Cyclone Case Study Odisha 1999 Super Cyclone in India.
Land degradation and conservation measures , hesia and lesia
1. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Integrated Farming System
Topic :Land degradation and Conservation
measures , HESIA and LESIA
Submitted to : Dr. Dhananjay Singh Gaikwad
Submitted by : Khushi Sharma
Group A , 5th Semester
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2. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Land Degradation
Land degradation means:
Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of
nutrients.
Less vegetation cover.
Changes in the characteristic of soil.
Pollution of water resources from the contamination of
soil through which water sweeps into ground or runoff to
the water bodies.
Changes in climatic conditions because of unbalance
created in the environment. 2
4. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Causes of Land Degradation
a. Deforestation
b. Soil erosion by wind or water
c. Mining
d. Industrialization
e. Unsustainable agricultural practices
f. Urban expansion
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5. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Conservation Measures
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A. Strip farming: It is a practice in which cultivated crops are sown
in alternative strips to prevent water movement.
B. Crop Rotation: It is one of the agricultural practice in which
different crops are grown in same area following a rotation
system which helps in replenishment of the soil.
6. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
C. Ridge and Furrow Formation:
D. Construction of bunds: This usually checks or reduces the
velocity of run off so that soil support vegetation
E. Contour Farming: This type of farming is usually practiced across
the hill side and is useful in collecting and diverting the run off to
avoid erosion.
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7. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
High External Input Agriculture ( HEIA)
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• Limitation in per capital land availability is due to increasing
population.
• To confront this pressure of world population explosion we are
compelled to join a revolution “ Green revolution” .
• This revolution aims at
1. More harvest per unit area
2. Intensification of number of cultivation seasons
8. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
• Use High yielding hybrid seeds.
• Susceptible to pests and diseases.
• Increased use of synthetic pesticides and herbicides .
• More use of nutrients .
• Improved irrigation facilities.
• Labour intensive.
• Mechanization of Agriculture.
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Green Revolution practices
9. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
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Advantages
• Agricultural production could be rapidly increased to
meet the demand for food for increasing population.
• Malnutrition problem was efficiently managed.
• New improved varieties gave yields within a short
period of time.
• Mechanization solves the problem of labour shortage.
• Income and profit margins of the products were
increased.
• Productivity of land increased.
• Increased market facilities for production.
10. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Disadvantages
• Collapse of environmental balance due to lack of bio-diversity by planting a few
cash crops.
• Increase in soil erosion due to constant furrowing by machinery.
• Dependence on imported machinery, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, hybrid
seeds and other inputs.
• Extensive use of pesticides disturbed the natural mechanism of controlling pest
and diseases as the artificial pesticides kill both pests and their natural
enemies.
• Although the need for high capital investment, large scale farmers benefited
while small scale farmers who were short of capital ran into debt.
• Use of artificial agro-chemicals adversely affected the soil pH, CEC, soil
structure, soil texture and soil organisms.
• Traditional varieties of seeds and their genetic resources faced extinction due
to introduction of hybrid varieties. 10
11. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
LEISA
Low External Input and Sustainable
Agriculture
• It is defined as a production activity that uses synthetic fertilizers
or other agro-chemicals below rates commonly recommended
• It does not mean elimination of these materials but yields are
maintained by greater emphasis on cultural practices, IPM and
utilization of on-farm resources
• It includes maximum utilization of local resource with less
dependency on external inputs for agricultural production
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12. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Advantages
• Balanced use of nutrients and organic matter
• Efficient use of water resources , genetic resources and energy
resources.
• Diversity of genetic resources
• Minimal negative environmental effects
• Minimal use of external inputs
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13. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
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Factors affecting of LEISA
• Maintaining a living soil
• Creating Bio-diversity
• Recycling of resources
• Natural pest management
