project

1. A
Project Report
On
A STUDY OF RELIGARE MUTUAL FUND
Submitted to fulfillment
Of the requirement to award the degree of
Master of Business Administration

2. In order to study the above information the researcher has organized the
present report as per the following:
Chapter 1: Focuses attention on introduction to equity and mutual funds and
Company Profile of Religare Securities Ltd., kolkata.
Chapter 2: Focuses on design of study, problem, scope and objectives of the study,
and limitations.
Chapter 3: Concentrates on the methodology and sources of data collection,
Sample design and tools and techniques of data collection.
Chapter 4: Is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of data.
Chapter 5: Provides the summary of findings.
Chapter 6: Deals with the suggestions and conclusions for the benefits
of prospective Investors and market analysers.
Lastly, it includes the annexure and bibliography.

3. Chapter 1
Focuses attention on introduction
to equity and mutual funds and
Company Profile of Religare
Securities Ltd., KOLKATA.

4. INTRODUCTION TO EQUITY CAPITAL AND
MUTUAL FUND
Issue of shares is the most important method of raising capital. Finance raised by
the issue of shares serves as a financial floor to the company’s capital structure. Shares
indicate the ownership or equity interest in the assets of the company. Shares are of
different nominal or face values and of different kinds to attract different kinds of
investors. The maximum amount of capital to be raised by the issue of shares is
mentioned in the memorandum of association.
During 1990-91 and 1991-92, equity accounts for 35 to 39 percent of the total
capital raised respectively. This proportion was reversed in 1992-93, the first year of free
pricing, when the share of equity increased to 62 percent. His share of equity finance
increased to a high of 73.18 percent in 1994-95. However, in 1995-96 there is a rise in
the importance of debt largely due to the high interest rates in the economy and negative
returns from the secondary market.
The mutual fund industry in India started in 1964 with the formation of Unit
Trust of India, at the initiative of the Government of India. The 1993 SEBI Regulations
were substituted by a more comprehensive and revised Mutual Fund Regulations in
1996.
The end of millennium marks 36 years of existence of mutual funds in this
country. The ride through these 36 years is not been smooth. Investor opinion is still
divided. While some are for mutual funds others are against it. UTI commenced its
operations from July 1964. The impetus for establishing a formal institution came from
the desire to increase the propensity of the middle and lower groups to save and to
invest. UTI came in to existence during a period marked by great political and economic
turmoil that depressed the financial market; entrepreneurs were rather hesitant to enter
the capital markets.

5. Concept of Equity Capital and Mutual Fund
The term Equity literally means the stock or ownership of a company. They are
also known as ordinary shares. The rate of dividend on equity shares varies according to
the amount of profit available and the intention of board of directors. In the event of
winding up of the company, equity shares can be refunded only after all other claims,
including those of preference shares for the refund of their capital, have been met.
Equity capital or financing is money raised by a business in exchange for a share
of ownership in the company. Ownership is represented by owning shares of stock
outright or having the right to convert other financial instruments into stock of that
private company. Two key sources of equity capital for new and emerging businesses are
angel investors and venture capital firms.
Equity capital is represented by funds that are raised by a business, in exchange
for a share of ownership in the company. Equity financing allows a business to obtain
funds without incurring debt, or without having to repay a specific amount of money at a
particular time.
The Equity Capital Markets Group (ECM) oversees the Firm's activities in the
primary equity and equity-linked markets, as well as monetization and equity
derivatives. It provides support in the origination of primary market transactions and
manages their structuring, syndication, marketing and distribution.
The world over, it’s been shown that over long tenures, equities–with their risk
premium–have provided approximately 7 percentage points higher returns than risk-free
options. People have to accumulate significant amounts of wealth during their working
years. Right now, a 17-year bond gives you only 5.5 per cent. So, it is imperative that
these people have some exposure to equity.

6. A mutual fund is a trust that pools the money of many investors -- its
shareholders -- to invest in a variety of different securities. Investments may be in stocks,
bonds, money market securities or some combination of these. Those securities are
professionally managed on behalf of the shareholders, and each investor holds a pro rata
share of the portfolio -- entitled to any profits when the securities are sold, but subject to
any losses in value as well.
A mutual fund is a group of investors operating through a fund manager to
purchase a diverse portfolio of stocks or bonds. There are myriad kinds of mutual funds,
each with its own goals and methodologies. Whether or not a mutual fund is a good
investment is a matter of much public debate, with many claiming they are excellent for
the average person, and others saying they are simply a poor way to invest.
For the individual investor, mutual funds provide the benefit of having someone
else manage your investments, take care of recordkeeping for your account, and
diversify your rupees over many different securities that may not be available or
affordable to you otherwise. Today, minimum investment requirements on many funds
are low enough that even the smallest investor can get started in mutual funds.
A mutual fund, by its very nature, is diversified -- its assets are invested in many
different securities. Beyond that, there are many different types of mutual funds with
different objectives and levels of growth potential, furthering your chances to diversify.
Many critics of mutual funds point out that scarcely over 20% of mutual funds
outperform the Standard and Poor's 500 Index. This means that nearly 80% of the time,
an investor would have been more profitable by simply buying equal shares in all 500 of
the companies currently on the S&P 500.
SCHEMES OF MUTUAL FUNDS:
Schemes according to Maturity Period:

