1. KECEDERAAN DAN REHABILITASI SUKAN
(DKK 4114)
KECEDERAAN BAHAGIAN BAWAH
Department of Sport &
Exercise Science
Khairul Azlan Taib
BSc .(hons) UiTM

2. KECEDERAAN
LUTUT

3. Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain
• Cause – Medially directed valgus force from
lateral side or external rotation
• Signs of injury
– Grade 1
• Few ligament fibers are torn or stretched, joint
stable during valgus stress test
• Tenderness & stiffness below medial line.

4. Sambungan..
– Grade 2
• A complete tear of deep capsular ligament and
partial tear of the superficial layer of MCL.
• Minimum slight laxity during full Extension
• Inability to actively extension knee (joint tightness)
• Slight or absent swelling.
• Loss passive ROM
• Pain in medial aspects, with general weakness and
instability.

5. – Grade 3
• Complete tear of ligaments
• Loss of medial stability
• Minimum to moderate swelling
• Loss ROM
• Valgus stress reveals some joint opening

6. Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain

7. Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain
• Treatment
– RICE for at least twenty-four hours
– Crutches are prescribed if the athlete is unable to
walk without a limp.
– Cryokinetics - including 5 min of ice pack
treatment, combination of cold and compression
or ultra sound.

8. Lateral Collateral Ligaments Sprain
• Cause – Laterally directed varus force from
medial side or from internal rotation of tibia
• Signs
– Grade 1
• Ligament fibers are torn or stretched, joint stable
during varus stress test
• Tenderness & stiffness below lateral line.

9. Sambungan ..
– Grade 2
• moderate tearing or partial separation
• Pain in lateral aspects
– Grade 3
• Complete tear of ligaments
• Loss of medial stability
• Swelling
• Loss ROM
• Varus stress reveals some joint opening

10. Lateral Collateral Ligaments Sprain

11. Lateral collateral ligament sprain
• Treatment
– RICE sekurang kurangnya 24 jam pertama
– Crutches diberikan jika atlet tidak dapat berjalan.
– Brace – untuk sokongan pada knee.
– Cryokinetics - including 5 min of ice pack
treatment, combination of cold and compression
or ultra sound.

12. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
• Penyebab – Femur & leg bones twist dalam
arah yang berlawanan.
• Signs
– Bunyi “Pop” semasa kecederaan terjadi
– Immediate disability.
– Bengkak pada joint line.
– Intense pain initially then begin feel the knee not
badly hurt

13. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
• Treatment
– RICE untuk minggu pertama untuk mengawal
bengkak(swelling)
– Electrical muscles stimulation untuk mengawal
sakit dan merangsang contraction muscles.
– Ultrasound untuk meningkatkan pengaliran
darah.
– Menggunakan crutches – weight shifting.
– Massage
– Mobilization techniques.

14. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

15. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
• Penyebab –Terjatuh dengan berat badan
sepenuhnya pada lutut pada keadaan knee
hyperflexed atau knee flexed pada 90°
• Tanda-tanda kecederaan
– Terasa atau terdengar bunyi “pop” pada
bahagian belakang knee
– Sakit apabila di palpitasi
– Bengkak

16. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
• Treatment
– RICE untuk minggu pertama untuk mengawal
bengkak(swelling)
– Electrical muscles stimulation untuk mengawal
sakit dan merangsang contraction muscles.
– Ultrasound untuk meningkatkan pengaliran
darah.
– Menggunakan crutches – weight shifting.
– Massage
– Mobilization techniques.

17. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

18. Meniscus Injuries
• Penyebab:-
– Weight bearing with rotational force while
extension or flexion knee
– Koyakan pada cartilage yang tidak sembuh
disebabkan oleh kekurangan pembekalan darah.
– Some peripheral meniscus able to heal due to
adequate blood supply
• Tanda-tanda kecederaan
– sakit pada joint line dan pergerakan lutut yang
terbatas.
– Sakit ketika mencangkung dan kekurangan ROM

19. Treatment
• RICE therapy dalam jangkamasa 72 jam.
• Arthroscopic surgery untuk membuang
sebahagian meniscus.
• Menggunakan bracing dan crunches untuk
menyokong full weight bearing.

