1-Overview of ANAPHY.pptx

 This system is the study of external covering
of the body, or the skin, including the hair
and fingers: INTEGUMENTARY
 Other term of Armpit: AXILLARY
 This study of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts: ANATOMY
 This study of how the body and its parts work
or function: PHYSIOLOGY
 This system control the body activities:
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SHORT ANSWER
ESSAY!
“ DESCRIBE ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY “

 What is the difference between anatomy and
physiology
 What are the difference level of organization
 Explained the anatomical body position,
directional terms used for locations of a body
organ in relation to other organ

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
 Study of human body
structure
 Greek words meaning
to cut “ TOMY” while
ANA is apart
 Gross anatomy
 Microscopic anatomy
 The study of the
human body function
EX:
 Neuro physiology
 Cardiac physiology

Anatomy and
physiology are always
inseparable
DOGMA:
STRUCTURE
DICTATES
FUNCTIONS!

ANTONI VANN LEEUWENHOEK
( 1632-1723)
- FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy has a
numerous subfield:
 Systemic anatomy
 Regional anatomy
 Surface anatomy
Physiology has a
numerous subfield:
classification has
usually to reference
to the organ or organ
system that being to
be studied
 Neuro physiology
 Cardio physiology

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 TO DETERMINE THE SIX LEVELS OF
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 TO DETERMINE THE ORGAN SYSTEM OF THE
BODY
 TO IDENTIFY AND CLASSIFY BY ORGAN SYSTEM
ALL ORGANS DISCUSSED

 Integumentary system
 Skeletal system
 Muscular system
 Nervous system
 Endocrine system
 Cardiovascular system
 Lymphatic system
 Respiratory system
 Digestive system
 Urinary system
 Reproductive system

 largest organ of the
body
 forms a physical barrier
between the external
environment and the
internal environment
that it serves to protect
and maintain. The
Integumentary
 system includes the
epidermis, dermis,
hypodermis,
associated glands, hair,
and nails

 your body's central
framework
 Its primary functions
include supporting the
body, allowing motion,
and protecting vital
organs.
 Musculoskeletal system
 The cavities of the
skeleton are the site where
the blood cells are formed.
 The hard substances of
bones acts storehouse for
minerals

ALLOW
MANIPULATION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT,
LOCOMOTION, AND
FACIAL
EXPERESSION;
MAINTAIN BODY
POSTURE, PRODUCE
HEAT

 The muscular system is an
organ system consisting of
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscles.
 THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
FORM MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 permits movement of the
body, maintains posture and
circulates blood throughout the
body.
 The muscular system is
composed of specialized cells
called muscle fibers. Their
predominant function
is contractibility.
 Mobility. The muscular
system's main function is
to allow movement.
 Stability. Muscle tendons
stretch over joints and
contribute to joint stability.
 Posture
 Circulation
 Respiration
 Digestion
 Urination
 Childbirth

FAST-ACTING CONTROL
SYSTEM OF THE BODY;
RESPONDS TO INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL CHANGE
BY ACTIVITAING
APPROPRIATE MUSCLE
AND GLANDS

 CONTROL BODY ACTIVITIES
 chemical substances produced in the body that regulate
the activity of cells or organs.
 HORMONES
 sexual development and function
The major glands that make up the endocrine system
are
 hypothalamus.
 pituitary.
 thyroid.
 parathyroids.
 adrenals.
 pineal body.
 the ovaries.
 the testes.

Blood vessels transport
blood which carrier
oxygen, nutrient,
hormones, carbon
dioxide wastes product;
the heart pump the
blood

 Heart and the blood vessels
 simply the circulatory, system
 the white blood cells and chemicals in the blood helps to
protect the body from such foreign invaders as bacteria,
viruses and tumor cells
 The heart propels blood out of its chambers into blood
vessels to be transported to all body tissues.
There are five classes of blood vessels:
 arteries and arterioles (the arterial system), veins and
venules (the venous system), and capillaries (the
smallest bloods vessels, linking arterioles and venules
through networks within organs and tissues)

Picks up fluid leaked
from blood vessels and
returns it to blood;
dispose of debris in the
lymphatic stream;
houses white blood cells
involved in immunity

 a network of tissues, vessels and organs that work
together to move a colorless, watery fluid called lymph
back into your circulatory system (your bloodstream).
 The lymphatic system is our body's 'sewerage
system'. It maintains fluid levels in our body
tissues by removing all fluids that leak out of our
blood vessels. The lymphatic system is important for
the optimal functioning of our general and specific
immune responses.
 Inside the lymph nodes are white blood cells, also
called lymphocytes. These white blood cells attack
and break down bacteria, viruses, damaged cells or
cancer cells. The lymph fluid carries the waste
products and destroyed bacteria back into the
bloodstream. The liver or kidneys then remove these
from the blood.

