braided archwires

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4. WHATS IS ?-
They are composed of specified number of thin wire sections coiled
around eachother to provide round or rectangular cross section.
The wires-twisted or braided
Very small diameter S.S wire can be braided or twisted together by
the manufacturer to form wires for clinical orthodontics
 DIAMETER
 Separate strands may be as small as or comprised of
five or seven wrapped around a central wire of same diameter.
 It affords extreme flexibility and delievers extremely light
forces,full engagement of the arch wire at the an early stage

5. BRAIDED WIRES
 Used at the beginning of the treatment to align
labiolingual displaced or rotated anterior teeth.
 These wires are available with bright smooth finish
to give minimal friction
 They resist permanent deformation and not unravel
when cut
 They are cost efficient wires in comparision to
titanium wires.

6. ADVANTAGES
 FLEXIBLE
 SUSTAIN LARGE DEFLECTIONS
 APPLY LOWER FORCES WHEN DEFLECTED
 GOOD WORKING RANGE
 CAN BE USED DURING INTIAL LEVELLING
ALIGNING
 PSEUDO-VARIABLE MODULUS MATERIAL

7.  On bending  individual strands slip over each other
and the core wire, making bending easy. (elastic limit)
 2 or more wires of smaller diameter are twisted
together/coiled around a core wire.
 Diameter - 0.0165 or 0.0175, but the stiffness is much
less.

8. They are available in both round and rectangular
shape.
Different type of multi-stranded wires are available
1. Triple stranded – 3 wires twisted
2. Coaxial – 5 wires wrapped around a core wire
3. Braided – 8 strand rectangular wire.

10. AVAILABLE

11.  This means that the stiffness of an archwire can be varied in
three ways.
 The first and traditional approach has been vary the second
moment of area ‘I’ about the axis of bending.
 Thus small changes in dimensions d and D can result in large
variations in stiffness.
 The difference between .016” and .014” diameter is
approximately 40%.
 The second approach to vary the elastic modulus E. that is,
use various archwire materials such as Nitinol which has E =
10 x 10 6 psi, Beta-Titanium 15 x 106 psi Gold alloys 20 x 10 6
psi and stainless steel 28 x 10 6 psi, giving a variation of
approximately 3 to 1 with stiffness.

12.  A third approach, which is really an extension of the
second, is to build up a strand of stainless steel wire,
for example, a core wire build up a stand of stainless
steel wire for example, a core wire of .0065” and six
.0055” wrap, wires will produce an overall diameter
approximately .0165 inches. The second moment of
area of the strand and an equivalent solid wire would
be essentially the same. Young’s modulus in the same
for both stainless steel wires yet there is a considerable
difference in their respective stiffness.

13.  The reason why the stand has a more flexible feel is
due to the contact slip between adjacent wrap wires
and the core wire of the stand.
 When the strand is deflected the wrap wires, which
are both under tension, and torsion will slip with respect
to the core wire and each other. Providing there is only
elastic deformation each wire should return to its
original position.

14.  Kusy noted that the stiffness of a triple stranded 0175” (
3 X 008”) stainless steel arch wire was similar to that of
0.010” single stranded stainless steel arch wire. The
multistranded archwire was also 25% stronger than the
.010” stainless steel wire. Then .0175” triple stranded
wire and .016” Nitinol demonstrated a similar stiffness.
However nitinol tolerated 50% greater activation than
the multistranded wire. The triple stranded wire was
also half as stiff as .016” beta-titanium. Multistranded
wire can be used as a substitute to the newer alloy wire
considering the cost of nickel titanium wire.

15.  Strength – resist distortion
 Separate strands - .007” but final wire can be either
round / rectangular
 Sustain large elastic deflection in bending
 Thurow: rough idea – multiply

17. As the diameter of a wire decreases –
 Stiffness – decreases as a function of the 4th
power
 Range – increases proportionately
 Strength – decreases as a function of the 3rd
power
 Multistranded wires  Small diameter wires,
High strength
 Gentler force

18. Elastic properties of multistranded archwires depend on –
1. Material parameters – Modulus of elasticity
2. Geometric factors – wire dimension and moment of
inertia
3. Twisting or braiding or coaxial
4. Constants:
 Number of strands coiled
 The distance from the neutral axis to the outer most fiber of a strand
 Plane of bending or bending shape factor
 Poisson’s ratio

21.  Deflection of
multi stranded wire= KPL3
knEI
K – load/support constant
P – applied force
L – length of the beam
K – helical spring shape factor
n- no of strands
E – modulus of elasticity
I – moment of inertia

22. Helical spring shape factor
 Coils resemble the shape of a helical spring.
 The helical spring shape factor is given as –
2sin α
2+ v cos2 α
α - helix angle and
v - Poisson’s ratio (lateral strain/axial strain)
Angle α can be seen in the following diagram :-

