It is made from sand(silicone dioxide), soda ash(sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate), lime, alumina, potassium oxide. Glass is the most-used cladding material for tall buildings due to its strength, light weight, durability, and wide range of available optical and thermal properties. It has seemingly unlimited optical and aesthetic possibilities.

2. Introduction
There is a special relationship between glass and
buildings. Glass is a magical material which has so many
different properties and uses, that it has presented Architects
with many new possibilities and designs.
Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building
material. It is most typically used as
transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including
windows in the external walls.
Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an
architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of
a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and
laminated glasses.
This project gives information about the its types,

3. A BRIEF HISTORY OF GLASS IN THE
BUILDING INDUSTRY
In prehistoric times, Obsidian (Naturally occurring glass
found near volcanic regions) and fulgurite (glass formed
naturally after lightning strikes sand) were used to make
weapons. Manmade glass was used as a luxury material was
used in decorations, jewelry, vessels and crockery.
Glass blowing was discovered in the 1st century in Europe,
this revolutionized the glass making industry. The technique
spread throughout the Roman Empire.
Production of Clear glass, by introduction of manganese
dioxide, saw glass being used for architectural purposes.
Cast glass windows began to appear in the most important
buildings and villas in Rome and Pompeii.

4. •By 11th century sheet glass was made by the crown glass
process. In this process, the glassblower would spin molten
glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk. The disk
would then be cut into panes.
• By 13th century, this technique was perfected in Venice. Stain
glass windows were used in gothic renaissance and baroque
architecture from the 11th to the 18th century.
•glass was still an item of luxury as it took large resources,
brilliant skill and immense energy to be produced. In 1958
Pilkington and Bickerstaff introduced the revolutionary float glass
process to the world. This method gave the sheet uniform
thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are made
from float glass.

5. INDIAN HISTORY OF GLASS
•Indigenous development of glass technology in South
Asia may have begun in 1730 BC. Evidence of this culture
includes a red-brown glass bead along with a hoard of beads
dating to that period, making it the earliest attested glass from
the Indus Valley locations.
•Chalcolithic evidence of glass has been found
in Hastinapur, India.[ Some of the texts which mention glass in
India are the Shatapatha Brahmana and Vinaya
Pitaka.[However, the first unmistakable evidence in large
quantities, dating from the 3rd century BC, has been
uncovered from the archaeological site in Takshashila,
ancient India.
•By the 1st century AD, glass was being used for ornaments
and casing in South Asia.[Contact with the Greco-Roman

6. HOW GLASS IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

7. PRODUCTION OF GLASS
Making glass is a very ancient process, with archaeological
evidence of glass making dating back to before 2500 BC.
Once a rare and prized art, manufacturing glass has
become a common industry thanks to the Pilkington
process.
Traditionally glass was made by blowing liquid glass
derived by melting sand calcium oxide and sodium
carbonate to extremely high temperatures and the cooling
the liquid to the desired shape. Since a few thousand years

8. The glass – float glass as we know - is manufactured
by the PPG process. This process was invented by
Sir Alistair Pilkington in 1952 and is the most popular
and widely used process in manufacturing
architectural glass in the world today.

9. The manufacturing for glass consists of
the following stages :
• Melting and refining of the raw materials
• Float bath
• Coating (for making reflectuve glass)
• Annealing
• Inspection

10. Batching of raw materials:
The main components, namely, soda lime glass, silica
sand (73%), calcium oxide (9%), soda (13%) and
magnesium (4%),
are weighed and mixed into batches to which recycled
glass (cullet) is added. The use of ‘cullet’ reduces the
consumption of natural gas. The materials are tested and
stored for later mixing under computerised control.

11. Stage 1 : Melting and refining
Fine grained ingredients closely controlled for quality, are mixed
to make a batch, which flows into the furnace, which is heated up to
1500 degree Celsius.
• The raw materials that go into the manufacturing of clear float glass
are:
• SiO2 – Silica Sand
• Na2O – Sodium Oxide
from Soda Ash
• CaO – Calcium oxide
from Limestone / Dolomite
• MgO – Dolomite
• Al2O3 – Feldspar
• Apart from the above basic raw material, broken glass aka cullet, is
added to the mixture to the tune of nearly 25% ~ 30% which acts
primarily as flux. The flux in a batch helps in reducing the melting
point of the batch thus reducing the energy consumed to carry out