7. A mutual fund scheme can be classified into open-ended scheme or close-ended
scheme depending on its maturity period.
Open-ended Scheme:
An open-ended fund or scheme is one that is available for subscription and
repurchase on a continuous basis. These schemes do not have a fixed maturity period.
Investors can conveniently buy and sell units at Net Asset Value (NAV) related prices
which are declared on a daily basis. The key feature of open-end schemes is liquidity.
Close-ended Scheme:
A close-ended fund or scheme has a stipulated maturity period e.g. 5-7 years. The
fund is open for subscription only during a specified period at the time of launch of the
scheme. Investors can invest in the scheme at the time of the initial public issue and
thereafter they can buy or sell the units of the scheme on the stock exchanges where the
units are listed. In order to provide an exit route to the investors, some close-ended funds
give an option of selling back the units to the mutual fund through periodic repurchase at
NAV related prices. SEBI Regulations stipulate that at least one of the two exit routes is
provided to the investor i.e. either repurchase facility or through listing on stock
exchanges. These mutual funds schemes disclose NAV generally on weekly basis.
Schemes according to Investment Objective:
A scheme can also be classified as growth scheme, income scheme, or balanced
scheme considering its investment objective. Such schemes may be open-ended or close-
ended schemes as described earlier. Such schemes may be classified mainly as follows:
Growth / Equity Oriented Scheme:
The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to
long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such

8. funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the
investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an
option depending on their preferences.
Income / Debt Oriented Scheme:
The aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors.
Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate
debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less
risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations
in equity markets.
Balanced Scheme:
The aim of balanced funds is to provide both growth and regular income as such
schemes invest both in equities and fixed income securities in the proportion indicated in
their offer documents. These are appropriate for investors looking for moderate growth.
They generally invest 40-60% in equity and debt instruments. These funds are also
affected because of fluctuations in share prices in the stock markets. However, NAVs of
such funds are likely to be less volatile compared to pure equity funds.
Money Market or Liquid Fund:
These funds are also income funds and their aim is to provide easy liquidity,
preservation of capital and moderate income. These schemes invest exclusively in safer
short-term instruments such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper
and inter-bank call money, government securities, etc. Returns on these schemes
fluctuate much less compared to other funds. These funds are appropriate for corporate
and individual investors as a means to park their surplus funds for short periods.
Gilt Fund:

9. These funds invest exclusively in government securities. Government securities
have no default risk. NAVs of these schemes also fluctuate due to change in interest
rates and other economic factors as is the case with income or debt oriented schemes.
Index Funds:
Index Funds replicate the portfolio of a particular index such as the BSE
Sensitive index, S&P NSE 50 index (Nifty), etc, these schemes invest in the securities in
the same weightage comprising of an index. NAV’s of such schemes would rise or fall in
accordance with the rise or fall in the index, though not exactly by the same percentage
due to some factors known as "tracking error" in technical terms. Necessary disclosures
in this regard are made in the offer document of the mutual fund scheme.
Sector Specific Schemes:
These are the funds/schemes which invest in the securities of only those sectors
or industries as specified in the offer documents. e.g. Pharmaceuticals, Software, Fast
Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Petroleum stocks, etc. The returns in these funds are
dependent on the performance of the respective sectors/industries.
Tax Saving Schemes:
These schemes offer tax rebates to the investors under specific provisions of the
Income Tax Act, 1961 as the Government offers tax incentives for investment in
specified avenues. e.g. Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS). Pension schemes
launched by the mutual funds also offer tax benefits. These schemes are growth oriented
and invest pre-dominantly in equities. Their growth opportunities and risks associated
are like any equity-oriented scheme.
Advantages of Equity Capital:
1. High dividend and high value:-

10. In times of prosperity, the equity shareholders get a very high rate of dividend,
sufficiently higher than that on preference shares. At the same time, their share value
will also go up in the market.
2. Voting rights:-
It is only the equity shareholders who enjoy voting rights on all the policy
matters of the company.
3. Pre-emptive right to new shares:-
Equity shareholders have the pre-emptive right to purchase new shares. Under
the provisions of the companies act, the existing shareholders of the company have a
right to allotment of newly issued shared.
4. Many privileges and rights:-
Equity shareholders enjoy many privileges and rights. For example, they can vote
at meetings, elect directors, control the directors to run the company efficiently and
profitably, look into the books and records of the company and transfer or sell their
shareholdings.
Advantages of Mutual Fund:
1. Professional Investment Management:-
By pooling the funds of thousands of investors, mutual funds provide full-time,
high-level professional management that few individual investors can afford to obtain
independently. Such management is vital to achieving results in today's complex
markets. Your fund managers' interests are tied to yours, because their compensation is
based not on sales commissions, but on how well the fund performs.
2. Diversification:-

