Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT) provides training on digital networks including 3G and 4G mobile technologies. 3G networks introduced higher speed packet data and mobile multimedia services compared to previous generations. UMTS/WCDMA is an IMT-2000 3G standard that supports voice and fast packet data through technologies like HSDPA and HSUPA which enable peak downlink rates of 14.4 Mbps and uplink rates of 5.8 Mbps. HSPA+ further increases speeds through MIMO and higher order modulations.

1. DIT
Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT)
ETU 08102
Digital Networks
Ally, J
jumannea@gmail.com

2. UMTS/HSPA Networks
DIT

3. DIT
3G Evolution
 Proposal of 3G
 IMT-2000: the general name of third
generation mobile communication system
 The third generation mobile communication
was first proposed in 1985 ， and was
renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
 Commercialization: around the year of 2000
 Work band : around 2000MHz
 The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

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Improvement Beyond Voice Only

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Enabling Wider Options of Services

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Mobile Multimedia Services by 3G
 High-speed packet communication
 Audio/Visual communication (ex. Video phone)
 Location service (ex. Navigation)
 Mobile e-Commerce
 Multi-call service (Voice+Packet+…)
 International roaming
 Contents distribution (Video, Music, Game, Map,
etc.)

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What is UMTS/WCDMA?
An IMT-2000 standard – 3G mobile wireless solution (also known as
UMTS/WCDMA)
 Compliments GSM/GPRS/EDGE services
 High Voice Capacity:
 51 to 83 Erlangs/sector/5 MHz (62 to 95 TCH/sector/5 MHz)
 Voice quality rated as excellent
 Always On Packet Data Rates:
 384/64kbps (DL/UL) peak data rate in initial (Release 99) commercial
deployments
 Up to 14.4 Mbps peak downlink data rate with HSDPA (Release 5)
 Up to 5.8 Mbps peak Uplink data rate with HSUPA (Release 6)
 Evolution to HSPA+ (Release 7)
 Up to 28 Mbps downlink peak data rate
 Up to 11.5 Mbps uplink peak data rate
 Evolution to HSPA+ (Release 8)
 Up to 42.2 Mbps downlink peak data rate
 Up to 11.5 Mbps uplink peak data rate

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WCDMA Bands Used
 Main bands
 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
 Supplementary bands: different country maybe
different
 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)􀂇 . . .
 Frequency channel number ＝ central frequency×5,
for main band:
 UL frequency channel number ： 9612 ～ 9888
 DL frequency channel number : 10562 ～ 10838

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UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System) R99 Network Architecture
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
NodeB
RNC
PCU
UMTS
UTRAN
SS7
SCP
SMS
SCE
Other PLMN
PSTN,ISDN
Internet,
Intranet
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG BG
GGSN
GPRS
backbone
Other PLMN’s
GPRS network

10. Page 10
UMTS R4 Network Architecture
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
NodeB
RNC
PCU
UMTS
UTRAN
SS7
SCP
SMS
SCE
Internet,
Intranet
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG
BG
GGSN
MGWMGW MGWMGW
VMSC Server
GMSC Server
IP/ATM Backbone
Other PLMN
PSTN,ISDN
Other PLMN’s
GPRS network
GPRS
backbone

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GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
NodeB
RNC
PCU
UTRAN
SS7
SCP
SMS
SCE
Internet,
Intranet
HLR/AUC/HSS
SGSN
CG BG
GGSN
GPRS
backbone
MGWMGW MGWMGW
VMSC Server GMSC Server
IP/ATM BackboneCS domain
PS domain
Iu-CS
Iu-PS
IP backbone
MRFPMRFP
IMS domain
MGWMGW
P-CSCF S-CSCF
MGCF
MRFC
Other PLMN
PSTN,ISDN
UMTS R5 Network Architecture

12. UMTS Elements Definition
 The Mobile Equipment (ME) is the radio terminal used
for radio communication over the Uu interface.
 The UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) is a
smartcard that holds the subscriber identity, performs
authentication algorithms, and stores authentication
and encryption keys and some subscription information
that is needed at the terminal.
 The Node B converts the data flow between the Iub
and Uu interfaces. It also participates in radio resource
management.
 The Radio Network Controller (RNC) owns and
controls the radio resources in its domain (the Node Bs
connected to it).
 Home Location Register (HLR) is a database located
in the user’s home system that stores the master copy
of the user’s service profile.
DIT