12. These raw materials primarily mixed in batch helps to make
clear glass. If certain metal oxides are mixed to this batch they
impart colors to the glass giving it a body tint.
For e.g.
• NiO & CoO – to give grey tinted glasses (Oxides of Nickel & Cobalt)
• SeO – to give Bronze tinted glasses (oxide of Selenium)
• Fe2O3 – To give Green tinted glasses (oxides of iron which at times
is also present as impurity in Silica Sand)
• CoO – To give blue tinted glass (oxides of Cobalt)

13. Stage 2 : Float bath
• Glass from the furnace gently flows over the refractory spout on to
the mirror-like surface of molten tin, starting at 1100 deg Celsius and
leaving the float bath as solid ribbon at 600 deg Celsius.

14. Stage 3 - Coating (for making
reflective glasses):
• Coatings that make profound changes in optical
properties can be applied by advanced high temperature
technology to the cooling ribbon of glass. Online
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is the most
significant advance in the float process since it was
invented. CVD can be used to lay down a variety of
coatings, a few microns thick, for reflect visible and infra-
red radiance for instance. Multiple coatings can be
deposited in the few seconds available as the glass
flows beneath the coater (e.g. Sunergy)

15. Stage 4 - Annealing:
Despite the tranquillity with which the glass is formed,
considerable stresses are developed in the ribbon as the glass
cools. The glass is made to move through the annealing lehr where
such internal stresses are removed, as the glass is cooled gradually,
to make the glass more prone to cutting.

16. Stage 5 - Inspection:
• To ensure the highest quality inspection takes place at
every stage.
• Automated online inspection does two things.
i)It reveals process faults upstream that can be
corrected.
ii) And it enables computers downstream to steer
round the flaws.
• Inspection technology now allows 100 million
inspections per second to be made across the ribbon,
locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see.

17. Stage 6 - Cutting to Order:
Diamond steels trim off selvedge – stressed edges- and cut ribbon to size
dictated by the computer. Glass is finally sold only in square meters.

19. Properties Of Glass
 It is solid and hard material.
 It has disordered and amorphous structure.
 It is fragile and easily breakable into sharp
pieces.
 It is transparent to visible light.
 When light falls on glass,
part of it is reflected at the
surface, part of it is
absorbed in the glass
and part of it is
transmitted.

20.  It is an biologically inactive material.
 It is recyclable.

21.  It has low thermal conductivity.
 It is fire resistant.

22.  It has dimensional stability.
 The thermal, optical, electrical and
chemical properties of glass vary with its
composition.
 Glass is electrically insulating material; it
does not conduct electricity.

23. Transparency: This property allows visual connection with
the outside world. Its transparency can be permanently
altered by adding admixtures to the initial batch mix. By the
advent of technology clear glass panels used in buildings can
be made opaque. (Electro chromatic glazing)
U value: The U-value is the measure of how much heat is
transferred through the window. The lower the U-value the
better the insulation properties of the glass– the better it is at
keeping the heat or cold out.

24. Strength: Glass is a brittle material but with the advent of
science and technology, certain laminates and admixtures can
increase its modulus of rupture( ability to resist deformation
under load).
Greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect refers to
circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light
from the sun pass through glass and are absorbed, but the
longer infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are

25. Workability: It is capable of being worked in many ways. It
can be blown, drawn or pressed. It is possible to obtain glass
with diversified properties- clear, colorless, diffused and
stained. Glass can also bewelded by fusion.
Recyclable: Glass is 100% recyclable, cullets (Scraps of broken
or waste glass gathered for re-melting) are used as raw
materials in glass manufacture, as aggregates in concrete
construction etc.

26. Solar heat gain coefficient: It is the fraction of incident solar
radiation that actually enters a building through the entire
window assembly as heat gain.
Visible transmittance: Visible transmittance is the fraction of
visible light that comes through the glass.