11. Mutual funds invest in a broad range of securities. This limits investment risk by
reducing the effect of a possible decline in the value of any one security. Mutual fund
shareowners can benefit from diversification techniques usually available only to
investors wealthy enough to buy significant positions in a wide variety of securities.
3. Low Cost:-
If you tried to create your own diversified portfolio of 50 stocks, you'd need at
least Rs.1,00,000 and you'd pay thousands of rupees in commissions to assemble your
portfolio. A mutual fund lets you participate in a diversified portfolio for as little as
Rs.10,000, and sometimes less. And if you buy a no-load fund, you pay or no sale
charges to own them.
4. Convenience and Flexibility:-
You own just one security rather than many, yet enjoy the benefits of a
diversified portfolio and a wide range of services. Fund managers decide what securities
to trade, clip the bond coupons, collect the interest payments and see that your dividends
on portfolio securities are received and your rights exercised.
5. Quick, Personalized Service:-
Most funds now offer extensive websites with a host of shareholder services for
immediate access to information about your fund account. Or a phone call puts you in
touch with a trained investment specialist at a mutual fund company who can provide
information you can use to make your own investment choices, assist you with buying
and selling your fund shares.
6. Ease of Investing:-
You may open or add to your account and conduct transactions or business with
the fund by mail, telephone or bank wire. You can even arrange for automatic monthly

12. investments by authorizing electronic fund transfers from your checking account in any
amount and on a date you choose.
7. Total Liquidity, Easy Withdrawal:-
You can easily redeem your shares anytime you need cash by letter, telephone,
bank wire or check, depending on the fund. Your proceeds are usually available within a
day or two.
8. Life Cycle Planning:-
With no-load mutual funds, you can link your investment plans to future
individual and family needs -- and make changes as your life cycles change. You can
invest in growth funds for future college tuition needs, then move to income funds for
retirement, and adjust your investments as your needs change throughout your life.
9. Market Cycle Planning:-
For investors who understand how to actively manage their portfolio, mutual
fund investments can be moved as market conditions change. You can place your funds
in equities when the market is on the upswing and move into money market funds on the
downswing or take any number of steps to ensure that your investments are meeting your
needs in changing market climates.
10. Investor Information:-
Shareholders receive regular reports from the funds, including details of
transactions on a year-to-date basis. The current net asset value of your shares (the price
at which you may purchase or redeem them) appears in the mutual fund price listings of
daily newspapers. You can also obtain pricing and performance results for the all mutual
funds at this site, or it can be obtained by phone from the fund.

13. 11. Periodic Withdrawals:-
If you want steady monthly income, many funds allow you to arrange for
monthly fixed checks to be sent to you, first by distributing some or all of the income
and then, if necessary, by dipping into your principal.
12. Dividend Options:-
You can receive all dividend payments in cash. Or you can have them reinvested
in the fund free of charge, in which case the dividends are automatically compounded.
This can make a significant contribution to your long-term investment results.
13. Automatic Direct Deposit:-
You can usually arrange to have regular, third-party payments -- such as Social
Security or pension checks -- deposited directly into your fund account. This puts your
money to work immediately, without waiting to clear your checking account, and it
saves you from worrying about checks being lost in the mail.
14. Recordkeeping Service:-
With your own portfolio of stocks and bonds, you would have to do your own
recordkeeping of purchases, sales, dividends, interest, short-term and long-term gains
and losses. Mutual funds provide confirmation of your transactions and necessary tax
forms to help you keep track of your investments and tax reporting.
15. Safekeeping:-
When you own shares in a mutual fund, you own securities in many companies
without having to worry about keeping stock certificates in safe deposit boxes or sending

14. them by registered mail. You don't even have to worry about handling the mutual fund
stock certificates; the fund maintains your account on its books and sends you periodic
statements keeping track of all your transactions.
16. Retirement and College Plans:-
Mutual funds are well suited to Individual Retirement Accounts and most funds
offer IRA-approved prototype and master plans for individual retirement accounts
(IRAs) and Keogh, 403(b), SEP-IRA and 401(k) retirement plans.
17. Online Services:-
The internet provides a fast, convenient way for investors to access financial
information. A host of services are available to the online investor including direct
access to no-load companies. Visit Company Links to access these Companies.
18. Sweep Accounts:-
With many funds, if you choose not to reinvest your stock or bond fund dividends, you
can arrange to have them swept into your money market fund automatically. You get all
the advantages of both accounts with no extra effort.
19. Asset Management Accounts:-
These master accounts, available from many of the larger fund groups, enable
you to manage all your financial service needs under a single umbrella from unlimited
check writing and automatic bill paying to discount brokerage and credit card accounts.
Disadvantages of Equity Capital:
1. No refund of capital:-
Since equity shares cannot be refunded, excessive issue of such shares may leads
to overcapitalization, particularly when the earning capacity of the company declining.

15. 2. Benefits only in prosperity:-
During the periods of prosperity, the company has to distribute heavy dividends
on these shares.
3. Manipulation of control:-
Since the equity shares have proportionate voting power, the company’s
management may be vitiated by manipulation of votes, clique-formation, abuse of proxy
rights etc.
4. High risk:-
Equity share holders cannot claim dividend as a matter of right, because the
decision to fit the rate of dividend on equity shares is vested in the Board of Directors.
Therefore investors as a class may find equity shares unsafe, unattractive and less
remunerative.
5. Unhealthy Speculation:-
During the period of boom, the market value of shares will go up, which leads to
unhealthy speculation in the stock market.
Disadvantages of Mutual Fund:
There are certainly some benefits to mutual fund investing, but you should also
be aware of the drawbacks associated with mutual funds.

