1. Kishor Rimal
Nanjing Forestry University, China

2. Global Warming and
its effects
•Global warming is happening and it is
continuous.
•It is estimated that average annual
temperature rise of is about 0.8°C .
•Global warming is rising due to higher
quantity of green house gases mainly
CO2 produced from burning of fossil
fuels that is being emitted into the
atmosphere from human activities
•It is expected to rise about 2°C by 2050
and 4°C by end of this century if co2
emission goes business as usual.
• This global warming has effected the
natural climate system and have brought
variation across the world.
http://awsassets.wwf.org.au/img/original
/cl_the_greenhouse_effect_image
Climate Change in Nepal

3. Impacts of climate change in Nepal
Global warming impacts in
Nepal
•Our country nepal is also not free
from the impacts of global
warming .
• The average annual temperature
rise is about 0.6°C
•Higher Himalayas are facing a
high of 0.8°C and low land plains
are facing 0.4°C of temperature
rise.
http://www.theguardian.com/envi
ronment/gallery/2009
http://localnepaltoday.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/05/drought.jp

4. Impacts of climate change in Nepal
Current and Near –term impacts
•Glaciers and mountain snow are melting more rapidly
which are the continuous source of drinking and
irrigational water for downstream (IPCC, 2007).
•Many parts of the region have suffered a reduction in
food production due to reduced water availability,
increases in temperature and a reduction in rain fall
days (IPCC, 2007).
•Biodiversity has been decreasing with emergence of
alien species and expected to continue in greater pace
in days to come (IPCC, 2007).
•The incidence of diarrheal diseases and other
infectious diseases such as cholera, hepatitis, malaria
and dengue fever is increasing due to severe floods,
rainfall and droughts in combination (IPCC, 2007).
•Livelihood of the poor depending upon nature for
their subsistence are ill affected due to drought, flash
floods and unprecedented natural disasters (IPCC,
2007).
©Chimalaya.org
©what-when-how.compal
©irinnews.org

5. Impacts of climate change in Nepal
Long–term impacts
• Agriculture and food security: 34.7% GDP of Nepal
is from Agriculture (DOA, 2011). Overall crop yield
(wheat, maize and rice) could decrease in Nepal by
up to 30% by the end of this century (IPCC, 2007).
•Water resources: Projections for Nepal suggest a
20% loss of snow and glaciated area with 1°C
increase in temperature increasing likelihood glacial
lake outburst flooding (GLOF) (IPCC, 2007).
• Ecosystems and biodiversity: Tropical wet forest
and warm temperate rain forest will disappear, and
cool temperate vegetation will turn into warm
temperate vegetation. Currently, there is no rain
forest in tropical and subtropical regions in the
Nepal, but a doubling in carbon dioxide would see
an emergence of rain forest in these regions (IPCC,
2007).
• Human health and migration: Increasing
temperatures and floods combined are likely to
yield a spread in pathogen and insect borne
diseases and exposure of communities to diseased
that they have no experience of or immunity to.
Human casualties and migration following extreme
weather events is also to be anticipated (IPCC,
2007).
©ccafs.cgiar.org
©newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard
©www.nepal-uncovered.com
©blog.waterdiplomacy.org

6. Mitigating the Impacts of climate change in Nepal
What initiatives could be undertaken to mitigate these impacts?
Mitigating the consequences of climate change due to anthropogenic
emission of Co2 and CH4 in the atmosphere in order to limit the temperature
rise up to 2°C is the major concern of whole world so as our country Nepal.
The need to act has never been more urgent. We need to
I. Act Now – Energy Revolution from fossil to low or no carbon
II. Act Together – Global partnership on emission reduction
and carbon financing
III. Act Differently – Policy and legislations for climate change
mitigation and actions