Keeps blood constantly
supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide; the
gaseous exchange occur
through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.

 Your lungs are part of the respiratory system, a group
of organs and tissues that work together to help you
breathe. The respiratory system's main job is to
move fresh air into your body while removing
waste gases
These are the parts:
 Nose.
 Mouth.
 Throat (pharynx)
 Voice box (larynx)
 Windpipe (trachea)
 Large airways (bronchi)
 Small airways (bronchioles)
 Lungs.

BREAKS FOOD DOWN INTO
ABSORBABLE NUTRIENTS
THAT ENTER THE BLOOD FOR
DISTRIBUTION TO BODY
CELLS; INDIGESTIBLE
FOODSTUFF ARE ELIMINATED

 Digestion is important for breaking down
food into nutrients, which the body uses for
energy, growth, and cell repair. Digestion
works by moving food through the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Digestion begins in
the mouth with chewing and ends in the
small intestine.
 Motility, digestion, absorption and
secretion are the four vital functions of the
digestive system. The digestive system
breaks down the foods we eat into energy
our bodies can use.

Eliminates nitrogen-
containing wastes from the
body; regulates water,
electrolytes and acid-base
balance of the blood

 The urinary system's function is to filter blood and
create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of
the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis,
ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes
nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
Their function is to:
 Remove waste products and medicines from the body.
 Balance the body's fluids.
 Balance a variety of electrolytes.
 Release hormones to control blood pressure.
 Release a hormone to control red blood cell
production.
 Help with bone health by controlling calcium and
phosphorus.

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

 The organs involved in producing offspring.
In women, this system includes the ovaries,
the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix,
and the vagina. In men, it includes the
prostate, the testes, and the penis.

 Which organ system includes the trachea,
lungs, nasal cavity and bronchi?
 Which system function removes wastes and
helps regulates pressure?
 What is the largest organ of the body?

Learning objectives:
To determine the eight
function of human must
perform to maintain
life.
To know the five
survival needs of the
human body.

List 8 functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
 Digestion - Process of breaking down ingested food into
simple molecules that can be absorbed in the blood.
 Excretion - Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and
elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys.
 Growth - Occurs when constructive activities occur at a
faster rate than destructive activities
 Maintenance of boundaries - At the cellular level,
membranes; for the whole organism, the skin
 Metabolism - All chemical reactions occurring in the body
 Movement - Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle
 Responsiveness - Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of
the nervous system
 Reproduction - Provides new cells for growth and repair

 Every living organism must maintain its boundaries so
that its internal environment (inside) remains distinct
from the external environment surrounding it
(outside).
 In single-celled organisms, the external boundary is a
limiting membrane that encloses its contents and
admits needed substances while restricting entry
of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.
 Similarly, all the cells of our body are surrounded by
a selectively permeable membrane. Additionally, the
body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the
integumentary system, or skin, which protects our
internal organs from drying out (a fatal change),
bacteria, and the damaging effects of heat, sunlight,
and an unbelievable number of chemicals in the
external environment.

includes the activities promoted by the muscular
system, such as propelling ourselves from
one place to another by running or swimming,
and manipulating the external environment with
our nimble fingers.
The skeletal system provides the bony framework
that the muscles pull on as they work. Movement
also occurs when substances such as blood,
foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through
internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive,
and urinary systems, respectively. On the
cellular level, the muscle cell’s ability to move
by shortening is more precisely called
contractility.

 is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the
environment and then respond to them. For
example, if you cut your hand on broken glass, a
withdrawal reflex occurs—you involuntarily
pull your hand away from the painful stimulus
(the broken glass). It is not necessary to think
about it; it just happens! Likewise, when carbon
dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously high
levels, chemical sensors respond by sending
messages to brain centers controlling
respiration, and your breathing rate speeds
up.Because nerve cells are highly irritable and
communicate rapidly with each other via
electrical impulses, the nervous system is most
involved with responsiveness. However, all body
cells are irritable to some extent.