16. 1. No Insurance:-
Mutual funds, although regulated by the government, are not insured against
losses. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) only insures against certain
losses at banks, credit unions, and savings and loans, not mutual funds. That means that
despite the risk-reducing diversification benefits provided by mutual funds, losses can
occur, and it is possible (although extremely unlikely) that you could even lose your
entire investment.
2. Dilution:-
Although diversification reduces the amount of risk involved in investing in
mutual funds, it can also be a disadvantage due to dilution. For example, if a single
security held by a mutual fund doubles in value, the mutual fund itself would not double
in value because that security is only one small part of the fund's holdings. By holding a
large number of different investments, mutual funds tend to do neither exceptionally well
nor exceptionally poorly.
3. Fees and Expenses:-
Most mutual funds charge management and operating fees that pay for the fund's
management expenses (usually around 1.0% to 1.5% per year). In addition, some mutual
funds charge high sales commissions, 12b-1 fees, and redemption fees. And some funds
buy and trade shares so often that the transaction costs add up significantly. Some of
these expenses are charged on an ongoing basis, unlike stock investments, for which a
commission is paid only when you buy and sell (see Investor Guide University: Fees and
Expenses).
4. Poor Performance:-

17. Returns on a mutual fund are by no means guaranteed. In fact, on average,
around 75% of all mutual funds fail to beat the major market indexes, like the S&P 500,
and a growing number of critics now question whether or not professional money
managers have better stock-picking capabilities than the average investor.
5. Loss of Control:-
The managers of mutual funds make all of the decisions about which securities to
buy and sell and when to do so. This can make it difficult for you when trying to manage
your portfolio. For example, the tax consequences of a decision by the manager to buy or
sell an asset at a certain time might not be optimal for you. You also should remember
that you are trusting someone else with your money when you invest in a mutual fund.
6. Trading Limitations:-
Although mutual funds are highly liquid in general, most mutual funds (called
open-ended funds) cannot be bought or sold in the middle of the trading day. You can
only buy and sell them at the end of the day, after they've calculated the current value of
their holdings.
7. Size:-
Some mutual funds are too big to find enough good investments. This is
especially true of funds that focus on small companies, given that there are strict rules
about how much of a single company a fund may own. If a mutual fund has $5 billion to
invest and is only able to invest an average of $50 million in each, then it needs to find at
least 100 such companies to invest in; as a result, the fund might be forced to lower its
standards when selecting companies to invest in.
8. Inefficiency of Cash Reserves:-

18. Mutual funds usually maintain large cash reserves as protection against a large
number of simultaneous withdrawals. Although this provides investors with liquidity, it
means that some of the fund's money is invested in cash instead of assets, which tends to
lower the investor's potential return.
9. Different Types:-
The advantages and disadvantages listed above apply to mutual funds in general.
However, there are over 10,000 mutual funds in operation, and these funds vary greatly
according to investment objective, size, strategy, and style. Mutual funds are available
for virtually every investment strategy (e.g. value, growth), every sector (e.g. biotech,
internet), and every country or region of the world. So even the process of selecting a
fund can be tedious.
Company Profile:
Religare is one of the leading integrated financial services institution of India.
The company offers a large and diverse bouquet of services ranging from equities,
commodities, insurance broking, to wealth advisory, portfolio management services,
personal finance services, Investment banking and institutional broking services. The
services are broadly clubbed across three key business verticals- Retail, Wealth
management and the Institutional spectrum. Religare Enterprises Limited is the
holding company for all its businesses, structured and being operated through
various subsidiaries.
Religare’s retail network spreads across the length and breadth of the country
with its presence through more than 1,217 locations across more than 392 cities and
towns. Having spread itself fairly well across the country and with the promise of not
resting on its laurels, it has also aggressively started eyeing global geographies.

19. Our Brand Identity
Name
Religare is a Latin word that translates as 'to bind together'. This name has been
chosen to reflect the integrated nature of the financial services the company offers. The
name is intended to unite and bring together the phenomenon of money and wealth to co-
exist and serve the interest of individuals and institutions, alike.
Symbol
The Religare name is paired with the symbol of a four-leaf clover. The four-leaf
clover is used to define the rare quality of good fortune that is the aim of every financial
plan. It has traditionally been considered good fortune to find a single four leaf clover
considering that statistically one may need to search through over 10,000 three-leaf
clovers to even find one four leaf clover.

20. Each leaf of the four-leaf clover has a special meaning in the sphere of Religare.
The first leaf of the clover represents Hope. The aspirations to succeed. The dream
of becoming. Of new possibilities. It is the beginning of every step and the
foundations on which a person reaches for the stars.
The second leaf of the clover represents Trust. The ability to place ones own faith
in another. To have a relationship as partners in a team. To accomplish a given
goal with the balance that brings satisfaction to all not in the binding but in the
bond that is built.
The third leaf of the clover represents Care. The secret ingredient that is the
cement in every relationship. The truth of feeling that underlines sincerity and the
triumph of diligence in every aspect. From it springs true warmth of service and
the ability to adapt to evolving environments with consideration to all.
The fourth and final leaf of the clover represents Good Fortune. Signifying that rare
ability to meld opportunity and planning with circumstance to generate those often
looked for remunerative moments of success.
Hope. Trust. Care. Good fortune. All elements perfectly combine in the
emblematic and rare, four-leaf clover to visually symbolize the values that bind
together and form the core of the Religare vision.
Industry : Finance - General
Group : Ranbaxy Group
BSE Code : 532915
NSE Code : RELIGARE
Market Lot :1
Face Value : Rs. 10.00

