2. Culture
Edward Tylor(1871) defined culture as that of
complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs,
arts, law, customs, and other capabilities.Is an all encompassing concept which includes all
the recipes for living, a blue print for behavior and
any social activity, the sum total of human creations,
and a way of life which serves as potential guide for
behavior.
“What shall we do?” and “How do we do this?”
Include things from most significant to the more
lofty technical ideas.
Prescribes what one can do and not do.
It implies that society has its own way of life shared
by most of its members.
Each society has its own distinctive culture and no
society has more culture than another.
Everyone has culture and is cultured.
3. Significance of Culture
It sets preconditioning factors
for the development of
individual’s personality
It provides knowledge
which enables one to
survive physically and
socially.
It controls and regulates the
collective existence of society
and guides the individual in
deciding the definition and
order of responses to future
experiences.It serves as basis for
interpreting reality.
4. Ideal Culture
Is the way people describe the
standard of behavior- the
blueprint which provides the
direction and guidelines in
relating with others or doing
things.
It set the standards for model
behavior.
5. RealCulture
Refers to how one behaves in
an actual situation within the
context of what may be
regarded as acceptable by
other members of society.
6. Characteristic of Culture
Through enculturation or socialization, one learns the socially approved ways of
satisfying one’s needs or coping with one’s problems.
As people grow up, they see the world through the particular looking glass of their
culture.
7. Characteristic of Culture
Children pay attention to things
going on around they grow aware
of what the culture considers as
right or wrong.
Transmission of culture involves also
the disciplining of the children’s
impulses toward the acquisition of
attitudes which are essential in their
social life.
8. Characteristic of Culture
The elements of culture result from
living and interacting with one
another and emerge out of social
life of people.
It makes our interactions
meaningful and enable us to predict
each other’s behavior in a given
situation and to respond
accordingly.
Common experiences unify people.
9. Characteristic of Culture
Culture is made up of elements
which are not haphazardly arranged
but patterned into a unified whole.
Culture is integrated not simply by
its dominant economic activities
and social patterns but also by
enduring themes, values,
configurations and world views.
The core values are the basis for
unity and they help to distinguish
each culture from others.
10. Characteristic of Culture
No culture is static and each
individual or generation makes
adjustments
Adaptive behavior may offer short-
term benefits to individuals, and
may harm the environment and be
a threat to the long term survival of
the group.
Sometimes the adjustments are
minor at times major, and ties with
the past are broken.
11. Characteristic of Culture
The members of society have to
follow the culture in their dealings
with others if they wish to get along
successfully.
Persons who want to violates some
aspects of the culture have to toe
the line or else suffer sanctions for
their violation.
13. Dimensions of Culture
Represent the nonmaterial aspects of culture.
Ideas
Humans express the meaning of their experiences through ideas.
The culture lives on through the ideas which are transmitted from one
generation to another.
14. Dimensions of Culture
Represent man’s conviction about the
reality of things and are shared ideas
about how the world operates.
Beliefs
They are the means by which people
make sense of their experiences, both
personal and social
These are usually incorporated in the
whole vast body knowledge while
accumulated through time.
19. Dimensions of Culture
Values are socially accepted and
shared ideas about what is right.
Values
They constitute ideals of society and
set of standards for desirable and good
behavior.
20. Dimensions of Culture
The use of gestures interacting with
other members of the group without
the constant need to explain what one
is doing.
Common Understanding
This common understanding can be
expressed by blink of the eyes, tone of
voice, use of the hand, or some kind of
language.
21. Dimensions of Culture
Aim to control errant behavior. It can be formal or informal, positive or negative.
Sanctions
Rewards are positive sanctions for
those who follow the norms.
Punishment are negative sanction
for those who defy or break the
norms.
22. Dimensions of Culture
Sanctions
Grades, awards, promotion, salary
citations or put one in jail.
Gossip, unfavorable public opinion,
withdrawing of friendship,
affection or love.
