This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and notes that it includes materials from healthcare like blood, body fluids, sharps, and cultures. The document outlines how healthcare waste should be categorized and treated, including methods like incineration, autoclaving, and chemical treatment. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers in properly handling, storing, transporting, and disposing of biomedical waste.

1. BIOMEDICAL
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
- K H YAT I C H A U D H A R I

2. WASTES
• Household waste
• Industrial waste
• Biomedical waste or hospital waste
Wastes
Solid waste Liquid waste Gaseous waste

3. WHAT IS BIO-MEDICAL WASTE ??
• Bio hazardous waste is that waste that is capable of producing an infectious
disease in humans and includes at a minimum blood, body fluids, discarded
sharps, inoculated culture media, tissues and slides.
• Waste generated during the diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or
production of biological products for humans or animals (WHO)

4. HEALTH CARE WASTE
CHARACTERIZATION
Health care waste
Non-Risk waste
(75-90 %)
Risk waste
(10-25 %)

5. WHO ESTIMATES
• 85% of hospital waste is non-hazardous
• 10% is infectious
• 5% is non-infectious.

6. BIOHAZARDOUSWASTE INCLUDES THE
FOLLOWING CATEGORIES
• Blood and body fluids
• infectious Sharps waste
• Laboratory waste
• Medical sharps
• Some isolation waste
• Some animal waste

7. BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS INCLUDES:
1. Blood/Blood Products
– Serum,
– Plasma
– Other blood components

8. BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS INCLUDES:
2. Body Fluids
– Semen
– Vaginal secretions
– Cerebrospinal fluid
– Pleural fluid
– Peritoneal fluid
– Pericardial fluid
– Amniotic fluid
– Any other body fluid visibly
– contaminated with blood

9. BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS INCLUDES:
3. Does NOT Include
– Urine, unless visible blood is present
– Feces, unless visible blood is present
– Vomit, unless visible blood is present

11. SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE WASTE:
• Private hospitals
• Nursing homes
• Physician offices, clinics
• Dental clinics
• Dispensaries PHC
• Medical research and training centers
• Mortuaries
• Blood banks and collection centers
• Slaughter houses
• Vaccine centers
• Biotechnological and industrial
production units

12. GROUP AT RISK:
• Doctors, nurses, health care auxiliary
• Hospital maintenances personnel
• Visitors
• Laundries waste handling
• Landfills/ incinerators

13. OVERVIEW OF HEALTHCARE WASTE
MANAGEMENT:
• Sharps:
– Needles, infusions sets, Scalpels, knives, blades
• Waste with high heavy metal content:
– Batteries, broken thermometers, Blood pressure gauges
• Pathological waste:
– Body parts, blood & other fluids
• Chemical waste:
– Lab reagents, Disinfectants, solvents

14. • Infectious waste:
– Lab Cultures, waste from isolation wards, tissues, etc.
• Pharmaceutical Waste:
– Expired or no longer needed pharmaceuticals.
• Genotoxic waste:
– Cytotoxic drugs, geno toxic chemical.
• Pressurized containers:
– Gas cylinders, Cartridges & aerosol cans.

15. HEALTH HAZARDS OF HOSPITAL
WASTE
1. PROLIFERATION OF RODENTS
2. BREEDING OF FLIES AND INSECTS
3. AIR POLLUTION
4. LAND POLLUTION
5. WATER POLLUTION
6. TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONS LIKE HIV, HEPATITIS-B, OTHER MICROBES
7. BAD ODOUR

16. CATEGORIES OF
BIO MEDICAL
WASTE

17. Option Waste Category Treatment & Disposal
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste Incineration / deep burial
Category No. 2 Animal Waste Incineration / deep burial
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology
Waste
Local autoclaving /
microwaving /
incineration
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps Disinfection by chemical
treatment /autoclaving /
microwaving and
mutilation / shredding
Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines and
Cytotoxic drugs
Incineration / destruction and
drugs disposal in secured
landfill