23. 23
Typical geometry of a simple multistranded wire shown is a wire of diametre D
composed of three wire strands,each of diametre d,The axial distance which
wire strand traverses per rotation equals S.The helix angleα ,which a wire strand
makes with normal to the wire axis may be decsribed in term d,D and S

24. Schematic definition of the helix angle(a).if one revolution of a
wire strand is unfurled and its base length[p(D-d)] an
corresponding distance traversed along the orginal wire axis(S*)
ARE DETERMINED.then a ratio of these two distance equals tan
a.everything else being equal.the greater p(D-d) or the less S* is
the compliant a wire will be

27. Wildcat
-Springy
-High tempered
-Three strand twist wire
TRICAT
-Three twisted rounded wires
- Preformed
GAC

28. QUAD-Cat
- Preformed
- Three strand
- Twisted wire
PENTACAT
- Coaxial wire
- Spooled or preformed
- Five strands around one
GAC

30.  In 1993,Hanson combined the mechanical
advantages of multi-stranded cables with the
material properties of super elastic wires to create
a super elastic nickel titanium coaxial wire.
 This wire called super cable comprises seven
individual strands that are woven together in a
long,gentle spiral to maximize flexibility and
minimize force delivery.
Source: JCO,Apr 1998

31. Clinical use of supercable
 The most clinically significant finding was that
the .016 and .018 supercable wires were the
only ones that tested at less than 100g of
unloading force over a deflection range of 1-3
mm.
 Supercable thus demonstrates optimum
orthodontic forces for the periodontium.

32. It offers the clinician the advantage of
engaging a relatively large archwire at the
start of treatment.
By occupying more of the bracket slot,the
.018 supercable is able to accomplish a
greater degree of uprighting,leveling,and
rotational control than other initial arch
wires.

33.  Supercable’s unique construction and super elastic
properties permit it to be gently engaged in even the
most crowded cases without patient discomfort.
A. Placement of initial mandibular .016" Supercable
archwire. B. Segmented .016" Supercable wire, seated
in auxiliary slot of maxillary lateral and first bicuspid
brackets, is flexible enough to be fully engaged in main
arch wire slot of palatally displaced cuspid.

34. FORCE DELIVERY TEST
A three-point bending test was carried out to
compare the force delivery of .016", .018", and
.020“ Supercable with that of common nickel
titanium initial archwires.
Instron universal testing machine was used for
load deflection test.
All arch wires were loaded with a maximum
deflection of 4 mm, and then unloaded slowly
JCO-98 JEFF BERGER

35. .016" and .018" Supercable wires exerted only
36-70% of the force of .014" solid nickel titanium
wires.
Comparing wires of the same diameter, .016"
Supercable demonstrated 65% less force than
.016" solid superelastic wires
while .018" Supercable exerted 78% less force
than .018“ solid superelastic archwires.
STUDY RESULTS
JCO-98 JEFF BERGER

36. CLINICAL USES OF SUPER CABLE
.016" and .018" Supercable wires were the only
ones that tested at less than 100g of unloading
force over a deflection range of 1-3mm.
Supercable thus demonstrates optimum orthodontic
forces for the periodontium, as described by Reitan
and Rygh.

37. Relatively large archwire like 0.18” can be placed
at the starting of treatment.
When cutting Supercable, always use a sharp
distal end cutter (No. 619). A dull cutter tends to tear
the component wires and thus unravel the wire
ends.
END STOP

38. ADVANTAGES
• Improved treatment efficiency.
• Simplified mechanotherapy.
• Elimination of archwire bending.]
• Flexibility and ease of engagement regardless of
crowding.
• No evidence of anchorage loss.

39. • A light, continuous level of force, preventing any
adverse response of the supporting periodontium.
• Minimal patient discomfort after initial archwire
placement.
• Fewer patient visits, due to longer archwire
activation.

40. • Tendency of wire ends to fray if not cut with sharp
instruments.
• Tendency of archwires to break and unravel in
extraction spaces
• Inability to accommodate bends, steps, or helices.
• Tendency of wire ends to migrate distally and
occasionally irritate soft tissues as severely crowded
or displaced teeth begin to align.
DISADVANTAGES

41. CASE REPORT Use of
SPEED Supercable with
Sectional Mechanics
 MARIELLE BLAKE,
JCO-2003

42.  A maxillary permanent central incisor can fail to erupt
because of a midline supernumerary or a retained deciduous
incisor. When spontaneous eruption of the permanent incisor
does not occur after removal of the supernumerary or
deciduous tooth, orthodontic traction may be required to
bring the incisor into the arch.
 Placement of a full fixed appliance may not be feasible in the
early mixed dentition because of a lack of teeth available for
bonding. There is also a risk of root resorption if the lateral
incisors are bonded when the incisor roots are in close
proximity to the crown of the developing permanent canine .
 This article describes such a case that was resolved by the
use of a sectional SPEED appliance with a SPEED
Supercable archwire.

