The document provides information on the fundamentals of digital computers. It defines a computer as a device that performs calculations at high speeds using binary code. The key components of a computer are described as the input unit, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory unit, and output unit. Various storage devices used in computers are also explained, including hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, tape, mobile storage media, smart cards, and Blu-ray discs. The roles of the system clock, word length, and bus width are outlined.
5. How do we define
• Computer comes from the word compute
• Compute means calculations including simple
mathematics, complex algebra, logical analysis, etc. ...
• It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and
symbols, that are expressed in binary code—i.e., using
only the two digits 0 and 1.
• So we usually say computer is a computing device
which performs calculations at enormous speed
• It is a device which operates on “Data” or
“Information” for e.g. we can say calculations
,transactions, results, marks sheet , biodata etc
6. What exactly I can do
I can input DATA
I can PROCESS DATA
I can STORE DATA
I can RETRIEVE DATA
AS A WHOLE I CAN BE TERMED AS DATA PROCESSOR
7.
8. •A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy
compared to humans while performing mathematical
calculations.
•Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions
per second.
•The time taken by computers for their operations is
microseconds and nanoseconds.
Speed….
9. Accuracy…..
• Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy.
• The accuracy level is determined on the basis of design
of computer.
• The errors in computer are due to human and
inaccurate data.
10. Consistent/ Diligence…
• A computer is free from tiredness, lack of
concentration, fatigue, etc.
• It can work for hours without creating any
error. If millions of calculations are to be
performed, a computer will perform every
calculation with the same accuracy.
• Due to this capability it overpowers human
being in routine type of work.
11. Storage capacity……
• The Computer has an in-built memory where
it can store a large amount of data.
• You can also store data in secondary storage
devices such as floppies, which can be kept
outside your computer and can be carried to
other computers.
12. Flexibility….
• The term flexibility is commonly defined as the
ability to adapt to changes
• "flexible" may refer to hardware, software, or a
combination of the two. It describes a device or
program that can be used for multiple purposes,
rather than a single
• An example of a flexible hardware device is a
hybrid tablet that also functions as a laptop. The
Microsoft Surface, for instance, is more flexible
than typical tablet, since it can also be used as a
Windows laptop.
13. HARDWARE
• Hardware refers to the external and internal
devices and equipment that enable you to
perform major functions such as input,
output, storage, communication, processing,
and more. There are two types of computer
hardware: external and internal.
14. SOFTWARE
• Software is a set of instructions, data or programs
used to operate computers and execute specific
tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which
describes the physical aspects of a computer.
15. FIRMWARE
• Firmware, as the name suggests, is simply a
type of software program on a hardware
device that provides a control for specific
hardware and provide essential instructions
on how the device communicates with various
other computer hardware. .
16. High level & Low level Language
• Both High level language and low level language are
the programming languages’s types. The main difference
between high level language and low level language is that,
Programmers can easily understand or interpret or compile the
high level language in comparison of machine. On the other
hand, Machine can easily understand the low level language in
comparison of human beings. Examples of high level
languages are C, C++, Java, Python, etc. Let’s see the
difference between high level and low level languages:
19. WHAT IS system clock and system
clock speed?
• The clock speed measures the number of
cycles your CPU executes per second,
measured in GHz (gigahertz). A “cycle” is
technically a pulse synchronized by an
internal oscillator, but for our purposes,
they're a basic unit that helps understand a
CPU's speed.
20. System Clock, clock speed, Word Length & Bus Width
System Clock
A quartz controlled oscillator that supplies a timing
signal at a fixed rate. It could be likened to someone
clicking their fingers, everything happens at this rate.
Every computer has its
own systems clock.
A system clock or system
timer is a continuous
pulse that helps the
computer clock keep the
correct time. It keeps count
of the number of seconds
elapsed since the epoch,
and uses that data to
calculate the current date
and time
21. System Clock, clock speed, Word Length & Bus Width
System Clock
The data and instructions are fetched, decoded and executed in time with the
system clock.
Instructions and data are processed in time to the system clock.
Instruction Data Data Instruction Data
1 Hz 2 Hz 3 Hz 4 Hz 5 Hz
A typical clock speed or
clock frequency:
(2400,000,000 cycles per second)
Clock speed of
the processor
22. System Clock, clock speed, Word Length & Bus Width
System Clock
Instructions and data are processed in time to the system clock.