27. TYPES OF GLASS

28. FLOAT GLASS
• Float glass is a sheet of
glass made by floating molten
glass on a bed of molten metal,
typically tin, although lead and
various low melting point alloys
were used in the past.
• Modern windows are made from
float glass.
• The float glass process is also
known as the Pilkington process,
named after the British glass
manufacturer Pilkington
• Float glass is used in many
architectural buildings, one of

29. CROWN GLASS
• Crown glass was an early type of
window glass
• in this process, glass
was blown into a "crown" or
hollow globe.
• The process was first perfected
by French glassmakers in the
1320s, notably around Rouen,
and was a trade secret.
• his method for manufacturing flat
glass panels was very expensive
and could not be used to make
large panes.
• It was replaced in the 19th
century by the cylinder, sheet, and
rolled plate processes, but it is still

30. ANNEALED GLASS
• Annealed glass is the most
common glass used in windows
and is also known as a standard
sheet of float glass.
• Annealed glass is slowly cooled to
relieve internal stresses after it is
formed, thus making it strong.
• Annealed glass has the surface
strength that provides the wind-
load performance and thermal-
stress resistance needed in most
architectural applications
• Care should be taken when
choosing locations to install
annealed glass since there is a

31. TEMPERED GLASS
• Toughened glass is typically four
to six times the strength of
annealed glass.
• When broken, tempered glass
fragments are usually relatively
small and less likely to cause
serious injury.
• It is used when strength, thermal
resistance and safety are
important considerations.
• In commercial structures it is
used in unframed assemblies
such as frameless doors,

32. Soda lime glass
• Typical glass from which most tableware ant art glass
and plate glass is manufactured
• 75% of silica, along with Na2CO3, Na20, Ca0, CaC03,
Mg0
• Over 90% of all glass is sodalime.

33. Obscured /Patterned glass
• Patterned glass is a kind of decorative translucent glass with
embossed patterns on one or both surfaces. Pattern Glass
or Decorative Glass or Rolled Glass is generally used where
privacy or obscurity is desired but light transmission is still important.
With the special property of decoration, patterned glass can allow
light to pass through, at the same time, it can also prevent clear
view. Usually it transmits only slightly less light than clear glass.

34. Fused silica glass
• Fused quartz or fused silica is glass consisting
of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. It differs
from traditional glasses in containing no other
ingredients, which are typically added to glass to lower
the melt temperature.

35. Borosilicate glass
• Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and
boron trioxide as the main glass-forming
constituents. Borosilicate glasses are known for having
very low coefficients of thermal expansion (~3 ×
10−6 K−1 at 20 °C), making them resistant to thermal
shock, more so than any other common glass.

36. HEAT- STRENGTHENED GLASS
• With heat-strengthened glass,
the cooling process is slower,
which means the compression
strength is lower
• This glass is approximately
twice as strong as annealed, or
untreated, glass.
• when broken, the glass
fragments are more similar in
size and shape to annealed
glass fragments and thus tend
to stay in the openings
• It is used to resist wind
pressure, thermal stress or both
• This glass is used in most
architectural buildings

37. CHEMICALLY STRENGTHENED GLASS
• Chemically strengthened glass is typically six to eight
times the strength of annealed glass.
• The glass is chemically strengthened by submerging the
glass in a bath containing a potassium salt
• when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is
deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength.
• Chemically strengthened glass was used on some fighter
aircraft canopies

38. HEATABLE GLASS
• Healable glass based on low-emissive
coatings was first produced in high
volume in the early 1980s.
• The idea of heating glass is based on the
use of energy-efficient low-
emissive glass, which is generally
simple silicate glass with a special
metallic oxides coating.
• Heating glass is used in the construction
of many kinds of buildings and in mass
production of vehicles, ships and trains.
• Such combination helps reduce the total
rate of heat loss of the building, thereby

39. GLASS BLOCK
• Glass brick, also known as glass
block, is an architectural element
made from glass.
• Glass bricks provide visual
obscuration while admitting light.
• The glass block was originally
developed in the early 1900s to
provide natural light
in manufacturing plants.
• Glass bricks are produced for both
wall and floor applications.
• It is used in many architectural
building , one of them being
Hermes Store in Tokyo, Japan
by Renzo Piano

40. PRISM GLASS
• Prism glass is architectural glass
used around the turn of the
century to provide lighting to
underground spaces and areas
that would otherwise be too
difficult to light.
• Prism glass uses a unique
convex lens design to help
illuminate more than ordinary
glass.
• Prism glass can sometimes be
found on sidewalks and in this
form is known as vault lighting.

