one of the course/ topic in Psychology

3. SENSATION
Sensation is the simple experience
that arises from the stimulation of the
sense organ
Sensation refers to physiological
arousal of a sense organ by a stimulus
Sensation is a physical feeling caused
by having one or more of the sense
organs stimulated
Sensation is the capacity to receive
impressions through the sense organs.

9. Bitter
Sour
Sweet
Salt

10. Farsightedness, also called hyperopia,
common name for a defect in vision in
which a person sees near objects with
blurred vision, while distant objects appear
in sharp focus.
Nearsightedness, also called myopia,
common name for impaired vision in which a
person sees near objects clearly while
distant objects appear blurred.

12. Presbyopia or old-sightedness is a
progressive form of farsightedness that
affects most people by their early 60s.
Astigmatism, a defect in the outer
curvature on the surface of the eye that
causes distorted vision.
Color Blindness, defect of vision
affecting the ability to distinguish colors,
occurring mostly in males. Color blindness is
caused by a defect in the retina or in other
nerve portions of the eye.

13. eye disorders:
muscular degeneration,
Glaucoma
Cataract
diabetic retinopathy
each have a characteristic way
of distorting a person’s vision.

14. These photographs
show how the world
appears to a person
with each of these
disorders.

21. COMMON OF HEARING DEFECT
Conductive hearing loss, is caused by
diseases or obstruction in the outer or
middle ear and usually is not severe. A
person with a conductive hearing loss
generally can be helped by a hearing aid.

22. FOUR SEPARATE SKIN SENSES:
Pain
Pressure
Cold
Warmth

23. EXAMPLE OF SKIN
DISEASES:
Chicken Pox
sometimes
called varicella, is a
common childhood
disease caused by a
virus.
Its characteristic
feature is a rash that
appears one to three
weeks after infection
on the face, under
the armpits, and on
the upper arms and
legs.

24. “Money is like a sixth sense
without which you cannot
make a complete use of the
other five”
Somerset Maugham (1874 - 1965)
British writer

25. ANESTHESIA
 absence of physical sensation in part or all of
the body.
 refers to a reversible condition that is
induced using anesthetic drugs. These drugs may be
injected, inhaled, or applied directly to the surface
of the body.
 Each year about 40 million patients in the
United States receive anesthetic drugs for surgery,
obstetrics, dentistry, or other medical procedures.
 The lack of sensation caused by these
conditions is not easily reversible, and patients’
unawareness of pain and other sensations can put
them at risk of serious harm.

26. Early Operation
American
dentist William
Morton pioneered
the use of ether as
an anesthetic in
1846. He used it
first to extract a
tooth and then, in an
operation illustrated
here, to remove a
tumor from a
patient’s neck. The
discovery of
anesthesia removed
one of the major
obstacles to the
progression of
surgery.

27. CHARACTERISTICS OF
SENSATION
Specificity of Sensory Stimulation
-- each sensory organ is stimulated by specific
form of external or internal energy
Transduction as a Transmission Process
--Transduction– transportation of stimuli to
nervous

28. Thresholds
--each sense has a different threshold and every sense’s
threshold will differ from situation to situation
Some Approximate Absolute Thresholds
(from Hilgard, 1983)
Stimulus Threshold
Light A candle seen at 30 mile on a dark, clear night
Sound The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at
20 feet
Taste One teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water
Smell One drop of a perfume diffused into a 3-room
apartment
Touch The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a
distance of 1cm.

29. Absolute Threshold is the least amount of stimulus
necessary to produce a response in a person.
Difference Thresholds are smallest changes in stimuli
that a person is able to detect, often refer to as the
“jnd” or just noticeable difference.
Interrelatedness of the senses

31. Perception refers to the interpretation
of a stimulus
Perception is the organization of sensory
input into meaningful experience
Perception serves the function of
converting raw sensory input into useful
information
Perception serves as an encoding process
PERCEPTION

32. VISUAL
PERSPECTIVE

34. VISUAL PERSPECTIVE
Gestalt Laws of grouping
Proximity
The law of proximity states that the closer objects
are to one another, the more likely we are to mentally
group them together

36. Similarity
The law of similarity leads us
to link together parts of the
visual field that are similar in
color, lightness, texture, shape,
or any other quality.

38. Continuity
The law of continuity leads us to
see a line as continuing in a
particular direction, rather than
making an abrupt turn. In the
drawing on the left below, we see a
straight line with a curved line
running through it.

40. Closure
According to t
he law of closure,
we prefer
complete forms to
incomplete forms

42. Common fate
The law of common fate
leads us to group together
objects that move in the same
direction.

44. Simplicity
Central to the approach of Gestalt
psychologists is the law of prägnanz, or
simplicity. This general notion, which
encompasses all other Gestalt laws, states that
people intuitively prefer the simplest, most
stable of possible organizations.