Instruction Data Data Instruction Data
1 Hz 2 Hz 3 Hz 4 Hz 5 Hz
(2400,000,000
cycles per
second)
Processor
Internal Bus
Memory
When transferring
data or instructions
between the
processor and main
memory, sometimes
the internal bus
speed slows a
computer down.
23. System Clock, clock speed, Word Length & Bus Width
Word Length
Data is transferred in binary words. These represent the data and
instructions in a computer system.
(x8 bit binary word)
Internal
Bus
Word Length
(x16 bit binary word)
(x24 bit binary word)
24. System Clock, clock speed, Word Length & Bus Width
Bus Width
Bus width refers to the number of signal wires or lines allocated to a
bus.
Direction of travel
The number of lines in a bus
What is the effect of bus width on binary word size?
25. System Clock, clock speed, Word Length & Bus Width
Bus Width The effect of bus width on
word size
No. Of
wires in
bus
No. Of bits in
a word on
the bus
No. Of
different
binary
words
No. Of different
binary words as
a power of 2
Example of a
binary word
on the bus
The largest
word
counting in
denary
1 1 2 21 1 1
2 2 4 22 10 3
3 3 8 23 101 7
4 4 16 24 1100 15
8 8 256 28 11110001 255
16 16 65,536 216 1101101111110
000
65,353
20 20 1,048,576 220 ... 1,048,575
24 24 16,777,216 224 ... 16,777,215
27. Componentsunits
• Input unit
• Central Processing unit
• Arithmetic and logic unit
• Control unit
• Memory unit
• Output unit
28. Input unit
This is the process of entering data and programs in
to the computer system.
You should know that computer is an electronic
machine like any other machine which takes as inputs
raw data and performs some processing giving out
processed data.
Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the
computer in an organized manner for processing.
29. CPU …
• The task of performing operations like arithmetic and
logical operations is called processing. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the
storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the
instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then
sent back to the storage unit.
30. Arithmetic and logic unit
• After you enter data through the input device it is stored
in the primary storage unit.
• The actual processing of the data and instruction are
performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit.
• The major operations performed by the ALU are
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and
comparison.
• Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when
required. After processing the output is returned back to
storage unit for further processing or getting stored.
31. Control Unit
• The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the
supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion.
• Control Unit is responsible for coordinating various operations using time
signal.
• The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the
main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for
other units of the computer to execute them.
• It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the
computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of
computer’s peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output.
32. Memory Unit…
memory in a computer is analogous to a notebook where we may note
down various things for future reference.
The memory can be classified into the following categories
• Primary memory
• Auxiliary or secondary memory
(i) Primary memory: main memory is the fastest memory
in a digital computer system. This memory is primarily used to store
the data and program temporarily during the execution of a program
(ii) Auxiliary or Secondary memory: secondary memory or
auxiliary memory is used to store the operating system, compiler,
assembler, application programs, data file etc. those are not read by
CPU directly.
33. Output unit…
The job of an output unit is just reverse of an input unit, it supplies the
information obtained from processed data to the outside world.
The following functions are performed by an output unit:
1) Accept the result produced by the computer and gives to the outside world;
2) It converts this codes result to human readable form.
3) It supplies the converted result to outside world.
35. Storage Devices
• A storage device is used to
store instructions, data, and
information when they are
not being used in memory
– Magnetic disks use magnetic
particles to store items on a
disk’s surface
35
36. Storage Devices- hard disk
• A hard disk is a
storage device that
contains one or
more inflexible,
circular platters that
magnetically store
data, instructions,
and information
36
38. Storage Devices- optical disc
• An optical disc is a
portable storage
medium that consists
of a flat, round,
portable disc made of
metal, plastic, and
lacquer that is written
and read by a laser
38
39. Storage Devices- Tape
• Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic
housed in a tape cartridge
– Tape drive
39
40. Storage Devices- mobile storage media
• Miniature mobile storage media are
rewriteable media usually in the form of a
flash memory card, USB flash drive, or a smart
card
40
41. Storage Devices- smart card
• A smart card stores data n a thin
microprocessor embedded in the card
41
42. Blue ray disk
• Blu-ray is an optical disc format like CD and DVD.
Blu-ray discs can hold more information than other
optical media, because of the blue lasers that the disc
drives use. A single Blu-ray disc can hold up to 25GB
of data.
• It most often used for playback of high-definition
(HD) video.