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Network Elements Definitions (2)
 Mobile Services Switching Centre/Visitor Location
Register (MSC/VLR) is the switch (MSC) and
database (VLR) that serves the UE in its current
location for Circuit-Switched (CS) services.
 Gateway MSC (GMSC) is the switch at the point
where UMTS PLMN is connected to external CS
networks. All incoming and outgoing CS
connections go through GMSC.
 Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Support Node (SGSN) functionality is similar to that
of MSC/VLR but is typically used for Packet-
Switched (PS) services.
 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) functionality
is close to that of GMSC but is in relation to PS
services.

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WCDMA Network Architecture

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WCDMA Network Architecture (2)
 WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN
(Core Network).
 The RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions.
 The CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections within
the UMTS system, and implements the function of external network
switching and routing.
 Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain
and the PS (Packet Switched) Domain.
 UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the
whole UMTS system
 A RNS (Radio Network Sub-system) is composed of one RNC and
one or several Node Bs.
 The Iu interface is used between RNC and CN while the Iub
interface is adopted between RNC and Node B.

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WCDMA Network Architecture (3)
 Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another
through the Iur interface.
 The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct
physical connections among them or connect them
through the transport network.
 RNC is used to allocate and control the radio
resources of the connected or related Node B.
 Node B serves to convert the data flows between the
Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the same
time, it also participates in part of radio resource
management.

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Air Interface Protocol Structure

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UMTS Channels

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HSDPA and HSUPA
What are the drivers and motivations for HSDPA and HSUPA?
Data Rate
Demand for high data rate
multimedia services
Demand for higher peak data
rates
Throughput/Capacity
Cost per megabyte
Coverage
 Higher data rates available
over a larger cell footprint
Delay
Lower Latency

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 What is HSDPA?
 Enhancement of 3GPP W-CDMA specification
 Targeting throughput enhancement and delay
reduction
 Providing peak data rate up to 14.4 Mbps
 Technologies
 Use of downlink shared channel
 Both QPSK and 16QAM transmission
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
 Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat request)
 Effective packet scheduling algorithm
HSDPA
(High Speed Downlink Packet Access )

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16QAM
00
11 10
10
2 bits per symbol
Robust
4 bits per symbol
Requires high S/N
QPSK
Same amount
of noise
1011 1001 0001 0011
1010 1000 0000 0010
1110 1100 0100 0110
1111 1101 0101 0111
i2 i2
i1
q1
q2
q2
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

22. 05/27/16
DIT
time (mS)
RadioChannelQuality
QPSK16 QAM
Modulation &Modulation &
CodingCoding
Channel Quality IndicatorChannel Quality Indicator
(CQI)(CQI)
Data Throughput can be increased
Use high level modulation and coding rate when
channel condition is good
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

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Ch
Quality
ChQuality
MS1
MS2 MS3
MS4
Data Queue
at NodeB
time
• In each time slot, the terminals
which have good downlink
condition are selected. (Multi-
user diversity)
• Data queue for each terminal is
monitored. NodeB schedules
the downlink according to the
queue length.
Balance
fairness
throughput
delay
Scheduling
Downlink Scheduling
NodeB

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HSDPA Scheduling and Retransmissions
 Scheduling
 Done at the Node B
 No interaction with the RNC
 Based on Channel Quality Feedback from the
UE
 Retransmissions
 H-ARQ (link level retransmissions)
 Based on UE feedback (ACK/NAK)
 Done at the Node B
 Soft combining at the UE

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HSDPA Channels

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HSDPA Performance Summary
 Maximum Theoretical Data Rate:
 14.4 Mbps
 Virtually impossible to obtain in the field.
 Practical Peak User Data Rate:
 10.0 Mbps
 Full capability UE
 Good RF conditions (High Cell Geometry)
 Single UE
 Dedicated HSDPA carrier
 Significant Performance Gains over Release 99
 Peak Data Rate
 Cell Throughput