46. FIGURE AND GROUND
distinguishing objects from its
surroundings
The object, or figure, is closer to you,
and the background, or ground, is farther
away.

47. PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
allows us to perceive an object as
roughly the same in spite of changes
in the retinal image.
Kinds of perceptual constancies:
lightness constancy
color constancy
shape constancy
size constancy

48. lightness constancy
perception of an object’s
lightness or darkness remains
constant despite changes in
illumination.
color constancy
means that we perceive
the color of an object as the same
despite changes in lighting
conditions.

49. shape constancy
means that you perceive
objects as retaining the same shape
despite changes in their orientation
size constancy
tendency to perceive objects as
staying the same size despite changes in
our distance from them

50. DEPTH PERCEPTION
is the ability to see the world in three
dimensions and to perceive distance. Although this
ability may seem simple, depth perception is
remarkable when you consider that the images
projected on each retina are two-dimensional.
To perceive depth, we depend on two main
sources of information:
binocular disparity, a depth cue that requires
both eyes
monocular cues, which allow us to perceive
depth with just one eye.

52. binocular disparity, a depth
cue that requires both eyes
This difference in the left
and right images is called
binocular disparity.

53. monocular cues
cues to depth that are effective when
viewed with only one eye.
kinds of monocular cues:
Interposition
atmospheric perspective
texture gradient
linear perspective
size cues
height cues
motion parallax.

54. the most important monocular cue is interposition, or
overlap. When one object overlaps or partly blocks our
view of another object, we judge the covered object as
being farther away from us.

55. The air contains microscopic particles of dust and
moisture that make distant objects look hazy or blurry.
This effect is called atmospheric perspective or
aerial perspective, and we use it to judge distance.

56. A texture gradient arises whenever we view a
surface from a slant, rather than directly from
above. Most surfaces—such as the ground, a road,
or a field of flowers—have a texture.

57. Linear perspective means that parallel lines,
such as the white lines of this road, appear to
converge with greater distance and reach a
vanishing point at the horizon.

58. TWO TYPES OF
SIZE CUES:
Relative size
Familiar size
If we assume that
two objects are the same
size, we perceive the
object that casts a
smaller retinal image as
farther away than the
object that casts a
larger retinal image. This
depth cue is known as
relative size

59. Another depth cue involves the
familiar size of objects. Through
experience, we become familiar with the
standard size of certain objects, such
as houses, cars, airplanes, people,
animals, books, and chairs. Knowing the
size of these objects helps us judge our
distance from them and from objects
around them.

60. HEIGHT CUES
When judging an object’s distance, we consider its
height in our visual field relative to other objects. The
closer an object is to the horizon in our visual field, the
farther away we perceive it to be

61. motion parallax
The monocular cues discussed so far—
interposition, atmospheric perspective, texture
gradient, linear perspective, size cues, and
height cues—are sometimes called pictorial
cues, because artists can use them to convey
three-dimensional information. Another
monocular cue cannot be represented on a
canvas.
Motion parallax occurs when objects at
different distances from you appear to move at
different rates when you are in motion

62. AUDITORY PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION OF DIRECTION
Time differential
Because the ears are on opposite sides of the head, a sound
wave coming form either side of the will reach one ear before it
reaches the other. Although only a split second is involved, this
time differential permits the person to judge the direction of
the sound.
Intensity differential (strength, power, force, or concentration)
When a sound originates on one side of the head, the full
strength of the sound wave goes into the ear on that side. The
intensity decreases by the time the sound reaches the other
ear. Much of the sound wave is detoured by the head itself,
which acts as a sound shadow, absorbing some of the sound’s
intensity. Because of this decrease in intensity, a person can
generally judge sound direction within an angle of 20 degree.

63. ripple rise and fall of volume or in loudness
The wave character of sound includes its ripple. The
ear on the same side as the sound source usually picks up
one part of the ripple, and the ear on the other side picks
up a different part. This gives the listener still another
means of identifying the direction of the sound
SET AND PERCEPTION
SET or perceptual set is the readiness to perceive in a
certain manner
Can influence the perceptual set:
past experience
context

64. Past experience
Past experience is so influential in the
development of personal traits, particularly attitudes,
values, interests, and prejudices and thus, it has an
inescapable influence on the way we are prepared to
perceive the world.
context surrounding condition
Group pressure influences individual judgment.
One’s family, friends, and other social groups may play
strong but subtle role in determining the manner in
which one perceives the world.
Each of us “filters” the world somewhat
differently, due to personal bases.

65. The context in which an object appears influences our
perception of it. In Example A of this illustration, you perceive a B or
an 8 depending on whether you read the row of letters or the column
of numbers. In Example B, the green circles are the same size but
appear to be different sizes because of the context of the surrounding
red circles.