20. Meniscus Injuries

21. TAKE 5

22. PENILAIAN
KECEDERAAN
LUTUT

23. Fungsi Ligament dan Rawan pada Lutut
• Anterior Cruciate Ligaments – ligamen yang
menghadkan regangan extension yang berlebihan pada
lutut.
• Posterior Cruciate Ligaments – ligamen ini mengelakan
posterior tibia bergerak ke hadapan apabila lutut dibengkok
kan .
• Lateral Collateral Ligaments – menstabilkan bahagian
lateral lutut dari sebarang daya yang akan menolak lutut
secara lateral dan menyebabkan kecederaan.

24. Fungsi Ligament dan Rawan pada Lutut
• Medial Collateral ligaments- ligamen ini membantu
menstabilkan bahagian medial lutut dan ia juga
menstabilkan lutut dari dari sebarang daya yang akan
menolak lutut secara medial dan menyebabkan
kecederaan.
• Meniscus – dua rawan berserat antara tibial dan
femoral yang akan menolong mengimbangi bentuk
tulang yang tidak rata dan membantu
dalam penyebaran cecair synovial.

25. Penilaian Kecederaan Lutut
• Sejarah Kecederaan – untuk mengenal pasti tahap
kecederaan yang berlaku.
• Pemerhatian terhadap kecederaan
– Cara berjalan
- Leg alignment = genu valgum or knock kness, genu
varum bowlegs, genu recurvatum or hyperextended
knees.
– pergerakan aktif
• Sentuhan
– struktur tulang pada lutut
- struktur tisu lembut pada lutut.

26. Special Test
• Knee stability test
– Valgus (medial) stress test special testKnee Exam Valgus Stress Test.flv and
varus (lateral) stress test special testvarus test..78&ipbits=8&expire=1219652765&key=yt1&sver=2
• Anterior cruciate ligament test:
– Drawer test at 90° of flexion special testAnterior Drawer Test - Knee.flv
– Lachman drawer test special testLachman Test [www.keepvid.com].flv
– Pivot shift test special testKnee Exam (22 of 27)_ Pivot shift [www.keepvid.com].flv
– Jerk test special testJerk Test [www.keepvid.com].flv

27. Valgus and varus test
– Laxity of the medial & lateral collateral ligaments
– Lie supine with leg extended
– Test medial collateral ligament – valgus test
applied
– Test lateral collateral ligament – varus test
applied

28. Valgus and varus stress test

29. Drawer test at 90° of flexion
• The athlete lies on the training table with the injured
leg flexed.
• The examiner stands facing the anterior aspect of
the athlete’s leg, with both hands encircling the
upper portion of the leg.
• Immediately below the knee joint.
• The finger examiner are positioned in the popliteal
space of the affected leg, with the thumbs on the
medial and lateral joint lines.
• The index fingers of the examiner are placed on the
hamstring tendon to ensure that it is relaxed.

30. Drawer test at 90° of flexion

31. Lachman’s Test
– Check integrity of anterior cruciate ligaments
(ACL)
– Knee approximately 30° with lying on back
– One hand stabilizes leg (grasp distal end of
thigh)
– One hand grasp proximal aspect of tibia
– Attempting move anteriorly
– Positive = movement of tibia

32. Lachman test

33. Pivot shift test
• The athlete lies supine, one hand examiner is
pressed against the head of the fibula, and the
other hand grasps the athlete ankle.
• The lower leg is internally rotated and the knee
full extended.
• The thigh is then flexed 30° at the hip while the
knee is also flexed and simultaneous valgus
force and axial load are applied by the examiner
upper hand.

34. Pivot shift test

35. Jerk test
• The jerk test reverses the direction of the
pivot shift. The position of the knee is
identical to that for the pivot shift test except
that the knee is moved from the position.