21. Market Cap : Rs. 4022.15 Cr.
Listings Incorporation Public Issue Date
BSE , NSE 30/01/1984 29/10/2007

22. Our Envisaged Group Structure
Client Interface
Retail Spectrum- To cater to a large number of retail clients by offering all products
under one roof through the Branch Network and Online mode

23.  Equity and Commodity Trading
 Personal Finance Services
 Mutual Funds
 Insurance
 Saving Products
 Personal Credit
 Personal Loans
 Loans against Shares
 Online Investment Portal
Institutional Spectrum- To Forge & build strong relationships with Corporate and
Institutions
 Institutional Equity Broking
 Investment Banking
 Merchant Banking
 Transaction Advisory
 Corporate Finance
Wealth Spectrum - To provide customized wealth advisory services to High Net worth
Individuals
 Wealth Advisory Services
 Portfolio Management Services
 International Advisory Fund Management Services
 Priority Equity Client Services
 Arts Initiative
New Initiatives:

24. Religare is on a fast and ambitious growth trajectory with some interesting plans
in the pipeline
AEGON Religare Life Insurance - Life Insurance Company, a
Joint Venture with Aegon one of the largest insurance and pension
companies, globally
Religare AEGON AMC - Asset Management Company, a Joint Venture with Aegon
Religare Finance - Personal Loans / Credit Cards / Loan against Property / Mortgage
& Reverse Mortgage
Online Trading - Agreement with IndusInd Bank to offer
online trading services
Religare Macquarie Wealth Management Ltd - Wealth
Management Company , a Joint Venture with Macquarie
Wealth Management Services - with WallStreet Electronica,
Inc., a U.S. broker - dealer to give our Indian clients access to U.S
markets
Religare Securities Ltd - Agreement with Vijay Co-operative Bank Ltd. and
Tamilnadu Mercantile Bank Ltd. to offer offline trading services
*******

25. Chapter 2
Focuses on design of study,
problem, scope and objectives of
the study, and limitations.
Statement of the Problem:
In the current economic scenario interest rates are falling and fluctuation in the
share market has put investors in confusion. One finds it difficult to take decision on

26. investment. This is primarily, because investments are risky in nature and investors have
to consider various factors before investing in investment avenues. Therefore the study
aims to compare equity and mutual fund schemes in form their risk, return & liquidity
and also creating awareness about Equity and Mutual Fund Schemes among the
investors.
Objectives of the Study:
Saving money is not enough. Each of us also need to invest one’s savings
intelligently in order to have enough money available for funding the higher education of
one’s children, for buying a house, or for one’s own golden years. But the rapidly
growing number of investment avenues often lead to confusion. Objectives of the study
are to provide information to individual investors regarding their risk, and choosing the
best investment options to match their goals and attitude to risk.
1. To compare Equity and Mutual Fund Schemes in respect of their risk & return.
2. Analyzing the performance of equity shares and mutual fund schemes with their
benchmark.
3. Finding the Volatility of shares by using beta.
4. Provide information about pros and cons of investing in Equity and Mutual
Funds
Scope of the Study
The project primarily deals with equity, derivatives, mutual funds, portfolio
management.
The study is limited to compare equity capital and mutual fund schemes in
respect of their risk, return and liquidity. The study covers 5 randomly selected stocks
out of 30 BSE Sensex companies and 5 randomly selected mutual fund schemes out of
mutual fund industry in India for comparison. The analysis is strictly based on share
price and unit price information. Other company performance indicators are not
considered.

27. It focuses on every month ending closing prices of during the period from 1st Apr,
2003 to 31st Mar, 2006.
Limitations of the Study
The time period for the project was limited to only one and half month and
information provided is limited to the extent of internet and journals.
• A good number of explanatory variables must be taken in to consideration in
order to assess the share price movement. But due to time constraints detailed
analysis of each company were not made.
• The information regarding the company’s, which were considered for the
analysis, not uniform in nature. That is, number of observations differs from
one/two company’s to other company’s.
• Generalization of findings and conclusions of the study are likely to be disputed
as security prices are determined by so many factors. However, the findings and
conclusions drawn upon the primary and secondary data collected are expected to
throw some light on volatility of share prices.
• This is a one time study.
• This being an academic study suffers from time and cost constraints.
*******

28. Chapter 3
Concentrates on the methodology
and sources of data collection,
Sample design and tools and
techniques of data collection.
Methodology:

29. The whole study can be termed as comparative study. It is also a desk research
hence; there is no field work and collection of primary date for this research.
The study centers on comparing equity and mutual fund schemes in respect of
their risk, return and liquidity. However, with the objective and scope of the study in
mind, it was decided to base the study on return series of selected stocks and mutual fund
schemes.
BSE being the premier exchange of India was chosen for selecting stocks. It is
widely accepted that BSE Sensex is the one of the most reliable index of the stock
exchange that reflects present day market condition. Since it is not possible to compare
all the 30 scrip’s in the index with all Mutual Fund Schemes due to time and resource
constraints, sampling techniques were considered. Randomly selected samples will
facilitate inference of the population, in our case BSE Sensex and mutual fund industry
in India. Hence by stratified random sampling 5 scrip’s out of 30 Sensex and 5 mutual
fund schemes out of whole mutual fund industry were selected.
The initial examination of the composition of index revealed that it is composed
of primarily two types of industries: manufacturing and services in the ratio of 3 : 2.
there for to give correct picture appropriate weight was assigned to manufacturing
industries and hence three scrip’s from manufacturing and two from service industries
were randomly selected and in case of mutual funds it consists basically large cap, mid
cap, small cap, sectoreal funds and contra funds there fore one fund from each area were
selected.
Monthly share price and unit prices of the selected scrip’s and units were
collected from historical data. In order to avoid bias, at least three years monthly data
was decided to be necessary. The reference period is from 1 st Apr, 2003 to 31st Mar,
2006.
Sampling technique:

30. The quality of research output and the validity of its findings depend upon
appropriateness of the sampling design selected for the study. It was needed to apply
inferential statistical analysis, hence probability sampling was chosen to be essential.
Criteria for Selecting Sampling Techniques
 It is intended to generalize the finding based on the sample examination to the
population, therefore, probability sampling adopted in order to have a
representative sample. Since the population is heterogeneous stratified random
sampling was taken.
 Probability sampling produces high degree of precision compared to non
probability sampling.
Sample Design :
1. Relative population – 30 BSE sensitivity index companies and mutual fund
industry in India.
2. Sampling frame – list of population, elements from which sample is drawn (see
the annexure).
3. Method of sampling – stratified random sampling. Stratification or division of
population into homogeneous group was done on the basis of industry.
4. Variables – monthly calculated risk and returns were used for comparing equity
and mutual fund schemes.
Sample size:
Five company’s equity shares and five mutual fund schemes were selected.
Sample Description:

31. EQUITIES BENCHMARK
ACC LIMITED BSE SENSEX
BAJAJ AUTO LIMITED BSE SENSEX
BHEL BSE SENSEX
ICICI BANK LIMITED BSE SENSEX
SATYAM COMPUTER SERVICES LIMITED BSE SENSEX
MUTUAL FUNDS BENCHMARK
RELIANCE MUTUAL FUND BSE SENSEX
FRANKLIN INDIA PRIMA FUND BSE 100
SUNDARAM SMILE FUND BSE 500
PRUDENTIAL ICICI MUTUAL FUND BSE 100
SBI MUTUAL FUND BSE 100

32. CALCULATION OF RETURN AND RISK OF SELECTED MUTUAL FUND
SCHEMES AND THEIR BENCH MARKS
RISK AND RETURN OF BENCH MARKS
1. BSE SENSEX:
Calculation of Return and Standard Deviation
Date SENSEX Return in % R-R1 (R-R1)2
30-03-07 3048.72
30-04-07 2959.79 -2.92 -6.83 46.65
31-05-07 3180.75 7.47 3.56 12.67
30-06-07 3607.13 13.41 9.50 90.25
31-07-07 3792.61 5.14 1.23 1.51
29-08-07 4244.73 11.92 8.01 64.16
30-09-07 4453.24 4.91 1.00 1.00
30-10-07 4906.87 10.19 6.28 39.44
30-11-07 5044.82 2.81 -1.10 1.21
30-12-07 5838.96 15.74 11.83 139.95
30-01-08 5695.67 -2.45 -6.36 40.45
30-02-08 5667.51 -0.49 -4.40 19.36
30-03-08 5590.6 -1.36 -5.27 27.77
30-04-08 5655.09 1.15 -2.76 7.62
30-05-08 4759.62 -15.83 -19.74 389.67
30-06-08 4795.46 0.75 -3.16 9.99
30-07-08 5170.32 7.82 3.91 15.29
30-08-08 5192.08 0.42 -3.49 12.18
30-09-08 5583.61 7.54 3.63 13.18
30-10-08 5672.27 1.59 -2.32 5.38
30-11-08 6234.29 9.91 6.00 36.00
30-12-08 6602.69 5.91 2.00 4.00
30-01-09 6555.94 -0.71 -4.62 21.34
30-02-09 6713.86 2.41 -1.50 2.25
30-03-09 6492.82 -3.29 -7.20 51.84

33. 30-04-09 6154.44 -5.21 -9.12 83.17
30-05-09 6715.11 9.11 5.20 27.04
30-06-09 7193.85 7.13 3.22 10.37
30-07-09 7635.42 6.14 2.23 4.97
30-08-09 7805.43 2.23 -1.68 2.82
30-09-09 8634.48 10.62 6.71 45.02
30-10-09 7892.32 -8.6 -12.51 156.50
30-11-09 8788.81 11.36 7.45 55.50
30-12-09 9397.93 6.93 3.02 9.12
30-01-10 9919.89 5.55 1.64 2.69
28-02-10 10370.2 4.54 0.63 0.40
31-03-10 11280 8.77 4.86 23.62
Total 140.6 1474.39
Bench Mark Return and Risk (BSE Sensex)
Return = (P1 /P0 *100)-100
Where, P1 = Current month price,
P0 = Previous month price
R1 = ΣR/n,
where n=number of months.
R1 = 140.60/36
=3.9
SD = √ Σ(R- R1)2 /n
=√1474.39/36
SD = 6.4
2. BSE 100:
Calculation of Return and Standard Deviation