41. SOLAR CONTROL GLASS
• Solar control glass units are
typically double glazed, which
means they also insulate well.
• Solar control glass is a hi-tech
product developed by the glass
industry to allow sunlight to pass
through a window or façade while
radiating and reflecting away a
large degree of the sun’s heat.
• The indoor space stays bright and
much cooler than would be the
case if normal glass were used.
• or buildings with high internal
loads, it is used to minimise solar
heat gain by rejecting solar

42. WIRE MESH GLASS
• Wire mesh glass has a grid or mesh
of thin metal wire embedded within
the glass. The presence of the wire
mesh appears to be a strengthening
component.
• Wired glass often may cause
heightened injury in comparison to
unwired glass
• The wire prevents the glass from
falling out of the frame even if it
cracks under thermal stress, and is
far more heat-resistant than a
laminating material.

43. Glass wool
Glass wool is a thermal insulation that consists of
intertwined and flexible glass fibers, which causes it to
"package" air, and consequently make good insulating
materials. Glass wool can be used as filler or insulators in
buildings, also for soundproofing.

44. Chromatic glass
This type of glass can control daylight and transparency
effectively. These glass are available in three forms-
photochromatic (light sensitive lamination on glass),
thermochromatic (heat sensitive lamination on glass) and
electrochromatic (light sensitive glass the transparency of
which can be controlled by electricity switch.) It can be used
in meeting rooms and ICUs

45. Double Glazed Units
These are made by providing air gap between two glass
panes in order to reduce the heat loss and gain. Normal
glass can cause immense amount of heat gain and upto
30%of loss of heat of air conditioning energy. Green,
energy efficient glass can reduce this impact.

46. Extra clean glass
This type of glass is hydrophilic i.e. The water moves over
them without leaving any marks and photocatylitic i.e. they
are covered with Nanoparticles that attack and break dirt
making it easier to clean and maintain.

47. Shatterproof glass
By adding a polyvinyl butyral layer, shatter proof glass
is made. This type of glass does not from sharp edged
pieces even when broken. Used in skylight, window,
flooring, etc

48. Laminated Glass
This type of glass is made by sandwiching glass panels within a protective layer. It is
heavier than normal glass and may cause optical distortions as well. It is tough and
protects from UV radiation (99%) and insulates sound by 50%. Used in glass facades,
aquariums, bridges, staircases, floor slabs, etc.

49. Tinted Glass
Certain additions to the glass batch mix can add color to the
clear glass without compromising its strength. Iron oxide is
added to give glass a green tint; sulphar in different
concentrations can make the glass yellow, red or black.
Copper sulphate can turn it blue. Etc

50. Anti–bacterial glass–The Latest in
Healthcare Architecture
AGC Flat Glass Europe, formerly Glaverbel recently
launched its new Antibacterial Glass TM in a world premiere.
The glass kills 99.9% of bacteria and also stops the spread of
fungi. Given the instances of visitors and patients catching
infections while in hospital, this is a milestone.
This glass eliminates micro-organisms as soon as they come
in contact with the surface of the glass.
The glass has been tested by university laboratories, with
results validated based on European and Japanese
standards. Accelerated age testing demonstrates that the
functionality of the glass does not diminish over time. The

51. Major Dealers in the Market
On the global arena, Ace Clear Inc, Glass Security, LLC, Custom Glass
Corporation and Armour Glass are some of the major players. In India there
are number of dealers such as Aakruti glass Crafts, Asahi Safety glass, Ace
Indo Canada and Auto Glass Security.
The challenge ahead for architects working on Government buildings is to
seamlessly integrate the life-safety and security measures with aesthetic
building design. Security need not be incompatible with good design but the
use of prudent precautionary measures may save countless lives and
millions of dollars in damages.

52. Role of Glass in Green Buildings
•Glass plays a unique and important role in building design
and the environment. It affects design, appearance, thermal
performance and occupant comfort. T
•India being a tropical country, we need to be careful while
selecting a glass. Selection of glass has become more
complex since a variety of glasses are available to choose
from, ranging from performance to aesthetics.
•The properties of glass have also become multifaceted, able
to perform a wide variety of functions, like Solar Control to

53. ENERGY MANAGEMENT
•Key factors which play an important role in designing the
building envelope with glass are as follows.
•Solar Factor (SF) / Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC)
•U-Value
•Relative Heat Gain (RHG)
•Visual Comfort

54. Use in facade
• Glass plays an essential role in the facade. A facade is a special type of wall. It
separates inside from outside. By its property of transparency it opens up our
buildings to the outside world.
The glass used in today's window and facades does more things than many people
perhaps realise. From prime concerns like safety, security, and environmental protection to
convenient functions like self cleaning or practical qualities like scratch resistance or design
aspects, the choices are many and varied.
Thermal insulation
Thermally insulating glass can be one of several desirable properties such as maintenance,
solar control, noise reduction, decorative glass and enhanced safety and security.