36. Jerk test

37. Special test
• Posterior cruciate ligamnent test
– Posterior drawer test
– External rotation recurvatum test
– Posterior sag test (godfrey’s test)
• Meniscal test
– McMurray meniscal test
– Apley compression test
– Apley distraction test

38. Posterior drawer test
• Performed with the knee flexed at the 90° and
the foot in neutral.
• Force is exerted in a posterior direction at the
proximal tibia plateau.

39. Posterior drawer test

40. External rotation recurvatum test
• The examiner grasp the great toe and lifts off
the table.
• If the tibia externally rotates and slides
posterior, there may be injury to the posterior
cruciate ligament.

41. External rotation recurvatum test

42. Posterior sag test
• With the athlete supine, both knees are flexed
to 90°.
• Observing laterally on the injured side.
• The tibia will appear to sag posteriorly when
compared with the opposite extremity if the
posterior cruciate ligament is damaged.

43. Posterior sag test

44. McMurray’s meniscal test
• The athlete is positioned face up on the table with the
injured leg fully flexed.
• The examiner places one hand on the foot and one
hand over the top of the knee, finger touching the
medial joint line.
• The ankle hand describe a small circle and pulls the leg
into extension.
• The hand on the knees feels for clicking response

45. McMurray’s meniscal test

46. Apley’s CompressionTest
– Identify meniscus injury
– Lying face down
– Affected leg flexed to 90°
– Down hard pressure is applied to leg
– Leg the rotated back
– Medial meniscal tear -> external rotation
– Lateral meniscal tear -> internal rotation
– Positive = pain

47. Apley’s CompressionTest

48. Apley distraction test

49. Functional examination
• Testing quadriceps strength
• Testing hamstring strength
• Walking (forward, backward, straight line,
curve)
• Jogging (straight, curve, uphill, downhill)
• Running
• Sprinting

50. Testing quadriceps strength

51. Testing hamstring strength

52. Patellar examinations
• Palpation of patella
– Patellar compression
– Patellar grinding
– Apprehension tests

53. Patellar compression test

54. Patellar grind test

55. PROGRAM
REHABILITAS
I
ALATAN & TEKNIK RAHABILITASI

56. Prevention of Knee Injuries
• Physical conditioning & Rehabilitation
– Strength
– Flexibility
– Cardiovascular
– Muscle endurance
– Agility
– Speed
– Balance
• Shoe type
• Functional & phophylactic Brace
– Reduce severity of knee injuries

57. Rehabilitasi
• Flexibility
• Muscular strength
• Non weight bearing exercises
• Knee joint mobilization

58. Program fleksibiliti
• Matlamat program = meningkatkan flexibiliti otot
pada bahagian lutut.
• Frekuensi = boleh di lakukan setiap hari.
• Intensiti = meregangan otot sehingga rasa
ketidak selesa.
• Masa = setiap latihan di lakukan 20 saat/ 3 set
• Jenis latihan = heel side, knee to chest,
hamstring stretch, quadriceps stretch, calf
stretch

59. Senaman fleksibiliti
Knee to chest stretch
Heel side stretch

60. Senaman fleksibiliti
Hamstring stretch

61. Program senaman kekuatan
• Matlamat program = meningkatkan kekuatan
otot pada bahagian lutut.
• Frekuensi = dilakukan 3 hari seminggu.
• Intensiti = menggunakan pemberat untuk
memberi rintangan pada otot (20 RM per set).
• Masa = latihan dilakukan 20 ulangan/ 3 set
• Jenis latihan = leg extension, quadriceps
contraction, water resistance, half squat, lateral
steps up, straight leg raising and hip extension.