18. Option Waste Category Treatment & Disposal
Category No. 6 Solid Waste Waste Incineration /
autoclaving /
microwaving
Category No. 7 Solid Waste Disinfection by chemical
treatment
/ autoclaving / microwaving
and
mutilation / shredding
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste Disinfection by chemical
treatment
and discharge into drains
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash Disposal in municipal landfill
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste Chemical treatment and
discharge
into drains for liquids and
secured
land for solids

20. Color Coding Type of Container Waste Category Treatment
Options
Yellow Plastic bag Cat.1, 2,3,6 Incineration/deep
burial
Red Disinfected
container/Plastic bag
Cat 3,6,7 Autoclave/Microwave/
Chemical Treatment
Blue/White
translucent
Puncture proof
container
Cat.4,7 Autoclave/Microwave/
Chemical Treatment &
destruction/shredding
Black Plastic bag Cat 5,9,10 Disposal in secured
landfill

21. PROPER LABELING OF BINS
• The bins and bags should carry the biohazard symbol indicating the nature
of waste to the patients and public.
• Label shall be non-washable And prominently visible

22. SYMBOLS

23. PERSONNEL SAFETY DEVICES
• The use of protective gears should be made mandatory for all the personnel
handling waste.

24. STORAGE
• In an area away from general traffic and accessible only to authorized
personnel.
• DO NOT store for more than 48 hours
• If for any reason it becomes necessary to store the waste beyond such period
take measures to ensure that the waste does not adversely affect human
health and environment

25. TRANSPORT
• Transport by wheeled trolleys/containers /carts only in vehicles authorized for
the purpose
• They should be
– Easy to load and unload
– No sharp edges
– Easy to clean
– Disinfect daily
• Trolleys ,Wheelbarrows

26. TRANSPORT
• If a container is transported from the premises where biomedical waste is
generated to any waste treatment facility outside the premises, it should be
transported in separate vehicles with proper sign of BIOHAZARD.

27. TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES

28. INCINERATION
• Burning of waste material in the
presence of oxygen.
• Waste volume reduction,
destroying some harmful
constituents.
• Works at temperature (400–
700°C).

29. DISINFECTION
• Chemical disinfection:
– used for treating liquid waste
by adding chemicals.
• Thermal disinfection:
– generally used for treating
solid waste

30. STERILIZATION
• Steam sterilization:
– autoclave used to disinfect
waste.
• Microwave irradiation:
– (2450 MH3 wave length 12.24
m ) water is heated with waste
and then infectious
component is destroyed by
heat conduction.

31. LANDFIL OR LAND DISPOSAL
• Open dumps:
– not recommended.
• Sanitary landfills:
– Disposing of certain types of
health-care waste (infectious
waste and small quantities of
pharmaceutical waste) in
sanitary landfills is acceptable.

32. INERTIZATION:
• Mixing waste with cement and
other substances before disposal.
– 65% pharmaceutical work
– 15% lime
– 15% cement
– 5% waters

33. BIO MEDICAL
WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA

34. HANDLING OF BIOHAZARDOUS WASTE
1. GENERATION
2. WASTE SEGREGATION
3. COLLECTION
4. TRANSPORTATION
5. STORAGE
6. END TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL

35. ROLE OF NURSE IN BIOMEDICAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
• REGULAR VISIT TO ALL WARDS AND HIGH RISK UNITS.
• ENSURING THAT SAMPLES (BLOOD, STOOL, URINE ETC) ARE COLLECTED
AND DISPOSE SAFELY.
• MONITORING AND SUPERVISING THE STAFF WEATHER THEY ARE DOING
SAFE DISPOSAL OF WASTEAS COLOUR CODED.
• PREVENTION OF HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS BY FOLLOWING
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS.
• USE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT WHILE HANDLING WASTE.

36. ROLE OF NURSE IN BIOMEDICAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Avoid needle stick injuries.
• Collect waste when the bin is 3/4th full.
• Avoid using common lift to move waste.
• Avoid spillage.
• Clean spills with disinfectant.

37. CONCLUSION
• If we want to protect our environment and health of community we must
sensitize ourselves to this important issue not only in the interest of health
managers but also in the interest of community.