55. Solar control
Solar control glass is glass designed to reduce or prevent solar heating of buildings. There are
two approaches that can be used: the glass is either tinted (coloured) throughout the
material (called a "body tint"), or else it has a microscopically thin and transparent coating on
one side.It can be combined with many other features for multifunctional glazing, such as
thermal insulation, self cleaning, noise reduction, decorative glass and enhanced
safety and security.
Safety and security
To improve its resistance to impact and breakage, glass can be either toughened or laminated, depending on where
and how it is being used
Fire resistance
A range of fire-resistant glass types is available that offers increasing levels of protection, which is measured in
defined time periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes). Fire-resistant glass must meet strict levels of integrity and
insulation, or integrity only which are set down by European CE standards.
Noise control
Acoustically insulating glazing can be a major contributor to comfort levels in buildings and houses. Its benefits are
greatest for people living or working near busy high streets, urban traffic, motorways, railway lines and airports, or on
a flight path
Decorative: interior design
Glass can transform living spaces and work environments. A wide range of effects, patterns and
colours allows interior designers endless possibilities in look and atmosphere. Glass can be
combined with stone, wood or metal for a strong visual and tactile effect

56. Structurally glazed systems create a greater transparency than traditional captured
systems. There are less visual interruptions due to the lack of metal on the exterior (and
potentially the interior), creating a seamless, continuous glass look. Traditional captured
curtain wall systems have pressure plates and caps that can conduct large amounts of
heat in or out of the façade depending on the season. Since there is little to no exposed
exterior metal, there is also less thermal bridging with structural glazing, saving on energy
consumption costs

57. Glass is a material for aesthetics and not for structural theory: Glass load-bearing structures contradict this
assumption. They enhance the glass facade with glass structures and help to create totally transparent rooms
Glass has taken on new life in recent building years. Long valued for its transparency and lightness, glass is now
also being considered for its structural and protective capabilities.
“When glass is load bearing it can serve three roles at
once: structure, envelope, and transparency,” says Mark
DuBois.
LOAD BEARING GLASS WALLS
The architectural space formed by the load bearing glass wall is visually remarkable and
psychologically very intriguing. The large area of roof which cantilevers out past the
glass wall is very dramatic in the way it both frames the landscape and pulls the viewer
out towards it. The hovering roof plane provides an unusual sense of shelter because
there is clearly no visible means of support. The use of glass bearing walls is an exciting
opportunity to blur the distinction between engineering and aesthetics and thereby
expand the vocabulary of architecture.
LOAD BEARING GLASS FLOORS
Structural glass floors are specialist products, designed to balance load
bearing capacity and translucency. They’re usually fabricated as frameless
or structural panels to offer the maximum clear area for light to filter
through.

58. Surface Coatings On Glass

59. 1. Off Line Coatings
• Off-line coatings are those which are applied to
individual panes of glass once the glass has been
manufactured and cut.
• The application of coatings, by dipping panes into
chemical solutions, drying and firing, or by evaporation
of metals on to glass surfaces under conditions of
vacuum, has been known for many years

60. • This process is capable of giving a wide range of
coatings of different colours, reflectivities
and thermal properties.
• In magnetron sputtering, the material to be
sputtered is made the cathode of an electrical circuit
at 500 volts.
• Argon gas is introduced into a vacuum chamber,
and a glow discharge plasma occurs. Electrons are
removed from the argon and leave positively
charged ions. These ions are attracted to, and
impact with, the target cathode. They have very high

61. • Light transmission depends on the nature and thickness
of coating.
• Colour depends on coating thickness material and
configuration.
• The product ranges are under continuous development.

62. 2. On Line Coatings
• On-line modifications are made while the glass is hot
and still in the annealing lehr.
• They may still be considered as basic products, and size
and tolerance constraints are similar to those for clear
float glass.
• They involve the thermal decomposition of gases, liquids
or powders sprayed on to the glass to form a metal oxide
layer which fuses to the surface.

63. • On-line coatings have advantages of hardness and
durability over off-line coatings and are suitable for
bending and toughening.

64. 3. Dielectric Coatings
• These are composed of multi-layered
coatings which exhibit different colours by
reflection and transmission as a function of
viewing angle.