 is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs
to simple molecules that can be absorbed
into the blood. The nutrient-rich blood is
then distributed to all body cells by the
cardiovascular system. In a simple, one-
celled organism such as an amoeba, the cell
itself is the “digestion factory,” but in the
multicellular human body, the
digestive system performs this function for
the entire body.

 is a broad term that includes all chemical
reactions that occur within body cells. It
includes breaking down substances into their
simpler building blocks (more specifically
called catabolism), synthesizing more complex
cellular structures from simpler substances
(anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to
produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the
energy-rich molecules that power cellular
activities. Metabolism depends on the digestive
and respiratory systems to make nutrients and
oxygen available to the blood and on
the cardiovascular system to distribute these
needed substances throughout the body.
Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones
secreted by endocrine system glands.

 is the process of removing excreta or wastes,
from the body. If the body is to operate as we
expect it to, it must get rid of non useful
substances produced during digestion and
metabolism. Several organ systems participate in
excretion. For example, the digestive system
rids the body of indigestible food residues
in feces, and the urinary system disposes of
nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes, such as
urea, in urine. Carbon dioxide, a by-product of
cellular respiration, is carried in the blood to the
lungs, where it leaves the body in exhaled air.

 can occur at the cellular or organismal level. In cellular
reproduction the original cell divides, producing two
identical daughter cells that may then be used for body
growth or repair. Reproduction of the human organism, or
making a whole new person, is the major task of the
reproductive system. When a sperm unites with an egg, a
fertilized egg forms, which then develops into a baby
within the mother’s body. The reproductive system
is directly responsible for producing offspring, but its
function is exquisitely regulated by hormones of the
endocrine system. Because males produce sperm and
females produce eggs (ova),
 there is a division of labor in the reproductive process, and
the reproductive organs of males and females are different
Additionally, the female’s reproductive structures provide
the site for fertilization of eggs by sperm, then protect and
nurture the developing fetus until birth.

> is an increase in size of a body part or the
organism. It is usually accomplished by
increasing the number of cells. However,
individual cells also increase in size when not
dividing. For true growth to occur,
constructive activities must occur at a faster
rate than destructive ones.

The ultimate goal of all body
systems is to maintain life.
However, life is
extraordinarily fragile and
requires that several factors
be present.

taken in via the diet, contain the
chemical substances used for energy and
cell building. Most plant-derived foods
are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and
minerals, whereas most animal foods are
richer in proteins and fats. Carbohydrates
are the major energy fuel for body cells.
Proteins, and to a lesser extent fats, are
essential for building cell structures. Fats
also provide a reserve of energy-rich
fuel. Selected minerals and vitamins are
required for the chemical reactions that
go on in cells and for oxygen transport in
the blood. The mineral calcium helps to
make bones hard and is required for
blood clotting.

Because the chemical reactions that
release energy from foods are oxidative
reactions that require oxygen, human
cells can survive for only a few minutes
without oxygen. Approximately 20% of
the air we breathe is oxygen. It is made
available to the blood and body cells by
the cooperative efforts of the respiratory
and cardiovascular systems.

accounts for 60–80% of body weight and
is the single most abundant
chemical substance in the body. It
provides the watery environment
necessary for chemical reactions and the
fluid base for body secretions and
excretions. Water is obtained chiefly
from ingested foods or liquids and is lost
from the body by evaporation from the
lungs and skin and in body excretions.

must be maintained. As body
temperature drops below 37°C (98.6°F),
metabolic reactions become slower and
slower, and finally stop. When body
temperature is too high,
chemical reactions occur at a frantic
pace and body proteins lose their
characteristic shape and
stop functioning. At either extreme,
death occurs. Most body heat is
generated by the activity of the muscular
system.

he force that air exerts on the
surface of the body.
Breathing and gas exchange
in the lungs depend on
appropriate atmospheric
pressure.

 At high altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is
lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may
be inadequate to support cellular metabolism. The
mere presence of these survival factors is not
sufficient to sustain life. They must be present in
appropriate amounts; excesses and deficits may be
equally harmful. For example, oxygen is essential,
but excessive amounts are toxic to body cells.
Similarly, the food we eat
 must be of high quality and in proper amounts;
otherwise, nutritional disease, obesity, or starvation
is likely. Also, while the needs listed above are the
most crucial, they do not even begin to encompass all
of the body’s needs. For example, we can live
without gravity if we must, but the quality of life
suffers.

