prepared by: Kshirabdhi Tanaya Tutor, SUM Nursing College S‘O’A Deemed to be University

1. INTRODUCTION:-
The word personality has been derived from the
Latin word “persona”.
It is the total quality of an individual behavior as
it is shown in the habits, thinking, attitudes,
interests , the manner of acting & the personal
philosophy of life.

2. DEFINITION:-
Personality is the sum of activities that can be
discovered by actual observations over a long
enough period of time to give reliable
information.
(Watson)
Personality consists of the distinctive patterns of
behaviour including thoughts and emotions that
characterize each individual’s adaptation to the
situations of his or her life.
(walter mischel-1976)

3. COMPONENTS
PERSONALITY

4. PHYSICAL
• This includes the mode of dressing,
manner of walking, posture, body build,
health, complexion and facial expression

5. INTELLECTUAL
How a person talks and what he/she talks
about is that matters in the intellectual
component of personality. He/ she must
develop his intellect or “brain”.

6. SOCIAL
Good manners, correct manners are included
in this aspect of personality. To do right thing
at the right time, to act in the proper manner,
to get along well with others- these are all
parts of the social sphere of personality.

7. EMOTIONAL
Includes a person’s likes or dislikes,
whether he/ she is out going or shy, calm
or nervous and whether he/she looses
temper easily or remains cool

8. VALUE SYSTEM
This includes a person’s attitudes, values,
beliefs and philosophy in life. This aspect
referred to as CHARACTER.

9. Theories of personality:-
There are 5 paradigms that have been chosen
to represent personality theories.
1.Psychoanalytical paradigm.eg-freud’s
theories
2.Socio cultural paradigm-Erikson’s theories
3.Trait paradigm
4.Learning paradigm
5.Socio biological

10. Psychoanalytical theory:- (freud’s)
Sigmund Freud ,father of psychoanalytical theory
believed that the first 5 years of a child ‘s life to be the
most important ,as he believed that an individual’s basic
character had been formed by the age of 5.

11. Freud’s personality theory conceptualization:-
1-Structure of personality-Id,Ego,Super ego
2-Dynamics of personality-conscious, preconscious ,
semiconscious, unconscious
3-Topography:-cathexis(concentration of mental
energy on a particular person ,thing or object in
unhealthy way),anti cathexis ( ego to block undesirable
impulses)
4-Stages(psychosexual) of personality development:-
oral stage , anal stage ,phallic stage ,latency stage ,
genital stage.

12. Structure of personality:-
It is divided into 3 components that is id,ego & superego
.
1- “Id” :-
Based on pleasure principle
It is present at birth
Aim to achieve immediate gratification.
Id driven behaviours are impulsive & may be irrational.
2-Ego:-
Based on reality principle or rational self.
Develop between ages of 4 & 6 months.

13. •Acts as a ‘mediator ‘ to maintain harmony among the
external world .the id & the super ego.
•It experiences the reality of the external world , adopt
to it & responds to it.
3-The super ego:-
Based on perfection principle.
Develops between 3 to 6 years .
Consists of 2 major components –ego ideal &
conscience
Assists the ego in the control of id impulses and hence
helps in socialization of the individual.

16. Psychosexual stages of personality development:-
1-Oral stage(infancy 1-18months):-
During this stage baby’s mouth is the focal point of pleasure,
children suck , bite & chew anything that fits into their mouth .
Infant obtains gratification through oral activities such as
feeding , thumb sucking & babbling.
2-Anal stage(18months- 3years):-
Gratification from expelling and withholding feces , urine.
The child learns to respond to some of the demands of
society(such as bowel & bladder control).

17. 3-Phallic stage(3 to 6years):-
Interest in the genitals ;leading to identification with
same sex parent .
The child learns to realize the differences between
males & females and become aware of sexuality.
Development of oedipus complex occurred.
4-Latency stage(6 to 12yrs):-
Sexual concerns largely unimportant.During this years
,the focus changes from egocentrism to one of more
interest in group activities , learning & socialization
with peers. The preference is homosexual ;children of
this age show a distinct preference for same sex
relationships, even rejecting members of opposite sex.