34. Date BSE100 Return in % R-R1 (R-R1)2
30-03-07 1716.28
30-04-07 1671.63 -2.60 -6.32 39.96
31-05-07 1641.44 -1.81 -5.53 30.54
30-06-07 1819.36 10.84 7.12 50.68
31-07-07 1893.45 4.07 0.35 0.12
29-08-07 2229.25 17.73 14.01 196.42
30-09-07 2314.62 3.83 0.11 0.01
30-10-07 2485.43 7.38 3.66 13.39
30-11-07 2594.94 4.41 0.69 0.47
30-12-07 3074.87 18.49 14.77 218.30
30-01-08 2946.14 -4.19 -7.91 62.51
30-02-08 2923.99 -0.75 -4.47 20.00
30-03-08 2966.31 1.45 -2.27 5.16
30-04-08 3025.14 1.98 -1.74 3.02
30-05-08 2525.35 -16.52 -20.24 409.71
30-06-08 2561.16 1.42 -2.30 5.30
30-07-08 2755.22 7.58 3.86 14.88
30-08-08 2789.07 1.23 -2.49 6.21
30-09-08 2997.97 7.49 3.77 14.21
30-10-08 3027.96 1.00 -2.72 7.40
30-11-08 3231.25 6.71 2.99 8.96
30-12-08 3456.54 6.97 3.25 10.58
30-01-09 3521.71 1.89 -1.83 3.37
30-02-09 3611.9 2.56 -1.16 1.34
30-03-09 3481.88 -3.60 -7.32 53.58
30-04-09 3313.45 -4.84 -8.56 73.23
30-05-09 3601.73 8.70 4.98 24.80
30-06-09 3800.24 5.51 1.79 3.21
30-07-09 4072.15 7.16 3.44 11.80
30-08-09 4184.83 2.77 -0.95 0.91
30-09-09 4566.63 9.12 5.40 29.20
30-10-09 4159.59 -8.91 -12.63 159.60
30-11-09 4849.87 16.59 12.87 165.76
30-12-09 4953.28 2.13 -1.59 2.52
30-01-10 5254.97 6.09 2.37 5.62
28-02-10 5422.67 3.19 -0.53 0.28
31-03-10 5904.17 8.88 5.16 26.62
Total 133.96 1679.66
Bench Mark Return and Risk (BSE 100)
Return = (P1 /P0 *100)-100
Where, P1 = Current month price,
P0 = Previous month price

35. R1 = ΣR/n,
Where n=number of months.
R1 = 133.96/36
= 3.72
SD = √ Σ(R- R1)2 /n
= √1679.66/36
SD = 6.83
3. BSE 500:
Calculation of Return and Standard Deviation
Date BSE500 Return in % R-R1 (R-R1)2
30-03-07 1164.68
30-04-07 1182.01 1.49 -2.60 6.77
31-05-07 1235.78 4.55 0.46 0.21
30-06-07 1373.56 11.15 7.06 49.83
31-07-07 1439.3 4.79 0.70 0.48
29-08-07 1687.35 17.23 13.14 172.77
30-09-07 1748.43 3.62 -0.47 0.22
30-10-07 1877.14 7.36 3.27 10.70
30-11-07 1991.74 6.11 2.02 4.06
30-12-07 2366.36 18.81 14.72 216.64
30-01-08 2246.83 -5.05 -9.14 83.56
30-02-08 2228.41 -0.82 -4.91 24.11
30-03-08 2243.6 0.68 -3.41 11.62
30-04-08 2321.25 3.46 -0.63 0.40
30-05-08 1891.75 -18.50 -22.59 510.44
30-06-08 1923.78 1.69 -2.40 5.74
30-07-08 2081.26 8.19 4.10 16.78
30-08-08 2125.65 2.13 -1.96 3.83
30-09-08 2276.87 7.11 3.02 9.14
30-10-08 2319.3 1.86 -2.23 4.96
30-11-08 2518.67 8.60 4.51 20.31
30-12-08 2634.51 4.60 0.51 0.26
30-01-09 2726.49 3.49 -0.60 0.36
30-02-09 2825.65 3.64 -0.45 0.21
30-03-09 2434.66 -13.84 -17.93 321.38
30-04-09 2610.5 7.22 3.13 9.81
30-05-09 2829.2 8.38 4.29 18.38

36. 30-06-09 2928.31 3.50 -0.59 0.34
30-07-09 3124.78 6.71 2.62 6.86
30-08-09 3273 4.74 0.65 0.43
30-09-09 3521.83 7.60 3.51 12.34
30-10-09 3198.69 -9.18 -13.27 175.97
30-11-09 3568.37 11.56 7.47 55.76
30-12-09 3795.96 6.38 2.29 5.23
30-01-10 4004.96 5.51 1.42 2.00
28-02-10 4130.07 3.12 -0.97 0.93
31-03-10 4516.73 9.36 5.27 27.79
Total 147.26 1790.64
Bench Mark Return and Risk (BSE 500)
Return = (P1 /P0 *100)-100
Where, P1 = Current month price,
P0 = Previous month price
X1 = ΣR/n,
Where,n=number of months.
R1 = 147.26/36 = 4.09
SD = √ Σ(R- R1)2 /n
= √1790.64/36
SD = 7.05
1. Reliance Vision Fund:-
Reliance Vision Fund is large cap open ended growth fund. Its objective is to
achieve long term growth of capital through a research based investment approach.
Monthly risk and return from 30th Apr 2003 to 31st Mar 2006 is calculated below.
Return=P1 /P0 *100
Where, P1 = Current month price,
P0 = Previous month price
R1 = ΣR/n, = 190.14/36, = 5.28