OBJECTIVES:
 TO DETERMINE HOMEOSTASIS, AND
EXPLAINED ITS IMPORTANCE.
TO DETERMINE THE NEGATIVE AND
POSITIVE , AND DESCRIBE ITS ROLE IN
MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS AND NORMAL
BODYFUNCTION

 (ho!me-o-sta"sis) to describe its ability to
maintain relatively stable internal conditions
even though the outside world changes
continuously.
 In general, the body is in homeostasis when
its needs are adequately met and it is
functioning smoothly.
 Adequate blood levels of vital nutrients must be
continuously present, and heart activity and
blood pressure must be constantly monitored
and adjusted so that the blood is propelled to all
body tissues. Also, wastes must not be allowed
to accumulate, and body temperature must
be precisely controlled.

 Receptor
 Control center
 Effector
 Negative feed back and positive feed back
 The regulation of glucose concentration in the blood illustrates
how homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback. After a
meal, the absorption of glucose (a sugar) from the digestive tract
increases the amount of glucose in the blood. In response,
specialized cells in the pancreas (alpha cells) secrete the
hormone insulin, which circulates through the blood and
stimulates liver and muscle cells to absorb the glucose. Once
blood glucose levels return to normal, insulin secretion stops.
Later, perhaps after heavy exercise, blood glucose levels may
drop because muscle cells absorb glucose from the blood and use
it as a source of energy for muscle contraction. In response to
falling blood glucose levels, another group of specialized
pancreatic cells (beta cells) secretes a second hormone,
glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release its stored
glucose into the blood. When blood glucose levels return to
normal, glucagon secretion stops.

Mammogram
Bone densitometry
Ultrasound imaging
Positron emission tomography
Computed tomography
Dynamic spatial
reconstruction
Magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic
resonance imaging

A screening mammogram
is an X-ray of the breast
used to detect breast
changes in women who have
no signs or symptoms of
breast cancer. It usually
involves 2 X-rays of each
breast. Using a mammogram,
it is possible to detect a
tumor that cannot be felt.

Bone densitometry, also
called dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry, DEXA or
DXA, uses a very small dose
of ionizing radiation to
produce pictures of the
inside of the body (usually
the lower (or lumbar) spine
and hips) to measure bone
loss.

A procedure that uses high-
energy sound waves to look at
tissues and organs inside the
body. The sound waves make
echoes that form pictures of the
tissues and organs on a
computer screen (sonogram).
Ultrasonography may be used to
help diagnose diseases, such as
cancer.

A positron emission tomography
(PET) scan is an imaging test
that can help reveal the
metabolic or biochemical
function of your tissues and
organs. The PET scan uses a
radioactive drug (tracer) to show
both normal and abnormal
metabolic activity.

scan combines a series of X-
ray images taken from
different angles around your
body and uses computer
processing to create cross-
sectional images (slices) of
the bones, blood vessels and
soft tissues inside your body.
CT scan images provide
more-detailed information
than plain X-rays do

Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) is a medical imaging
technique that uses a magnetic
field and computer-generated
radio waves to create detailed
images of the organs and
tissues in your body. Most MRI
machines are large, tube-shaped
magnets

Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) measures the
small changes in blood flow that
occur with brain activity. ... fMRI
may detect abnormalities within
the brain that cannot be found with
other imaging techniques.

By using precise anatomical
terminology, we eliminate
ambiguity. Anatomical terms
derive from ancient Greek
and Latin words. Because
these languages are no
longer used in everyday
conversation, the meaning
of their words does not
change. Anatomical terms
are made up of roots,
prefixes, and suffixes.

 A body cavity is a fluid-filled space inside
the body that holds and protects internal
organs. Human body cavities are separated
by membranes and other structures. The two
largest human body cavities are the ventral
cavity and dorsal cavity. These two body
cavities are subdivided into smaller body
cavities.

The dorsal cavity is a continuous cavity
located on the dorsal side of the body.
It houses the organs of the upper central
nervous system, including the brain and
the spinal cord. The meninges is a multi-
layered membrane within the dorsal cavity
that envelops and protects the brain and
spinal cord

The ventral body cavity is a human
body cavity that is in the anterior
(front) aspect of the human body.
It is made up of the thoracic cavity,
and the abdomino pelvic cavity. The
abdominal cavity contains digestive
organs, the pelvic cavity contains the
urinary bladder, internal reproductive
organs, and rectum.

 The wrist is _______to the hand
 The breastbone is _______ to the spine
 The brain is _________ to the spinal cord
 The thumb is ________ to the fingers

1-Overview of ANAPHY.pptx

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