10 Indian Ocean trading Black Sea floods at Bosporus 9 Plainview Culture Polynesians Leave Taiwan (5.7 kBP) 8 7 East Coast “Red Paint” Culture Fengtien jade trade Taiwan to Asia (5.2 kBP) Copper Mining in Keweenaw (7-3.2 kBP) Most intense period 4.5-3.2 kBP 6 Egyptians import cedars & obelisks (5-2 kBP) East Coast “Megalithic Culture 5 Adena, Hopewell & Mississippian Mound Builders Uluburun ship sinks w/10 tons of copper (3 kBP) 4 3 Chinese Explore N.A. West Hittite, Egyptian, Levant cultures Collapse, Trojan War (1,200 BC) 2 Greek, Persian & Roman Navies, & Trading African trade to Central America 1 Vikings, L’Anse Aux Meadows Timeline of Selected Events kBP = Thousand Years Before Present Columbus 27 Today