62. Muscular strength
Leg extension

63. Muscular strength
Quadricep contraction
Water resistance

64. Muscular strength
Single leg half squat Lateral steps up

65. Non weight bearing exercises
Electrical bicycle

66. Non weight Bearing Exercises
In a exercises pool

67. Equipment aqua therapy

68. TAKE 5

69. KECEDERAAN
PERGELANGAN
KAKI

70. Kecederaan Pergelangan kaki.
• Inversion sprain Grade I —
– Kecederaan yang kerap berlaku pada atlet iaitu terseliuh (
sprain ) ia berlaku ketika berlari dan melompat.
– Terdapat hanya kumpulan kecil ligamen dan fiber otot yang
terkoyak, jadi akan terdapat sedikit cecair pada kawasan ini
dan kesakitan yang sederhana. Walaubagaimana pun
kekuatan otot masih normal.
– Symptom and sign = kesakitan yang sederhana dan
ketidakupayaan akan berlaku. Keseimbangan untuk
menampung berat badan akan terjejas. Sign are point
tenderness and swelling over the ligament with no joint laxity.

71. Inversion sprain Grade I

72. Inversion sprain Grade I
• Rawatan
– Rice therapy (20 minit setiap 2 jam dalam 72 jam).
– Menggunakan horseshoes pad untuk mengawal
pndarahan(hemorrhages).
– Menggunakan elastic wrap dapat memberikan
tekanan yang selesa.

73. Kecederaan Pergelangan kaki
• Inversion sprain Grade II —
– Koyakan penuh pada anterior talofibular ligamen dan
koyakan pada calceneofibular ligament. Kesakitan lebih
teruk ketika menggerakan kaki dan kemasukan cecair
pada kawasan yang cedera. Bengkak yang sederhana
dan lebam. Akan kehilangan sedikit kekuatan pada otot.
– Symptom and sign = atlet akan mengadu terdapat bunyi
pop semasa mendarat dan terseliuh pada bahagian
luar. Kesakitan yang lebih teruk dan kehilangan fungsi
dan kaki tidak dapat menampung berat badan. Terdapat
kemasukan cecair pada bagaian yang tercedera.

74. Inversion sprain Grade II

76. Inversion sprain Grade II
• Rawatan
– RICE therapy (20minit untuk 2 jam selama 72 jam).
– Ice massage (jika perlu)
– Menggunakan tongkat untuk 5 hingga 10 hari
sehingga atlet boleh berjalan tanpa sokongan limp
lateral.
– Memakai elastic wrap semasa berjalan.
– Tinggikan kaki sedikit ketika tidur dan duduk.

77. Ankle fracture
• Ankle Fracture -biasanya
disebabkan oleh eversion. Fibula
biasanya patah.
• Symptoms and sign -
Bengkak(swelling) dan sakit(pain).
• Management - RICE digunakan
secepat mungkin untuk mengawal
pendarahan(hemorrhage) dan
bengkak(swelling)
- menggunakan cast
atau brace.(penahan)

79. Acute Achilles tendon rupture
• Achilles tendon rupture
– third degree strain oleh tendon dan
chronic inflammation serta gradual
degeneration disebabkan oleh
micro tears(koyak).
– Symptom and sign = pain is
immediate but rapidly subsides.
Point tenderness, swelling and
discoloration.
– Management = RICE,
menggunakan crunches dan
pembedahan(surgical repair).

80. Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
• Medial tibial stress syndrome juga dikenali
sebagai Shin splints, menunjukkan simptom
sakit pada bahagian anterior part of shin.
• Keadaan seperti stress fractures, muscles
strains dan chronic anterior compartment
syndrome juga dikenali sebagai shin splints.
• Ia disebabkan oleh micro trauma yang
berulang(biasanya di dalam sukan bola
keranjang, berlari dan juga gimnastik)

81. Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
• Symptom and sign = sakit sepanjang masa
tetapi kesakitan akan menjadi lebih teruk
selepas latihan atau pergerakan.
=sakit apabila dipalpate.
• Treatment = RICE, ice massage, gentle static
stretching di bahagian anterior dan posterior
muscles 3 kali sehari.
= taping.

82. Prevention of Injury to the Ankle
• Stretching(Achilles tendon).
• Strengthening exercise.
• Proprioceptive training: balance exercises dan
agility(ketangkasan)
• Memakai proper footwear dan/atau tape
apabila perlu.

