Presentation on Procedure of Plant introduction

1. SUBMITTED TO-
Dr. KAUSHIK KUMAR PANIGRAHI
(Asst.Professor Dept.of Plant Breeding
and Genetics)
Dr. BHIMSEN NAYAK
(Assoc. Professor Dept. of Plant
Breeding and Genetics )
SUBMITTED BY-
PRAKASH CHANDRA SAHU
CLASS – 1ST YEAR B,Sc [HORT.]
ADM NO- 10HO/16
GROUP – [A]

2. CONETNTS:-
 PROCEDURE OF PLANT
INTRODUCTION
 PURPOSE OF PLANT INTRODUCTION
 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF PLANT
INTRODUCTION
 GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS
 GENETIC EROSION
 GENE SANCTUARIES

3. 1. PROCEDURE OF PLANT
INTRODUCTION
 Plant introduction procedure consists of
following steps:
 (a) Plant procurement or procurement of Germplasm,
 (b) Packaging and despatch,
 (c) Entry and plant quarantine,
 (d) Cataloguing,
 (e) Evaluation,
 (f) Multiplication and distribution.

5. (A) Ways of Procurement of Plants or
Germplasm:
 Requisition for introduction of new crop plant or new
varieties should be submitted to NBPGR (National
Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources) within the country
or to IBPGR (International Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources).
 The material may be obtained on an exchange basis
from friendly countries either directly or through
F.A.O. or the material can also be purchased or
obtained as free gift from individuals or organizations.

6. (B) Packaging and Despatch:
 The part of the plant for propagation of that species is
known as propagule.
 The propagule may be seeds, tubers, runners, suckers,
stolons, bulbs, root cuttings, buds or seedlings depending
upon the crop species.
 Depending on the type of propagule those are cleaned from
other weed-seeds and contaminants and treated with
fungicides, packed carefully and despatched so that it can
reach the destination in viable condition

7. (C) Entry and Plant Quarantine:
 On receipt of the material the entry inspection is done
by the country for other contaminants and the
presence of insect, diseases, nematodes are checked.
 The materials are treated with insecticides, fungicides
or nematicides and then released to the user.
 The general objective of all ‘quarantine and regulatory’
measures is to prevent pests and diseases from
entering into the country as well as to check spreading
further.

8.  (D) Cataloguing:
 After quarantine the introduced specimen is given a
number regarding species, variety, place of origin and
the data are recorded.
 (E) Evaluation:
 To assess the potential of new introductions, their
performance at different substations are evaluated as
well as resistance to diseases and pests are evaluated
under different environments.
 (F) Multiplication and Distribution:
 Promising introduced materials are propagated and
then released as varieties after necessary trials.

9. 2.PURPOSE OF PLANT INTRODUCTION:
 (a) Use in Agriculture, Forestry and Industry:
 New varieties of plants or crops are introduced from
various places for use as food, fibre, wood or medicinal
purposes as well as the breeding material for
hybridisation work.
 (b) For Aesthetic Interest:
 Various ornamental plants are introduced for
beautification.

10.  (c) For Germplasm Conservation:
 The spread of high yielding varieties causes a danger to
old varieties to get lost from an area. But germplasm
collection and conservation help to maintain lines,
clones, mutants, cultivars, etc. from as many sources as
possible.
 (d) For Studying Origin and Distribution:
 The distribution of crop plants and their various forms
in different parts of the world gives an idea of their
origin and evolution.

11. 3.MERITS AND DEMERITS OF
PLANT INTRODUCTION:
 A. MERITS:
 (a) It provides entirely new crop plants to a place.
 (b) Superior varieties may be originated directly or after selection or
hybridisation.
 (c) Germplasm collection, maintenance and protection of genetic
variability are possible through the ways of introduction and
exploration.
 (d) It is the most quick and economical method of crop
improvement when introduced material can be used directly.
 (e) Introduction of some varieties to newer areas may protect them
from some diseases.

12. B. DEMERITS:
 The demerits or disadvantages associated with
plant introduction are introduction of weeds,
diseases and pests:
 (a) The weeds like Argemone, Eichhornia, Lantana have
been introduced from other countries with the
introduction of crop plants.
 (b) The fungal diseases like late blight of potato, flat
smut of wheat, coffee rust, bunchy top of banana – all
have been introduced in India along with plant
materials.
 (c) Many insect pests like potato tuber moth, woolly
aphis of apple, fluted scale of Citrus were introduced in
India along with plant introduction.

13. 3.GERMPLASM COLLECTION
 Germplasm are living genetic resources such as seeds
or tissues that are maintained for the purpose
of animal and plant breeding, preservation, and other
research uses.
 These resources may take the form of seed collections
stored in seed banks, trees growing in nurseries,
animal breeding lines maintained in animal breeding
programs or gene banks, etc.

14.  Germplasm collections can range from collections of
wild species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that
have undergone extensive human selection.
 Germplasm collection is important for the
maintenance of biological diversity and food security.

15. 4.GENETIC EROSION
 Genetic erosion is a process where the limited gene
pool of an endangered species diminishes even more
when reproductive individuals die off before
reproduce low population.
 The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense, such as
when describing the loss of particular alleles or genes,
as well as being used more broadly, as when referring
to the loss of a phenotype or whole species.

17.  Genetic erosion occurs because each individual
organism has many unique genes which get lost when
it dies without getting a chance to breed.
 Low genetic diversity in a population of wild animals
and plants leads to a further diminishing gene pool –
inbreeding and a weakening immune system can then
"fast-track" that species towards eventual extinction.

18. 5.GENE SANCTUARIES:
 The genetic diversity is sometimes conserved under
natural habitat. In other words, areas of great genetic
diversity are protected from human interference.
 These protected areas in natural habitat are referred to
as gene sanctuaries.
 Gene sanctuary is generally established in the centres
of diversity or microcenter. Gene sanctuary is Also
Known As Natural Park or biosphere reserve.

19.  India has setup its first gene sanctuary in the Garo
Hills of Assam for wild relatives of citrus. Efforts are
also being made to setup gene sanctuaries for banana,
sugarcane, rice and Mango.
 In Ethiopia gene sanctuaries for conservation of wild
relatives of coffee was setup in 1984.
 Gene sanctuaries have two main advantages. Firstly, it
protects the loss of genetic diversity caused by human
intervention.

20.  Secondly, it allows natural selection and evolution to
operate.
 There are two main drawbacks of gene sanctuary.
Firstly, entire variability of a crop species can not
conserved.
 Secondly , its maintenance and establishment is a
difficult task. It is a very good method of in Situ
Conservation.

21. THANK YOU