37. Where n=number of months.
SD = √ Σ(R- R1)2 /n,
= √1704.71/36
SD = 6.88
Calculation of Beta
B = [Σ(Ra –Ra1)(Rm-Rm1)]/ Σ(Rm-Rm1)2
Where Ra = Return on Company,
Ra1= Average return on company
Rm= Return on market,
Rm1= Average return on market
=1424.07/1474.39
B = 0.96

38. Calculation of Alpha
Alpha = (Ra1 - Rm1)*B
=(5.16-3.9)*0.96
=1.2
CALCULATION OF RISK AND RETURN
Date Net Asset Value Return in %(R) R - R1 (R- R1)2
30-03-07 27.66 ------ ----- ----
30-04-07 27.86 4.85 -0.43 0.18
31-05-07 31.45 13.7 8.42 70.89
30-06-07 34.70 10.03 4.75 22.56
31-07-07 37.58 8.29 3.01 9.06
29-08-07 43.31 16.39 11.11 123.43
30-09-07 48.11 9.99 4.71 22.18
30-10-07 53.04 10.24 4.96 24.6
30-11-07 57.89 9.14 3.86 14.89
30-12-07 68.51 18.34 13.06 170.56
30-01-08 63.69 -7.03 -12.31 151.53
30-02-08 65.39 2.66 -2.62 6.86
30-03-08 63.11 -3.48 -8.76 76.73
30-04-08 65.34 3.53 -1.8 3.24
30-05-08 54.44 -16.68 -21.96 482.24
30-06-08 56.26 3.34 -1.94 3.76
30-07-08 60.9 8.24 2.96 8.76
30-08-08 63.94 4.99 -1.04 1.08
30-09-08 68.7 7.44 2.16 4.66
30-10-08 69.11 1.45 -3.83 14.66
DATE 30-11-08Return of Return of
74.76 Ra-Ra1 Rm-Rm1
7.25 [(Ra-Ra1)
1.97 (Rm-Rm1)2
3.88
Company
30-12-08 market
82.08 9.79 4.51(Rm-Rm1)] 20.34
27-02-09
30-01-09 -7.45 3.64
83.14 -7.23 1.6 -0.45 -3.68 3.25 13.54 0.20
30-03-09
30-02-09 -1.18 -13.84
90.19 -0.96 8.14-17.93 2.86 17.21 8.17 321.48
30-04-09
30-03-09 0.7 7.22
86.7 0.92 -3.86 3.13 -9.14 2.88 83.53 9.80
30-05-09
30-04-09 8.48 8.38
86.10 8.7 -0.69 4.29 5.97 37.32 35.64 18.40
30-06-09
30-05-09 2.09 3.5
91.64 2.31 6.43 -0.59 1.15 -1.36 1.32 0.35
30-07-09
30-06-09 8.73 6.71
91.49 8.95 -0.16 2.62 -5.44 23.45 29.59 6.86
30-08-09
30-07-09 8.03 4.74
99.74 8.25 9.01 0.65 3.73 5.36 13.91 0.42
30-08-09
30-09-09 2.35 104.82
7.6 2.57 5.09 3.51 -0.19 9.02 0.03 12.32
30-09-09 -24.37
30-10-09 114.32
-9.18 -24.15 9.06-13.27 3.78 320.47 14.28 176.09
30-10-09
30-11-09 -0.78 105.35
11.56 -0.56 -7.84 7.47 13.12 -4.18 172.13 55.80
30-11-09
30-12-09 -0.10 118.05
6.38 0.12 12.05 2.29 6.77 0.27 45.83 5.24
30-12-09
30-01-10 0.10 125.97
5.51 0.32 6.7 1.42 1.42 0.45 2.01 2.02
30-01-10
28-02-10 0.10 134.38
3.12 0.32 6.67 -0.97 1.39 -0.31 1.93 0.94
28-02-10 139.26 3.63 5.27 -1.92 3.68 27.77
31-03-10 0.00 9.36 0.22 1.16
31-03-10 155.75 11.84 6.65 43.03
Total -3.33 147.26 415.00 637.71
Total 190.14 1704.71
CALCULATION OF BETA:
DATE Return of Return of Ra-Ra1 Rm-Rm1 [(Ra-Ra1) (Rm-Rm1)2

39. CONCLUSION
Saving money is not enough. Each of us also need to invest one’s savings
intelligently in order to have enough money available for funding the higher
education of one’s children, for buying a house, or for one’s own golden years.
The study will guide the new investor who wants to invest in equity and
mutual fund schemes by providing knowledge about how to measure the risk and
return of particular scrip or mutual fund scheme. The study recommends new
investors to go for mutual funds rather than equities, because of high risk and market
instability.
From the calculation it is found that the average risk of equities based on
sample size is 9.87 & they are earning 5.43% returns per month where as mutual
funds average risk based on sample size is only 8.74 & they are earning 4.39% per
month
*****