83. PENILAIAN
KECEDERAAN
PERGELANGAN
KAKI

84. Assessing the Lower Leg and Ankle
• History / sejarah kecederaan = untuk
mengenal pasti kecederaan.
– Mechanism of injury
– When does it hurt?
– Type of, quality of, duration of pain?
– Sounds or feelings?
– How long were you disabled?
– Swelling?
– Previous treatments?

85. • Observations / pemerhatian terhadap
kecederaan
– Is there difficulty with walking?
– Deformities, asymmetries or swelling?
– Color and texture of skin, redness?
– Patient in obvious pain?
– Is range of motion normal?

86. Palpasi/ sentuhan untuk mengenal
pasti kecederaan
• Tulang
– Fibular head, calceneus, medial malleolus,
lateral malleolus.
• Tisu lembut
– Achilies tendon, anterior talofibular ligament,
flexor digitorum longus tendon, gastronemius
and soleus muscles.

87. Special test
• Percussion and compression tests
– Used when fracture is suspected (ankle or lower leg).
– Percussion test is a blow to the tibia, fibula or heel to
create vibratory force that resonates at the fracture,
causing pain
– Compression test (to check for fractures of the tibia or
fibula)
– involves compression of tibia and fibula either above
or below site of concern
– special testPercussion_Bump Test [www.keepvid.com].flv

88. Special test
• Thompson test
– Squeeze calf muscle, while foot is extended off table to
test the Achilles tendon rupture.
– Positive results to the test in one in which there is no
plantar flexion of the foot.
– special testThompson_.flv
• Homan’s sign
– Test for deep vein thrombophlebitis.
– With athlete supine position with the knee fully extended,
ankle is moved into dorsiflexion so that calf muscles
stretched.
– Pain in calf is a positive sign and should be referred
– special testHoman_.flv

89. Compression Test Percussion Test
Homan’s sign Thompson Test

90. Ankle Stability Tests
• Anterior drawer test
– Used to determine damage to anterior talofibular
ligament primarily and other lateral ligament secondarily.
– The athlete sit on the edge of treatment table with legs
and feet relaxed.
– The athletic trainer grasps the lower tibia in one hand
and the calcanues in the palm of the other hand.
– A positive test occurs when foot slides forward and
makes a clunking sound as it reaches the end point. And
generally indicates a tear in the anterior talofibular
ligament.

91. Ankle Stability Tests
• Talar tilt test
– To determine extent of inversion or eversion injuries.
– With foot at 90 degrees calcaneus is inverted.
– And excessive motion indicates injury to
calcaneofibular ligament and possibly the anterior and
posterior talofibular ligaments.
– If the calcaneus is everted, the deltoid ligament is
tested
– special testTalar Tilt Test [www.keepvid.com].flv

92. Anterior Drawer Test Talar Tilt Test

93. Ankle Stability Tests
• Kleiger’s test
– Used primarily to determine extent of damage to the
deltoid ligament and may be used to evaluate distal ankle
syndesmosis, including anterior/posterior tibiofibular
ligaments and the interosseus membrane
– The athlete should be seated with the legs over the end of
the table.
– One hand stabilized the lower leg while the other holds the
medial aspect of the foot and rotates it laterally.
– Pain over the deltoid ligament indicates injury to the
structure, while pain over the lateral malleolus would like
indicated injury to the syndesmosis.
– special testKleiger_.flv

94. Ankle Stability Tests
• Medial Subtalar Glide Test
– Performed to determine presence of excessive medial
translation of the calcaneus on the talus in the
transverse plane.
– One hand of examiner hold the talus in subtalar
neutral, then glides the calcaneus in the medial
direction.
– A positive test presents with excessive movement,
indicating injury to the lateral ligaments
– special testSubtalar Medial Glide
[www.keepvid.com].flv

95. Kleiger’s Test Medial Subtalar Glide Test

96. Functional test
• Walks on toes (test plantar flexion)
• Walks on heels (test dorsiflexion)
• Walks on lateral border of feet (test
inversion)
• Walks on medial border of feet (test
eversion)

97. TAKE 5

98. PROGRAM
REHABILITAS
I
ALATAN & TEKNIK RAHABILITASI

99. Rehabilitation techniques.
• Non weight bearing exercises untuk
mengekalkan ketahanan(endurance) cardio
respiratory. (exercises in pool).