7. Mitigating the Impacts of climate change in Nepal
Action to be taken now to mitigate
economic and Human Consequences
• Promotion of renewal energy.
• Managing forest resources alternatively.
• Low energy consuming urban planning.
• Proper disposing of our wastes.
• Improving water use efficiency and agricultural
productivity.
• Leapfrogging traditional technologies and
adopting environmentally sound technologies
• Establishment of the market mechanism for
emission trading and carbon taxation on fuel
types.
• Bridging the financial gap through collaborating
with new global financial schemes.
• Establishment of the climate information
system, planning for uncertainties and climate
resilient infrastructures .
©renewableenergymexico.com
©www.clipartlord.com
©.world-efficiency.com

8. Mitigating the Impacts of climate change in Nepal
Nepal share less than a percent of GHG emission but it stands as the
4th vulnerable country to face the consequences of climate change (
Climate Change Risk Atlas, 2010). Nepal can and has already initiated
mitigation initiatives as
• Promotion of renewal energy (solar Power, wind power)
• Sensitization to reduce carbon foot print and incentives for local
food promotion and consumption reducing food miles.
• Implementation of REDD+, Formulation of climate change
regulation, NAPA and LAPA
• Promotion of CDM mechanism (bio-gas, fuel efficient kiln)
• Formulation and amendment of climate friendly policies.
• Multi-stakeholder institutional set up for climate change
adaptation, mitigation planning and execution.
These actions undertaken aims for climate stability at least at regional
level and do not lower the agricultural production which is the back
bone of national economy.
Besides, reducing carbon foot print and lowering food miles, all of the
above mentioned requires regional coordination. Nepal is a
developing and technically not so sound. Nepal requires international
support in carbon financing as REDD+, technology transfer and
leapfrogging.
©solarpowerpanelsystem.com
©blog.cifor.org
©www.immt.res.in

9. Mitigating the Impacts of climate change in Nepal
Promotion of Energy Access
• Nepal suffers energy crisis. Electricity is the main
energy used in household and industries. Besides,
fossil fuel, coal burning and fuel-wood are the major
ones.
• Promotion of energy access is highly difficult in the
country. Although some intervention could be carried
out
• Reducing Subsidies in Fossil fuel
• Carbon taxation
• Promotion of public transportation
• Promotion of clean energies
The ultimate goal of these promotional activities is to
reduce dependence on fossil fuel and reduce CO2
emission.
© www.sodahead.com
© www.salon.com
© www.malaysiakini.com

10. Mitigating the Impacts of climate change in Nepal
Use of Low carbon energy resources (LCER)
Nepal holds 2.27% of world water resources with 40,000 MW
of economically feasible electricity production potential (HIDCL
Nepal, 2014). Electricity is a LCER and only in reach of 40% of
country‘s population.
It can be best used by
• Producing in high scale and making reach to all
• Developing electric transport system and
providing subsidy
•Introducing low electricity consumption
appliances.
•Low energy urban planning
High scale production of electricity needs more hydro powers.
Although its potentiality, budget factor plays a vital role in
constructing and maintenance of hydro powers.
International agencies have shown their interest in funding but
constructing a hydro- power with a dam must meet the interest
of different stakeholders acting as a barrier.
Sensitization, proper incentives and community ownership
might remove this barrier
©.www.ekantipur.com
©gallerynepal.blogspot.com
© www.aedve.info

11. Conclusions
Nepal is also severely facing the consequences of climate change.
The country faces the melting of snow in higher altitudes and
drought and floods in downstream as major impacts jeopardizing
agricultural production, water resources, human health and
biodiversity
Nepal has initiated its climate adaptation and mitigation actions
through policy provision, National Adaptation Program of actions
(NAPA), Local level Adaptation Plan of Action(LAPA) promotion of
solar energy, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Reducing
Emission From Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and
existing policy amendments as major.
Promotion of Renewable Energy Access is now gaining popularity
but
Use of Low carbon energy resources is not yet noticeable.

12. References
• Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A.
(Eds.) IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. pp 104
• http://www.mikeldunham.blogs.com/mikeldunham/2010/10/
nepal-is-4th-country-most-at-risk-from-climate-change.html
• http://www.hidcl.org.np/nepal-hydropower.php
• www.doanepal.gov.np