4. Warm up:
What do you know about the
different components of
language? What is language
phonology and syntax?
5. English Language structures
At the sound level, phonology refers to the rules of the sound system
and the rules ofsound combination.
At the word level, morphology refers to the structure and construction
of words. Morphology skills require an understanding and use of the
appropriatestructureofa word, such asword roots, prefixes,andaffixes
(called morphemes).
Syntax refers to the rules of word order and word combinations in order
to form phrases and sentences.
Words meaning are associated with the semantic components of
language
Pragmatics deals with cultural and contextual aspects of language
including figurative language,idiomatic expressions, and prosody
Language is comprised of sounds, words, phrases and sentences. At
alllevels, language is rule-based.
6. SUBTOPIC 1: Phonological-phonetic component
Phonetics is associated with the production of speech sounds by
humans including articulation, acoustic properties, perception, while
phonology is the branch of linguistic that examines how language
sounds are structures and organized including patterns, syllables, and
intonation.
Phonemes are small units of sound in a specified language that
distinguish the diverse words and meaning. English includes 44 sounds
Mastering the phonological-phonetic features of English language not
only consist of knowing the language sounds, but also language
variation associated with accent, pronunciation, stress placement, and
intonation considering regional dialects, social background, and cultural
factors
7. English consonants include 24 sounds.
English has unique sounds [θ ] – [ ð ] – [ ʃ ]
Categorized by voiced or voiceless or by the place or
manner of articulation
English Consonants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBuA589kfMg
Practice with app
8. English Consonants
Voiced & Voiceless
Voiced: your vocal cords stretch
across the larynx at the back of the
throat. The vocal cords modulate the
flow of breath expelled from the
lungs. How to try? Feel a finger on
your throat
Voiceless: slack, allowing air to flow
freely from the lungs to the mouth.
The teeth, tongue, and lips engage to
modulate the sound
9. English Consonants: Place of Articulation
Category Description Consonants
Bilabial between the lips [p] [b] [m] [w]
Labiodental upper teeth and lower lip [f] [v]
Dental tongue between the teeth [θ] [ð]
Alveolar
tongue and alveolar ridge (between upper
teeth and hard palate)
[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l]
Palatal tongue and the hard palate [ʃ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ʒ] [r] [j]
Velar back of the tongue and the soft palate (velum) [k][g] [ŋ]
Glottal
a restriction of the airflow at the glottis (the
part of the larynx that contains the vocal cords)
[h]
10. English Consonants: Maner of articulation
Category Description Consonants
Stop
Vocal track is closed completely. But not redirected
through the nose, builds up pressure behind the
articulators
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k][g]
Fricative
Partial blockage of air through the vocal tract. Air is
forced to flow through a narrow channel
[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ]
[ʒ] [h]
Affricate
Stop consonants with fricative consonants. Start stops
sounds with air building up behind an articulator, and
then releases through a narrow channel
[tʃ] [dʒ]
Nasal
The air is block through your mouth and let the air
pass through your nose
[m] [n] [ŋ]
Approximant
Two articulators come close together but not quite
close enough to create air turbulence
[r] [j] [w]
Lateral
Tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air
has to pass around the sides
[l]
12. English consonants include 12 sounds.
Sounds are produced with a relatively open
vocal tract and include short and long
versions
Categorized by voiced or voiceless or by
the place or manner of articulation
English Vowels
https://icspeech.com/vowel-sounds.html
Let’s practice
13. English Diphthongs
More Info:
English Diphthongs are a combination of two vowel sounds.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdXCF8KHSMQ
Let'sPractice:
https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/flash/rpvkey.htm
16. Morphology
The term Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words,
and of the systematic form-meaning correspondences between words
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93sK4jTGrss
SUBTOPIC 2: Morphological-syntactical component
https://www.youtube.com/@AzeLinguistics
17. Categories of
morphemes
Type of
morpheme
Description Examples
Free
morpheme
The basis of a language which can stand alone.
Free morphemes can be modified by affixes.
Free morpheme include content words such as
verbs and nouns and functional word including
articles and pronouns.
Walk, sleep, bed,
the, and must,
will
Bound
morphemes
A word that cannot stand alone including
prefixes and suffixes
Pre-, un-, anti,
ize, ment
Lexical
morpheme
Content words that carry meaning, including
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They are
semantically more autonomous, but they can
be inflected.