100. Rehabilitation techniques
• Flexibility exercises
– Gastronomies stretch
– Soleus stretch
– Heel stretch
• Neuromuscular Control Training
• Strengthening exercises

101. Stretching

102. Stretching

103. Stretching

104. • Neuromuscular
Control Training
– Boleh ditingkatkan oleh
latihan dalam keadaan
terkawal(Can be
enhanced by training in
controlled activities)
– Permukaan yang tidak
rata(uneven surfaces),
BAPS boards, rocker
boards, atau Dynadiscs
boleh digunakan untuk
melatih atlet.

105. Strengthening exercises

106. Strengthening exercises

107. Strengthening exercises

108. KECEDERAAN
TAPAK
KAKI

109. Injuries to the Tarsal Talus
• Fractures of the talus
• Fractures of the calcaneus
• Heel contusion
• Tarsal tunnel syndrome
• Retrocalcaneal bursitis

110. Injuries to the Metatarsal Region
• Flatfoot
• High arch foot
• Plantar fasciitis
• Jones fractures
• Metatarsal stress fractures

111. Plantar fasciitis/Heel spur
• Plantar fascia :
– Fibrous tissue terletak sepanjang
bahagian bawah kaki(bottom surface
of the foot)
– Merintangi daripada heel to the
forefoot
• Heels spur
– Pertumbuhan yang tidak normal pada
heel bone disebabkan oleh calcium
deposits
– Terjadi apabila plantar fascia
pulls away daripada heel.

112. Plantar Fasciitis
•Plantar fasciitis ialah
radang(inflammation) pada
plantar fascia .
•Terjadi sama rata antara
perempuan dan lelaki.

113. Plantar Fasciitis
• As the arch starts to flatten out,
the band of ligament and the
muscle in the bottom of the foot
absorb the impact pressure from
standing or walking.
•Eventually they become
stretched beyond their limits.
•Akan menyebabkan muscle tears
dan bone spurs.

114. Picture of plantar faciitis

115. Plantar Facitis Cont.
– Signs & Symptoms
• History: stress yang berulang, kesakitan pada pagi
hari(morning pain) (anterior medial heel).
• Sakit selepas duduk pada waktu yang lama.
• Bengkak dan sharp pain yang kuat
• Sakit meningkat dengan pergerakan passive
dorsiflexion of the great toe.
• Point tenderness pada calcaneal insertion (calcaneal
spur)
• Positive test untuk tightness pada achilles (DF)

116. Plantar Facitis Cont.
– Treatment:
• Therapy RICE dan NSAID (Nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs) diperlukan untuk
mengurangkan sakit dan bengkak(inflammation).
– Exercises rehabilitation
• Toe touch crutch walking
• Begin heel cord stretching
• Rolling pin exercise to increase fascia flexibility.
• Foot Flexor Strengthening program

117. Pain often here (Heel Spur)

118. FACTORS OF PLANTAR FACIITIS
• Berat yang berlebihan pada kaki disebabkan oleh
obesiti.
• Kenaikan berat secara tiba-tiba seperti dalam
pregnancy.
• Aktiviti lasak yang tiba tiba seperti dalam
bersukan.
• Plantar fascia yang memendek(tight) (biasanya
disebabkan oleh tight calf muscles)
• Excessive flattening of the arch on weight bearing.
• Biomechanical problems (walking abnormalities)

119. Tarsal Tunnel
Syndrome
• Signs & Symptoms
– Localized swelling
– Pain medial ankle and
heel
– Positive sensory test
(Medial heel)
– Positive motor test
(planar flexion of the
ankle, flexion of the toes)
– Positive Tinel sign

120. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Cont.
• Treatment:
– Antiinflammatory medication.
– Antiinflamatory modalities (RICE, Ultrasound).
– Non-weight bearing/ or altered participation

121. Fracture of the Calcaneus
• Etiology: terjadi akibat daripada lompatan ataupun terjatuh
dari suatu ketinggian. Avulsion of Achilles tendon.
Miscellaneous direct trauma.
• Symptom and signs - sakit dan bengkak(immediate
swelling)(tidak dapat menampung berat).
-Localized tenderness.
• Treatment – RICE untuk mengurangkan sakit dan bengkak
sebelum menjalankan ujian x ray untuk diagnosis.

122. PENILAIAN
KECEDERAAN
TAPAK KAKI

123. Penilaian Kecederaan tapak kaki
• Sejarah kecederaan – untuk mengenal pasti
lebih jelas jenis kecederaan yang berlaku.
– Adakah kecederaan pertama kali berlaku?
– Bagaimana ia terjadi?
– Tanda dan gejala kecederaan?
– Dimanakah rasa sakit (ankle, heel, arches,
toes)?
– Rawatan yang pernah di lakukan?

124. Penilaian Kecederaan Tapak Kaki
• Observation/ Pemerhatian
– Adakah atlet berjalan dalam keadaan tidak normal(limp) ataupun
tidak menjejakkan kaki yang sakit ke tanah(unable to bear weight)?
– Adakah bahagian yang tercedera itu bengkak(swollen),
pucat(discoloured), atau deformed?
– Adakah foot dalam keadaan selari(well aligned)?
• Palpation / Palpasi
– Bone (calcaneus, matatarsal, talar head, phalanges).
– Soft tissues (plantar fascia, flexor digitorum longus tendon, tibialis
posterior and anterior tendon, extensor digitorum longus tendon).

125. Pernilaian Kecederaan Tapak Kaki
• Ujian Fizikal
– Percussion test special testPercussion_Bump Test [www.keepvid.com].flv
– Tinel’s sign special testTinel_.flv
– Morton’s test special testMorton_.flv
• Movement
- Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
- Toe walking.
- Heel walking

126. PROGRAM
REHABILITAS
I
ALATAN & TEKNIK RAHABILITASI

127. Program Rehabilitasi untuk senaman
regangan
• Kekerapan latihan :- boleh dilakukan setiap hari
(untuk meningkatkan flexibiliti).
• Intensiti latihan :- meregangan kan otot yang
terlibat sehingga rasa ketidak selesaan.
• Masa :- setiap latihan di lakukan selama 20 saat
atau dalam kiraan 20 dan dilakukan 3 set.
• Jenis latihan :- toe curl with towel, toe
extension, heel stretch, standing calf stretch,
towel stretch, rolling ball.

128. Senaman regangan

129. EXERCISES

130. • Balance yourself during plantar stretch
Slowly allow your body weight to gently stretch the calf muscles until you feel
tension.

131. Program Rehabilitasi Senaman
Kekuatan
• Kekerapan latihan :- dilakukan dalam 3
hari/seminggu (untuk menguatkan otot yang
terlibat).
• Intensiti latihan :- menggunakan pemberat atau
rubber tubing untuk memberi rintangan.
• Masa :- setiap latihan di lakukan 10 ulangan
dalam 3 set.
• Jenis latihan :- picking up object, gripping and
spreading of toes, towel gathering, towel scoop
and resisted tubing exercises.

132. Rolling pin/ Ball

133. Resisted tubing exercises

134. Rehabilitation

135. Toe curl with towel

136. Picking up object and Towel gathering

137. FOOT SUPPORT
• To align the feet and body posture to their
correct position
• Untuk membentuk kembali natural angle of
lower limb

138. FOOT SUPPORT - Orthotic devices or shoe
inserts

139. Terima Kasih
Semoga Maju Jaya dan
belajar rajin-rajin.