Informal
Sanction
Formal Sanction
23. Dimensions of Culture
Folkways
A great mass of usages of
importance, covering all the
interest in life, embodiment of a
life philosophy, forming a
character and containing a life
philosophy.
These are the customary, popular,
and widely followed but do not
require conformity.
24. Dimensions of Culture
Mores
Are social norms that are essential
to the welfare of the group and
their cherished values.
Mores has moral and ethical value
and are associated with the strong
feelings of right and wrong.
They are “must” and “should” of a
society.
25. Dimensions of Culture
Laws
Formalized norms defined by a
governing body or public
authority.
While others are not based on
mores and it is difficult to enforce.
Some mores are enacted into laws
and enforced by political and legal
authorities.
26. Dimensions of Culture
Fashion, Fads, & Crazes
Are short-lived social norms which
demand compliance at the time
they operate.
Powerful regulators of behavior in
urban areas and industrialized
centers.
27. Material Culture
Refers to all physical, tangible, and concrete objects produced by people,
and determines the physical options and opportunities of the society.
28. Language
According to Sullivan language is a set of written or verbal symbols that
people may have agreed upon and use that represents something that
can express and evoke meanings.
Language enable us to transcend time and go beyond the here and now,
to preserve the past and make plans for the future.
Thus, language gives us some kind of cultural continuity and identity.
29. Ideology
Is the meaningful system of doctrines, ideas, symbols, norms, and values
which moves members to action.
30. Cultural Similarity
The universal pattern of culture like speech and language, material arts,
art, mythology and scientific knowledge, religious practices, family and
social systems, property, government, and war.
31. Cultural Diversity
Brought about by differences in the way people meet and respond to
their biological and psychological needs and the manner by which people
adapt to their environment.
32. Subculture
Are groups which follow certain dominant values and norms maintained
by a particular society, yet they have their own unique set of norms,
attitudes, and values which sets them apart.
33. Culture Shock
The feeling of unpleasantness or disorientation experienced when one
goes to an unfamiliar setting.
34. Ethnocentrism
The view to regard one’s culture as right and normal with a superior
attitude.
Literally, Ethnocentrism means a belief that one’s group is the center of
the universe and one scaled and rates other cultures with reference to it
(Summer, 1906).
It is judging the behavior of others in relation to one’s own cultural
values and tradition.
35. Xenocentrism
The view to regard that other culture as right and normal with a superior
attitude than the one owns.
36. Culture Change
Refers to the alteration or modifications in technology or the distinctive
way of life of people.
37. SocialC hange
The process by which the structure and functions of social system and
social behavior are modified and altered.
38. Characteristics of Socio-Cultural Change
It is natural and inevitable part of every society.
It is sometimes intentional but often unplanned.
It generates controversy.
Some changes are more important than others.
39. Sources of Social Change
The influence of natural environment.
Population change.
Conflict change.
Ideas
Collective behavior
40. Process of Social Change
1.1 Invention
- is the creation of a new culture complex pattern by the
combination of known existing elements and the creation of new rules
for their use as a unique combination
a. Unconscious invention
-Accidental juxtaposition. Inventors made their small
contributions without being aware of the part they were playing in
bringing one invention.
b. Intentional Innovation
-Deliberate attempts to produce a new idea or object as
response to perceived needs.
41. Process of Social Change
The process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another
society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group.
1. Natural barriers
2. Lack of good channels of communication
3. Attitudes of people.
42. Process of Social Change
Refers to the changes that occur when different cultural groups come
into intensive contact. Describes by anthropologist as a situation in
which one societies in contact is much powerful than others
1. Cultural values and traditions of the people.
2. Motor patterns and customary body positions.
3. Leadership and customary positions.
4. Psychological factor.
43. Process of Social Change
1. Values held in industrialized societies.
2. Economic gain and competition.
3. Friendship or a close relationship with the members of the program
staff.
4. Supporting social structure.
5. Fitting the innovation into the exist cultural patterns.