44. .
Initial treatment involved the removal of the retained deciduous incisor and
exposure of the maxillary left central incisor . Four months after the surgery,
some spontaneous eruption of the permanent incisor had occurred, but it was
evident that orthodontic intervention would be required to bring the tooth into the
arch

45. SPEED brackets were placed on the two central incisors, and an .016"
Supercable archwire was engaged in the brackets. Light-cured composite stops
were added to the archwire to prevent archwire disengagement or fraying of the
wire ends

46. RESULTS
A marked improvement in tooth position was evident eight weeks later .
The appliance was removed after six months of active treatment and
the final radiograph showed good tooth alignment with no evidence of
root damage. A bonded palatal retainer was placed to counteract any
vertical or rotational relapse tendency.

47.  SPEED Supercable is a superelastic nickel titanium coaxial wire
consisting of seven interwoven strands. The superelastic
properties of Supercable allow full bracket engagement with
extremely
low unloading force delivery. In this case, full ligation of any other
wire might have resulted in permanent deformation of the
archwire, debonding of the brackets, or application of excessive
force.
 Supercable is designed to accept sharp bends without taking a
permanent set. Therefore, distal end bends are impossible.
Although light-cured composite stops were used in this case,
specially designed Supercable stops are also available.
 The SPEED system is ideally suited to segmental mechanics.
When the spring clip is closed, the bracket acts as a tube. This
allows fewer teeth to be incorporated into the system without the
problems of archwire disengagement that occur with wire ligation
of twin brackets.

48. Brian K. Rucker, PhDa; Robert P. Kusy, PhDa–d

49. Kusy (ajo-do 2002)
 physiologically acceptable tooth movement can be
achieved if light, continuous forces are used rather than
heavier, intermittent forces.Low-stiffness wires are used
to deliver these light forces, typically single-stranded
nickel titanium (NiTi) wires or multistranded stainless
steel (SS)
 elastic materials that include SS and con- ventional
NiTi, which is stabilized martensite, deliver forc- es that
are proportional to the amount of activation.
 These forces decrease as the teeth move and the
wires deactivate. Alternatively, pseudoelastic (so-called
‘‘superelastic’’) NiTi archwires are now available3 that
deliver a nearly constant

50.  Three stranded twisted and coaxial wire configurations
indeed attain the best elastic properties among basic
multistranded geometries, and (2) multistrand- ed SS
archwires often matched the elastic properties of con-
ventional NiTi leveling wires These findings were based on
several assumptions,Two of which were that there was no
strand interaction(eg, interstrand friction) during flexure and
that the stress at the proportional limit .
 Three-stranded (triple) and six-stranded coaxial (coax) SS
archwires, each from four manufacturers, were com- pared
to single-stranded (single) SS and conventional NiTi leveling
wires.

51. 51

52. Results
 Interaction between individual strands was negligible.
 Range and strength Triple stranded Ξ Co-axial (six stranded)
 Stiffness  Coaxial < Triple stranded
 Range of single stranded SS wire, triple stranded and co-axial
were similar.
52

53. 53

54. 54
Kusy ( AJO-DO 1984)
 Compared the elastic properties of triple stranded
S.Steel wire with S.Steel, NiTi & B-TMA

55. 55
Results
Results

57. AJO-86
Ingram, Gipe and Smith (AJO 86)
 Range of independent of wire size
 Range seems to increase with increase in diameter
 It varies only from11.2-10.0-largest size having slightly
greater range than smallest wire
 Results: NiTi>MS S.Steel>CoCr>Steel

58. 58
Nanda et al (AO 97)
WIRE STIFFNESS CAN BE ALTERED
BY NOT ONLY CHANGING THE
SIZE OR ALLOY COMPOSITION
BUT BY VARYING THE NUMBER
OF STRANDS
 Increase in No. of strands  stiffness
 UNLIKE SINGLE STRANDED
WIRES
 Stiffness varies as deflection varied

59.  In the last few decades , a variety of new wire alloys have been
introduced in orthodontics. These wires demonstrate a wide
spectrum of mechanical properties and have added to the
versatility of orthodontic treatment. Appropriate use of all the
available wire types may enhance patient comfort and reduce
chair side time and the duration of treatment.
The restricted use of only stainless
steel wires to treat an entire case from start to finish therefore
may be indicated only in relatively few patients. It may be
beneficial instead to exploit the desirable qualities of a
particular wire type that is specifically selected to satisfy the
demands of the presenting clinical situation. This, in turn, would
provide the most optimal and efficient treatment results.
.