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HSUPA
(High Speed Uplink Packet Access )
 What is HSUPA?
 Enhancement of 3GPP W-CDMA specification
 Targeting throughput enhancement (Uplink)
 Providing peak data rate up to 5.76 Mbps
 Upload of photo/movie, on-site live reporting, etc.
 Technologies (Similar to HSDPA, under control of NodeB)
 Use of Uplink shared channel
 QPSK transmission
 QAM Rele.7
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
 Hybrid ARQ
 Effective packet scheduling algorithm

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High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
 Set of high speed channels is received at the Node B.
 Interference is shared by multiple users.
 Several users may be allowed to transmit at given data rate
and power on a fast scheduling
 Maximum data rate of 5.76 Mbps

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HSUPA Operation
1. The UE sends a Transmission
Request to the Node B for
getting resources.
2. The Node B responds to the UE
with a Grant Assignment, thus
allocating uplink band to the UE.
3. The UE uses the grant to select
appropriate transport format for
the Data Transmission to the
Node B.
4. The Node B attempts to decode
the received data and send
ACK/NAK to the UE. In case of
NAK, data may be
retransmitted.

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HSUPA Channels
HSUPA Uplink Channels
 Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (E-DCH)
 Uplink Transport Channel
 E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH)
 Uplink Physical Channel
 E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH)
 Uplink Control Channel
HSUPA Downlink Channels
 E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH)
 Downlink Physical Channel
 E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH)
 Downlink Physical Channel
 E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH)
 Downlink Physical Channel

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HSUPA Channel Mapping

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HSDPA/HSUPA Summary
 HSDPA and HSUPA offer Significant Performance
Gains over Release 99
 Peak Data Rate
 Theoretical Maximum: 14.4/5.74 Mbps
(Downlink/Uplink)
 Cell Throughput
 Improved Spectral Efficiency
 Fast Scheduling and Improved Link Adaptation
 Delay
 Reduced Latency

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Goals For HSPA+ In Release 7
 Enhancements in Release 7 will enable:
 Reduced latency
 Higher user throughput
 Higher system capacity
 Extended talk time
 Faster call setup
It is important to achieve these goals with
minimal changes to software, hardware,
and network architecture, ensuring
backward compatibility.

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HSPA+ Features in Release 7

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MIMO and Higher Order Modulation
 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
 Release 7 HSPA+ introduced support for 2x2 MIMO on
Downlink.
 Especially useful in low geometry (beam-forming) and high
geometry (spatial multiplexing) regions, in presence of multi-
path.
 With MIMO, peak data rate supported on Downlink is 28
Mbps.
 Higher Order Modulation (HOM)
 HOM schemes provide higher data rates, especially for users
in good cell geometry and users with Uplink power headroom.
 HOM complements MIMO by providing line of sight
improvements
 64 QAM in Downlink allows peak data rates of 21 Mbps.
 16 QAM in Uplink allows peak data rates of 11 Mbps.

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Higher Order Modulations in Release 7

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Higher Order Modulation in Release 7
 One of the features introduced in Release 7 is the use
of Higher Order Modulations (HOM) for both HSDPA
and HSUPA, to sustain higher peak data rate in areas
with high SNR.
 In particular:
 For the Downlink, 64-QAM modulation is introduced,
allowing 6 bits/symbol to be carried on the Physical Layer
and increasing the theoretical peak data rate from 14.4
Mbps to 21.6 Mbps.
 For the Uplink, 16-QAM modulation is introduced,
allowing 4 bits/symbol to be carried on the Physical Layer
and increasing the theoretical peak data rate from 5.7
Mbps to 11.4 Mbps.

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HSPA+ Advantages
 Cost effective upgrade
 HSPA is being widely deployed. HSPA+ can leverage
existing assets:
 Cell Sites, UTRAN, and Core Network.
 Can be selectively deployed in areas with high demand
for data and for voice
 Deployment of HSPA+ will provide an edge in terms of time
to deploy.
 Selective deployment based upon needs can be easily
achieved.
 Backward Compatibility
 Backward compatible with existing UTRA.
 No dedicated spectrum needed.
 R99, R5/R6, HSPA, and HSPA+ devices operate on the
same network.

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Evolution of HSPA Maximum Peak Bit Rate

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