18. 5-Genital stage(12 to 18yrs):-
Re-emergence of sexual interests & establishment of
mature sexual relationships. During puberty &
adolescence final stage of personality development is
characterized by a reactivation of libidinal energy&
focusing on genital area.

19. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY-ERIKSON’S:-
1-Trust Vs Mistrust(birth to 1 year)
2-Autonomy Vs Shame (1Year to 3years)
3-Initiative Vs Guilt (4 to 5yrs)
4-Industry Vs Inferiority (6 to 11yrs)
5-Identity Vs Role confusion (12 to 20 yrs)
6-Intimacy Vs Isolation(20 to 30yrs)
7-Generativity Vs Stagnation(30 to 65yrs)
8-Ego integrity Vs Despair (65yrs to death) old age

30. TYPE-A
The type-A personality generally lives at a higher
stress level. This is driven by
 Ambitious
 Rigidly organized
 Highly status conscious
 Sensitive
 Impatient
 Take more than they can handle
 Want other people to get to the point
 Proactive
 Concerned with time management

31. TYPE-A PERSONALITY HEALTH RISK
• Greater rate of cardiovascular disease
• Greater rate of heart attacks
• Increased risk for premature death from
all causes
• Not gender specific

32. TYPE-B
The type-B personality generally lives at a
lower stress level and are typically:
 Stress handling
 Lack of urgency
 Relaxed
 Less competitive
 Patient
 Non-aggressive
 Socializing and enjoying

33. EFFECT OF HAVING TYPE-B PERSONALITY
 Healthy life
 You are a better friend
 You take the long view
 You do well with risk and failure
 You see good in people
 Creativity flows from you
 You know how to enjoy that moment

34. SICK PERSONALITY: AN INTRODUCTION
• Sick personalities are those in which there is a
breakdown in the personality structure that
results in poor personal and social
adjustments
• Scientist regard such person as “disturbed” or
“disordered”. The layman says that he is
“peculiar” or “naughty”
• A “Normal Personality” may not be a “Healthy
Personality”

35. CAUSES OF SICK PERSONALITY
• PHYSICAL CASUES
 A temporary upset in normal state of body,
due to a headache or a digestive disturbance,
may lead to a temporary pattern of
unacceptable behaviour
 A persistent illness often affects the person’s
characteristic pattern of adjustment to life
 Brain disorder or diseases cause personality
disorder

36. PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES
• The fundamental psychological cause pf
personality sickness is inner conflicts which
stems from self dissatisfaction
• The person is unhappy about himself and
dislikes himself to the point where he
becomes self rejectent
• Self rejection shows itself also in distrust of
one’s own attitudes and feelings

37. COMMON BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES DUE TO
ILLNESS:-
Withdrawn behaviour
Changes in self concept ,body image &lifestyle
Self centeredness
Demanding and dependent behaviour
Uncooperativeness
Hostility
Same & guilt feelings

38. DANGER SIGNALS OF PERSONALITY SICKNESS
Some danger signals of personality sickness are:
 Immaturity
 Regression
 Cruelty
 Anti-social behaviour

39. IMMATURITY
• A person is judged as “immature” if his
performance in some area of behavior falls
below the standard set by his peers
• Example: A child who is slower than his age
mates in learning to speak in sentences and
who continues to use baby talk long after the
other children of his age are speaking well

40. REGRESSION
• Regression is an attempt , either consciously or
unconsciously, to return to an earlier stage of
development in which the person felt happier and
more secure
• It signifies that he lacks confidence in his ability to cope
up with the situation in which he finds himself
• Example: Many young children who are jealous of new
sibling attempt to return to the helplessness of an
earlier age in the hope of regaining the sense of
emotional security and the confidence they formerly
enjoyed

41. CRUELTY
• Cruel person take pleasure in inflicting pain on
other people and on animal.
• When the target of their cruelty cries in pain, this
intensifies their pleasure and makes them feel
that they are in charge of the situation
• Cruelty may arise in childhood from feeling of
inadequacy in which children feel experience
from because of their inferior size and strength

42. ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
• Behavior is anti-social if it is hostile or
damaging, either physically or psychological,
to the welfare of members of social group
• Only if it is conscious can it be regarded as a
danger signal
• Example: If a person intentionally parks his car
in front of another person’s garage so that
person cannot back his car.

43. THANK YOU