resharing

1. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

2. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Human Skeletal System consists of a set of
206 bones that support and protect the body.
They also work with the muscles to provide
movement.
The skeleton is divided into 2 parts: the
Axial and the Appendicular
Skeleton.

3. THE AXIAL SYSTEM
The Axial System is made up with the Skull
bones, the Vertebrae, the Ribs and the
Sternum.

4. THE SKULL BONES

5. THE VERTEBRAE
The spine is divided into several
sections.
The cervical vertebrae make up the
neck.
The thoracic vertebrae comprise the
chest section and have ribs attached.
The lumbar vertebrae are the
remaining vertebrae below the last
thoracic bone and the top of the sacrum.
The sacral vertebrae are caged within
the bones of the pelvis, and the coccyx
represents the terminal vertebrae or
vestigial tail.

6. THE APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
The appendicular system is formed by the
bones of pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
and upper and lower limbs.

7. THE UPPER/LOWER LIMBS BONES

8. THE HUMAN SKELETON

9. STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
There are two types of
bone tissue:
1) Compact and
2)Spongy.
.

10. Compact Bone
• The hard outer layer of bones is composed of
Compact bone tissue, so-called due to its
minimal gaps and spaces.
• This tissue gives bones their smooth, white,
and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of
the total bone mass of an adult skeleton.

11. Spongy Bone
Spongy bone fills the interior of the bone
which is composed of a network of rod- and
plate-like elements that make the overall
organ lighter and allowing room for blood
vessels and marrow.
Spongy bone accounts for the remaining 20% of
total bone mass, but has nearly ten times the
surface area of compact bone.

12. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
The bones of the body come in a variety of
sizes and shapes. The four principal types of
bones are long, short, flat and irregular

13. LONG BONES
Bones that are longer
than they are wide are
called Long bones. They
consist of a long shaft
with two bulky ends or
extremities. They are
primarily compact bone.
Eg:- Long bones include
bones of the thigh, leg,
arm, and forearm.

14. SHORT BONES
Short bones consist
primarily of spongy
bone, which is
covered by a thin
layer of compact
bone.
Eg:- Short bones
include the bones of
the wrist and ankle.

15. FLAT BONES
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually
curved.
Eg:- Flat bones include most of the bones of
the cranium and sternum.

16. IRREGULAR BONES
Bones that are not in any
of the above three
categories are classified
as Irregular bones. They
are primarily spongy
bone that is covered with
a thin layer of compact
bone.
Eg:- The vertebrae and
some of the bones in the
skull are irregular bones.

17. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts are
the three cell types involved in the
development, growth and remodeling of
bones.
 Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells,
 Osteocytes are mature bone cells and
 Osteoclasts break down and reabsorb
bone.

18. THE JOINTS
A Joint is the point where two or more bones
meet. There are three main types:
 Fibrous (immoveable)- Eg:-Skull Joint.
 Cartilagenous (partially moveable)-
Eg:- Intervertebral disc of spinal column.
 Synovial (freely moveable) joint.

19. FIBROUS JOINT
This type of joint is held together by
only a ligament.

20. CARTILAGENOUS JOINT

21. SYNOVIAL JOINT
There are six types of synovial joints:
1) Pivot joint,
2) Ball-and-socket joint,
3) Hinge joint,
4) Condyloid joint,
5) Saddle joint,
6) Gliding joint.

22. SYNOVIAL JOINT
• Pivot joint
Enables rotation around a lengthwise axis: the cylindrical
terminal part of a bone is encased in a hollow cylinder.
Examples include the tibia and the fibula.
• Ball-and-socket joint
Allows movement along three axes, such as in the shoulder:
flexion and extension, rotation, and adduction (arm
drawing near the trunk) and abduction (arm drawing away
from the trunk). Eg:- Shoulder and Hip Joint.
• Hinge joint
Enables flexion and extension along a single axis.
Eg:- Elbow,Knee,Ankle joint.

24. • Condyloid joint
An example is the wrist, which the hand can move on
two axes: flexion and extension; it can also be tilted
sideways. Eg:- Wrist joint.
• Saddle joint
Resembles the condyloid joint but allows a wider range
of motion; this type of joint is rare. Eg:- Thumb.
• Gliding joint
Surfaces of these joints are relatively flat and not very
mobile; they allow only a narrow gliding range.
Eg:- Vertebrae, certain bones of the wrist and ankle).

26. THE TENDONS
• A Tendon is a tough but flexible structure
made of fibrous tissue that joins a bone to a
muscle.
• When a muscle contracts it pulls on a bone to
cause movement. The tendon transmits the
force from the muscle to the bone.
• The tendonitis is the inflammation of a
tendon.

28. THE LIGAMENTS
Ligaments are bands of connective tissues that link
two or more bones to make joints stable and prevent
from excessive movements.

29. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Our Skeletal has more than 650 muscles, most
of them disposed in pairs to provide
movement.

30. THE MUSCULAR TISSUE
Muscular cells are called
Muscle fibers.
Every fibers contain thousand
of Myofibrils.
Inside each myofibril there
are many Myofilaments that
are made of two proteins:
the Actin and the Myosin.
The myofibrils are divided in
subunits called Sarcomeres.

31. MYOFILAMENT

32. MUSCLE CONTRACTION

33. TYPES OF MUSCLES
• There are three types of muscles:
• Skeletal Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle
• Smooth Muscle

34. SKELETAL MUSCLE
• The Skeletal muscles
are also known as
Striated or Voluntary.
• They are attached to
bones by tendons
providing movement.
• Their contraction is
quick and variable
from powerful to
precise. It is controlled
by the CNS.

35. CARDIAC MUSCLE
• Cardiac Muscle is only
found in the Heart.
• It is made of striated fibers
and its contraction is
directed by the ANS.
• It contracts involuntarily
and rhythmically. It’s also
very resistant to fatigue
due to the large number of
mitochondria they have.

36. SMOOTH MUSCLE
• Smooth muscle are also
known as involuntary as
its contraction is lead by
the CNS and the glands.
• It covers the hollow walls
of many organs such as
the oesophagus, the
broncchi, the uterus or
the stomach.
• It contracts slowly.

37. •THANK YOU