66. TACTUAL PERCEPTION
one theory holds that local sign allow us
to make appropriate responses to the
corresponding stimuli.
relating the sense of touch
OLFACTORY & GUSTATORY PERCEPTION
sensitivity to gustatory stimulus varies
according to point of application and
temperature of the substance
 Relating the sense of smell and taste

67. INACCURATE PERCEPTIONS:
 Illusion
 Hallucination
 Delusion

68. ILLUSIONS
 Illusions of Length
 Illusions of Shape
 Illusions of size
 Illusory Contour
 Impossible Figures
 Illusory motion
Illusion is an impression from experience which does not
correctly represent the objective situation outside the
observer

71. Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri
the height and width of the arch are the same—each
is 192 m (630 ft.). horizontal-vertical illusion,.

73. ZOLLNER
ILLUSION

74. Parthenon, a masterpiece of ancient Greek architecture
Although it looks perfectly straight, the structure contains no perfect right
angles. Its architects designed the columns to lean slightly inward, and they constructed the
base and other horizontal elements with a slight upward curvature.

76. This type of room is known as an Ames room after its
inventor, American ophthalmologist Adelbert Ames.

77. Moon Illusion
When the
moon is close
to the horizon,
it seems larger
than when it is
in the sky
overhead

78.  people prefer to see a well-organized whole,
rather than many individual parts
we perceive the simplest possible interpretations
of the figures

82. Also called as ambiguous figures
They are figures that allow for
more than one perceptual
interpretation, each of which is
accurate

83. This
drawing,
from an
1888
German
postcard, is
an example
of a
reversible
figure—a
figure that
can be
perceived in
two
different
ways.

85. Hallucinations are perception of somebody or
something that is not really there, which often symptom
of psychiatric disorder or a response to some drugs
from Latin word “alucinatio” means dream and to
wander mentally
Example: victims believe that they hear accusing or
commanding voices, to which they may react in panic,
with abject obedience, or with attempts at self-
protection or even suicide

86. DELUSIONS
refers to false belief organized from both, perception and
memory. (misinterpret)
DIFFERENT DELUSIONS:
A grandiose delusion is a belief that one is extremely famous or
that one has special powers, such as the ability to magically heal
people.
A somatic delusion is a belief that something is wrong with one’s
body—for example, that one’s brain is rotting away—even though no
medical evidence supports this belief
A person with an erotic delusion believes that someone is in love
with him or her despite a lack of evidence for this belief
In a delusion of jealousy, a person believes that his or her spouse or
lover is unfaithful despite evidence to the contrary.

87. scientific investigation of alleged phenomena and
events that appear to be unaccounted for by
conventional physical, biological, or psychological
theories
 study of unexplained mental phenomena
Parapsychologists study two kinds
of so-called psi phenomena:
1. extrasensory perception (ESP)
2. psychokinesis (PK),

88. 1. EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION
(ESP)
perception without the mediation of the
senses. It is also called “sixth sense”
knowledge of external objects or
events without the aid of the senses

89. ESP includes:
Telepathy thought transmission from one mind
to another
Clair voyage an extrasensory awareness of
objects
Precognition foreknowledge of specific events,
there is ability to look way back into past
Psychometry  ability to touch an object and feel
the energy of the object, can know the past,
present and future of the person owned the
object.

90. 2. PSYCHOKINESIS
mental operations that influences a material body
or an energy system
 the ability to affect objects at a distance by
means other than known physical forces
 moving objects with mind: the supposed ability to
use mental powers to make objects move or to
otherwise affect them

93. NAME:_____________________________ PSYCHOLOGY
DATE:______________
I-Encircle the words that correspond to the following description and write your answer on the
blank.
__________________1.Refers to the interpretation of a stimulus. NOTIREPPCE
__________________2.Is an impression from experience which does not correctly represent the
objective situation outside the observer. LOISLIUN
__________________3.Is the simple experience that arises from the stimulation of the sense
organ. ASSETONIN
__________________4.Another term for old-sightedness. AYBRESPOI
__________________5.It is also called “sixth sense”. YROSNESARTXE
II- Enumeration:
•Give 2 of the Gestalt Laws of grouping in visual perception:
1.
2.
•Give 2 types of perception:
3.
4.
•Give one of the common visual defects:
5.
R G T R E L Z K I S L E E
H T U I O S P L D H J X G
A P E R C E P T I O N T U
N R J H K N L K L F H R I
P E L J T S A V L H D A T
T S K C Z A W F U F R S P
I B S P H T A B S M L E R
Z Y R L E I P J I H P N I
E O W A L O I K O O Q S K
K P I F Y N L M N P G O G
B I P R G C Y N Q S Y R H
S A O C K O E Y H K Z Y U
A J P I A A F L U E W T U