Semantics

1. SENSE RELATION
&
SEMANTIC

2. SEMANTICS
• Study of meanings used to understand human
expressions via language.
• It is the most difficult part of the grammar of a
language to learn. Because meanings in a
language are indefinite/undetermined. Listener
cannot presume the intend of speaker.
•Remember, one of the main features of human
speech is arbitrariness. Means there is no logical
connections in utterances and meanings.

3. SENSE RELATION:
•Sense relation is a relation between words
or predicates.
•As we are studying semantics, so sense
relation indicates the connection between
the meanings of words and sense of words.
It also meddles with either these senses and
meanings are similar or dissimilar.

4. 6 TYPES OF SENSE RELATIONS:
• 1.Synonymy:
• Synonym is the state or phenomenon in which the
words that have different sound, different
pronunciation, different phonemes, but have similar or
identical meanings to another word or phrase. E.g.
Incapacitated -------------------- Helpless
Holster -------------------- Gun pouch
Teacher -------------------- Tutor
Linguistics -------------------- Glottology

5. 2. POLYSEMY
• Polysemy is the state or phenomenon in that refers to
the words having more than one meanings or multiple
meanings simultaneously.
• For example.
• Bank (refers to a building where money is yield for
safety)
Bank ( refers to the seashore).
Sheer (Not combine with anything else or transparent)
Sheer ( change direction suddenly)
Intercourse: sexual/communication

6. 3. HYPONYMY
• Hyponymy is the most generic word that come in one’s
mind after hearing the particular category of objects.
• The lexical representation of; Red, Green, Black, Indigo ,
yellow is “color”.
• Thus we can say, “RED” is the hyponymy of the
particular category “Color”.
• Superordinate hyponymy (main figure or Subject as
RED)
• Subordinate hyponymy (other subjects or figures
belong to same category as yellow, green, indigo, pink
etc.

7. 4. HOMONYMY
• Homo means same/similar.
• Homonymy is the phenomenon that refers to the words
having same pronunciation or spells but carry distinct
meanings.
• Homonymy can be divided into 2 categories with respect to
the similarities of words. Either it is in written form or
spoken form.
• Homo-phones: homo means same and phone means
sound. Literally saying, words having same pronunciation
but different meanings. E.g Vent/Went , Whole/Hole,
world/word,flower/flour

8. • Homo-graphs:
• Grapheme: means letters or symbols used to
represent a phoneme.
• words having same spells but carry diverse meanings.
E.g Intercourse for communication and sexual
penetration too.
•Mean refers to “intend” and “wretched/nasty” at the
same time.
• Race: Competition , Race: Genetically defined
population group.

9. 5. MERONYM
Meronym is the semantic relation that illustrates the
correlation between a “part” and the “whole” thing.
E.G
Nail is the par of the whole, finger
Finger is the part of the whole, hand.
Hand is the part of the whole, arm.
Arm is the part of the whole, body.
Body is the complete thing.

10. 6. ANTONYM
• Antonym is the phenomenon that refers to the words
having opposite sense relation to each other.
• Big -------------------- Small
• Black -------------------- White
• Midget -------------------- Tall
Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation and there
are five types of antonymy;

11. •Gradable Antonyms:
• Gradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy.
The antonym pairs like hot/cold, big/small and tall/short
all belong to the gradable antonyms.
• We can find that they are mainly adjectives
• As the name suggests, they are gradable, that is, the
members of a pair differ in terms of degree; very hot,
bigger, worst, faster etc.

12. •(2) Complementary Antonymy
•These antonyms have a choice relation but entirely
opposed to each other.
• Antonyms like awake/asleep, married/single,
pass/fail, alive/dead, white/black and male/female
are of its types.
•These antonyms cannot be graded into degrees.

13. • (3) Converse Antonymy / Relational antonyms
• The antonyms that show a reversal relationship.
• The antonym pairs like;
husband/wife, doctor/patient, teacher/student,
buy/sell, above/below and employer/employee are
all converse antonymy.
•A is B’s husband means B is A’s wife. A is B’s doctor
means B is A’s patient. A is B’s teacher means B is
A’s student. It is also known as relational opposites.

14. •(4). Antipode Antonyms:
•These antonyms particularly used to denote the
opposite directions to each other.
•As up/down, left/right, north/south,
ahead/backward, upward/downward etc.

15. •6. Reversal antonyms:
•As the name own self showing that these antonyms
occur but at the reverse direction. For example, if a
person is arrived, he must be depart.
• Reversal antonym especially illustrates the opposite
opposite verbs that are used in sentences.
• Do/undo, tie/untie, reveal/conceal,
arrival/departure.

16. •Thank You!
–Any Question?