This is one of the assignments of Sociolinguistic course in English Education Study Program, Pattimura University

2. Over half the world’s population is bilingual and many
people are multilingual. They acquire a number of
languages because they need them for different
purpose in their everyday interaction

3. Vernacular Languages
Standard Languages
World Englishes
Lingua Franca
Pidgin
Creoles

4. It generally refers to a language which has not been
standardized and which does not have official status.
Vernacular are usually the first language learned by people in
multilingual language communities, and they are often used for
a relatively narrow range of informal functions.
Example : like a children are talking with their friends used
informal language from his places. That is the Vernacular
language that they use.

5.  A vernacular is an uncodified or unstandardized.
 It refers to the most colloquial variety in the person's linguistic
repertoire.
 It is used to indicate that a language is used in informal
everyday interactions without implying that it is appropriate.

6. Recognized as a prestigious variety or code by a community.
Generally is written, and has undergone some degree of
regularization or codification. Standard language is most useful
and widely used as an official language or the national
language.
Example: Human in their places use standard language in their
places. Like Indonesia, we used Bahasa Indonesia as Standard
Languages.

8. A language used for communication between different language
users, for people whose first languages differ.
Example:
 Academics and experts meet at international conferences or
when politicians arrange summit meetings; English, French,
or Spanish is often used as a lingua franca.
 Like in Bali, many people want to talk with other people use
Balinese language.

9. In some countries the most useful and widely used lingua franca
is an official language or the national language.
e.g.
1. Swahili in Tanzania
2. Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea
3. Russian among a hundred different vernaculars
Example of Tok Pisin
Tok
Pisin
English Tok Pisin English
Bik
Brait
Daun
Nogut
Pret
doti
Big-large
Wide
Low
Bad
Afraid
dirty
Bikim
Braitim
Daunim
Nogutim
Pretim
Dotim
To enlarge, make
larger
To make wide,
widen
To lower
To spoil, damage
To frighten, scare
-------

10. Pidgin is a language that has no native speakers. Pidgins
evolved as a means of communication between people who do
not have the same language.
It grows up among people who do not share a common language
but who want to communicate with each other
Example: Like People from Saparua talk with someone from
Aboru in the street their pronunciation will be different.

11. Why Pidgin developed?
Pidgins develop as a means of communication between people
who do not have a common language.
What kind of linguistic structure does a pidgin language have?
Pidgin languages are created from the combined efforts of
people who speak different languages.
All languages involved may contribute to the sounds, the
vocabulary, and the grammatical.
Attitudes
Pidgin languages do not have high status or prestige

12. 1. It is used in limited domains and functions
2. It has a simpler structure than the source language
3. It generally has a low prestige and attract negative attitude -
especially from outside

13. A Creole is when a pidgin language is adopted by a community as
its native tongue and children learn it as first language.
According to the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, a Creole is
“a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a community,”
and therefore has native speakers.
Creole also means that a language that begins as a pidgin and
eventually becomes a first language of a speech community through
being learned by children.
Example:
Bahasa Melayu was adopted as Bahasa Persatuan (unifying
language) called Bahasa Indonesia. After being adopted as
Indonesian community, it has been learnt by Indonesian people as
native language. At present, there are native speakers of the
language.

14.  Vernacular is the language used in daily communication and
most of them are not codified.
 Standard language are codified. It is an official language.
 Lingua Franca is a language used for communication between
people whose first language differ.
 Pidgin is a language that has no native speaker
 Creole is a pidgin that has gained native speakers.

15.  Chlarita
 Yesayas
 Anstasya
 Juan
 Evaldo
 Eka
 Jeje
 Louisa