Boy, paper, run,
little, black,
cellphone, play
Inflectional
morphemes
Alters the syntactical function of a words
whether verb tenses or noun numbers. They
can modify noun, adjectives or verbs. They can
be suffixes
-s, er, est, ed,
ing, en
Derivational
morphemes
Change the semantic meaning of a word they
include prefixes and suffixes
Pre-, un-, anti,
ize, ment
https://iowareadingresearch.o
rg/sites/iowareadingresearch.
org/files/suffix_dictionary.pdf
18. English Syntax
Set of rules that support. language user to
make accurate sense of sentences. All
sentences in English contains a subject
and a verb. Sentences can be simple,
compound, complex, and compound-
complex, depending on the use of
independent and dependent clauses,
conjunctions, and subordinators. Basic
structure is SVO, but also OVS
19. Sentence Structure
Syntax Tree
S - Sentence
NP – Noun Phrase: determiner and noun / single
pronoun
VP – Verb Phrase: verb and direct or objects, adverbials
AdjP – Adjective phrase: adjective and modifiers,
serves as a modifier of noun phrases
AdvP – Adverb Phrase: adverb and modifiers, serves as
a modifier of verbs and clauses
PP – Prepositional Phrase: preposition and noun
phrase
DET – Determiner: article, possessive, demonstrative,
quantifies
DEG – Degree word: adv that modify the head of
adjective and adverbs like good
Aux – Auxiliary: functional verb
20. Structure Rules
S = NP – VP
NP = DET – N / DET – AdjP – N – PP
VP = V - NP / AUX - V (NP) – PP – ADV – ADJ
PP = P – NP
AdjP = ADJ - DEG – ADJ – PP
AdvP = ADJ - DEG – ADJ – PP
PERF = HAVE – Perfect participle
PROG = Be – Progressive participle
PASS – Be - Passive participle
More Information
https://elearning.cpp.edu/learning-objects/syntactic-tree-
structures/?page=options.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VynGtewAfc
25. English Vocabulary
Category Description Examples
Borrowing Word taken from one language and used in
another during particular circumstances.
French: Café, fiancée,
entrepreneur
Arabic: Safari, lemon, Algebra
Loan-
Translation
The adoption by one language of a phrase or
compound word whose components are literal
translations of the components of a
corresponding phrase or compound in a
foreign language
English "fifth column" is a loan
translation from Spanish
"quinta columna”
Superman from Übermensch
Compounding Also called composition, is when two or more
words are combined together to form a new
word.
Underground, football, aircraft,
sunglasses, bedroom, raincoat,
sister-in-law
Blending It refers to joining the beginning of one word
and the end of another to make a new word
with a new meaning.
Brunch = breakfast + lunch
Sitcom = Situation + comedy
Emoticon = emotion + icon
26. -Word of the Day:
-FluentU:
-Fortitude Vocabulary
Builder:
-Catena:
Web or Apps to improve lexical component
Catena is a very unique word game that’s especially suited for
those who make frequent spelling mistakes.
This app boasts your vocabulary with omplete with accurate real-
world examples and crystal-clear audio pronunciation.
This App uses authentic videos such as music, news, politics and more to
can grow your English vocabulary.
With Word of the Day, you’ll learn a new word each day, remember your
favorite words and even browse and find out what other people like.
27. Semantic Features: Lexical Relations
Synonyms
Words that have the same
meaning:
HAPPY - GLAD
ANGRY - MAD
Antonyms
Words that have different
meaning
HAPPY - SAD
SHORT - TALL
Homonyms
Words that sound the same
and are spelled the same but
have different meanings.
BAT = ANIMAL
BAT = OBJECT
Homophones
Words that sound the same but
are spelled differently and have
different meanings.
ATE = VERB TO EAT IN PAST TENSE
EIGHT = NUMBER
Go to the link:
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=pqZh-xEmJPQ
31. Closing and Conclusions :
Do a hieratical graphic that help
you to summarize all the aspects
of each language component
you should need to include in
Google site
32. Second Assignment
Digital test: The test consists of 5 objective
questions, and it will be available in your virtual
classroom for around 12 hours. Once the test starts,
you will have 20 minutes to complete it. Only one
attempt is allowed and returning to a question is not
possible once you have provided a response, so be
sure about each response. Check your virtual
classroom for more details.
33. References
Brennan, J., (2022). Language and the brain: A slim guide to neurolinguistics. Oxford University Press: Oxford
Cuetos, F., (2012). Neurociencia del lenguaje: Bases neurologicas e implicaciones clīnicas. Editorial Médica
Panamericana
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. Mouton de Gruyter
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition.
Routledge
Friederici, A. D. (2011). The brain basis of language processing: From structure to function. Physiological Reviews,
91(4), 1357 -1392. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.201
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. (2017). An Introduction to Language. CEENGAGE: Boston
Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition (2ⁿᵈ Ed). Oxford University Press
Gleason, J. & Ratner, Y. (2010). Dessarollo del lenguaje (7ᵗʰ Ed.) Pearson Education
Herrera, S. G. (2022). Biography-driven culturally responsive teaching: Honoring race, ethnicity, and personal history.
Teachers College Press.
Ladefoged, P., & Johnson, K. (2014). A course in phonetics (7ᵗʰ ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
Obleser, J., & Kotz, S. A. (2010). Expectancy constraints in degraded speech modulate the language comprehension
network. Cerebral Cortex
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. MIT Press.
Yule, G. (2017). The study of langauge (6th Ed.). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