65. 4. Mirror Silvering
• Mirror silvering is a chemical process depositing
a coating of metal, mostly silver, on to the
surface of clear glass.
• This deposit is usually protected by a layer of
copper which in turn is protected by a paint
backing.
• The controlled use of stannic solution can
produce decorative 'oil-stain' patterns which can
be painted with a coloured transparent varnish.

67. Glass & architecture
Advantages and disadvantages

68. advantages
• Use of glass adds beauty to the building. It makes it
more aesthetically pleasing
• Installation of glass ensures ample supply of natural
daylight which makes the construction more sustainable
• Glass tends to have great weather resistance. It shows
no significant loss of quality due to exposure to the
weather conditions through all the seasons
• Unlike metals, which are also used in building
construction, glass does not rust by exposure to humidity
and air.
• Cleaning of glass is a rather easy when compared to
other building materials
• usage of glass ensures passage of natural light even

69. • Adding to its natural aesthetical qualities, glass can be
manufactured in shades of various colours making it
more artistic
• It can be blown, drawn and pressed to any shape
• It provides an ideal way to showcase a product due to its
100% transparency
• Glass is 100% recyclable and can be recycled endlessly
without loss in quality or purity
• It has got no problem with UV degradation

70. • Glass has got Excellent abrasion resistance
• Glass shows high stability over a wide range of
temperature
• It is unaffected by air, water and most of the acids.
• Its use fulfils the architectural view for external
decoration
• By using glass in interior, it saves the space inside
the building
• Conserves heat and protects against outside

71. Disadvantages
• An expensive Material. So, increase the cost of building
• Breaks Easily, Very Rigid and Brittle
• When broken, the pieces may be sharp, injuries
• Less impact resistance
• It is affected by some alkalis
• It is affected by hydrofluoric acid.

72. • Use of glass also enhances the cost of security
• Glass is also unsafe for earthquake proven area
• Glass is poor in terms of heat preservation, leading to
higher costs in the operation of air-conditioners
• Glass absorbs heat and hence act as a greenhouse and
hence not suitable in warm and hot climates. It will
increase AC load and more energy consideration for air
conditioning.

73. • Though many feel that once you provide glass in a
building façade, you are free from painting expenses for
ever but this is not fine. You may have to spend equally
for cleaning of glass. Sometimes it is as costly as
external painting. Again, you may paint building once in a
5 years but for glass you have to clean every year
• Glare is a major problem in glass façade building

74. Alternatives to Glass
• Polycarbonate: This elastic is 300 times stronger than
glass, is resistant to most chemicals, is twice as lighter
than class, has high abrasion and impact resistance. It
can transmit as much light as glass without many
distortions. Applications include window, green house
glazing etc.

75. Acrylic: Acrylic is made of thermo plasticsis weather
resistant, is 5 times stronger than glass but is prone to
scratches. It has excellent optics, is softer than glass but
can accumulate a lot of dust. This is extensively used in to
make playhouses, green house etc.

76. • GRP panels: GRP is manufactured by combining
hundreds of glass strands together using a
pigmented thermosetting UV resin.Glass-reinforced
plastics are also used to produce house building
components such as roofing laminate, canopies etc.
The material is light and easy to handle. It is used in
the construction of composite housing and insulation
to reduce heat loss.

77. ETFE: Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene is a plastic with high
strength and corrosion resistance. It has high energy
radiation resistance properties, it is strong, self cleaning
and recyclable.

78. • The versatility of glass keeps on increasing as scientists
find new applications to this wonder material. Glass is
now being used in the building industry as insulation
material, structural component, external glazing material,
cladding material; it is used to make delicate looking
fenestrations on facades as well as conventional
windows. With the advent of green technology in
construction, glass is constantly undergoing
transformation. Solar power glass, switchable glass
projection screens are a few of the newer uses. This is
one material to look out for!
•

79. Glass in windows
•
There are nine types of Glasses used in
windows:
• Obscure Glass
• Tinted Glass
• Tempered Glass
• Laminated Glass
• Stained Glass
• Reflective Glass
• Low E Glass Window
• Insulating glass
• Colored glass

80. Different types of glasses used for windows

94. Indian glass buildings

95. Glass house :lal bagh bangalore

96. Cybertecture egg , Mumbai

97. Infosys multiplex, Mysore

98. Software development block,infosys

99. Infinity towers , Kolkata

100. Kohinoor Square,Mumbai

101. ONGC,mumbai

102. Glass in architecture worldwide