Ne kashf shobohat

O:nfd lj/f]wL e|d lgjf/0f
-O:nfdsf af/]df u}/–d'l:ndn] ug{] ;fdfGo k|Zgx?sf pQ/_
k|sfzs
O:nfdL k':tsfno
-ldNnt] O:nfdLof g]kfn_
n]vs M
8f= hfls/ gfOs
cg'jfbs M
O/kmfg kf]v/]n
dfdlxnfnfO{kbf{lsg<
df hgfj/
awdf qm'/tf lsg
<
t/jf/af6 km}lnPsf] xf] <
df df+;fxf/L ef]hg lsg <
dfk}t[s;DklQljefhgs;/L<
dfax'ljjfxlsg<
df;'ªu'/sf]df;'lsgjlh{t<
dfu}/
d'l:ndnfO{sflkm/
lsg
elgG5
<
O:nfd

1
!= ax'ljjfx
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM d';ndfgx¿nfO{ PseGbf j9L kTgL /fVg] cg'dlt lsg 5 < jf
O:nfd PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg] cg'dlt lsg lbG5 <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M ax'–ljjfx o:tf] Joj:yf xf] h; cg';f/ Ps JolQmsf] PseGbf
a9L kTgL jf klt x'G5 . ax'–ljjfx b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g –
!= Ps k'?ifn] PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg'
@= Ps :qLn] PseGbf a9L klt /fVg'
O:nfddf Ps k'?ifnfO{ Pp6f l;df;Dd PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg
kfpg] Ohfht 5 t/ :qLsf nflu eg] PseGbf a9L klt /fVg] cg'dlt 5}g .
cfcf}+, o; k|Zgdfly ljrf/ u/f}+ ls O:nfddf Ps k'?ifnfO{ PseGbf
clws kTgL /fVg] cg'dlt lsg k|bfg ul/of] .
!= kljq s'/cfg g} ;+;f/sf wfld{s k':tsx¿dWo] Ps dfq k':ts
xf] h;n] eGb5 æ======== Pp6L :qL;Fu dfq ljjfx u/ .Æ
;+;f/df s'/cfg g} Ps dfq o:tf] wfld{s k':ts xf] h;df of] s'/f
elgPsf] 5 æ======== Pp6f;Fu dfq ljjfx u/Æ
cGo s'g} o:tf] wd{u|Gy 5}g h;n] Ps dfq :qL;Fu ljjfxsf] pkb]z
lbG5 . s'g} klg wfld{s u|Gydf xfdL kTgLx¿sf] ;+Vofdf s'g} l;df+sg u/]sf]
kfpFb}gf} rfx] Tof] j]b, /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, uLtf x'g of tnd"b jf afOan .
oL k':tsx¿sf cg';f/ emg Ps JolQmn] cfˆgf]] OR5f cg';f/ hlt dg
nfU5 Toltj6L kTgL /fVg ;Sb5 . kl5 cfP/ lxGb"sf ;fw'x¿ / O{;fOsf
kfb/Lx¿n] kTgLsf] ;+VofnfO{ ;Lldt u/]/ Pp6f dfq ul/lbP .
w]/} lxGb" wfld{s JolQmx¿;Fu pgLx¿s} wfld{s k':tsx¿n] j0f{g
u/] cg';f/ w]/} kTgLx¿ ePsf] xfdL kfpF5f}+ . /fdsf lktf /fhf bz/ysf
PseGbf j9L /fgLx¿ lyP . o:t}k|sf/n] s[i0fsf klg w]/} kTgLx¿ lyP .
k|frLgsfndf O{;fOx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf OR5f cg';f/ kTgLx¿ /fVg kfpg]
cg'dlt lyof] lsgls afOan kTgLx¿sf] ;+Vofdf s'g} l;df tf]Sb}g . s]xL

2
ztfAbLcl3 dfq luhf{3/ -O{;fOx¿sf] k|fy{gf 3/_ n] kTgLx¿sf] ;+Vofsf]
l;df sd u/]/ Ps dfq ul/lbof] . ox"bL wd{df klg ax'–ljjfxsf] Ohfht
5 . tnd"b -ox"bLx¿sf] wd{u|Gy_ sfg"g cg';f/ Oa|fxLdsf tLgj6L kTgL
lyP / ;'n}dfgsf ;of}+ kTgLx¿ lyP . ax'–ljjfxsf] rng rln/Xof] / To;
;dodf cfP/ aGb eof] ha l/AaL uzf{]d lag ox"bf -;g (^)–!)#)_ n] o;
lj?4 x's'd hf/L u/] . d';ndfg b]zx¿df /xg] ox"bLx¿sf k't{ufn ;d'bfodf
of] rng ;g !(%) ;Dd k|rlnt /Xof] / cGttM O;/fOnsf] rLkm l/AaLn]
PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg k|ltaGw nufOlbP .
@= d';ndfgx¿sf] t'ngfdf lxGb"x¿ a9L kTgL /fVb5g .
;g !(&% df k|sflzt æO:nfddf gf/Lsf] :yfg sld6LÆ sf] k|ltj]bgsf]
k[i7 ;+Vof ^^ / ^& df elgPsf] 5 ls ;g !(%! / !(^! sf] aLrdf
lxGb"x¿df ax'–ljjfx %=)^Ü lyof] hals d';ndfgx¿df of] $=#!Ü dfq
lyof] . ef/tLo sfg"gdf d';ndfgx¿nfO{ dfq PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg
kfpg] cg'dlt 5 / u}/–d'l:ndsf nflu PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg' ef/tdf
u}/–sfg"gL 5 . o:tf] x'Fbf x'Fb} klg lxGb"x¿;Fu d';ndfgx¿sf] t'ngfdf w]/}
kTgLx¿ x'G5g . ljutdf lxGb"x¿dfly klg o;sf] s'g} k|ltaGw lyPg . s}of}+
kTgLx¿ /fVg] cg'dlt pgLx¿nfO{ klg lyof] . ha ;g !(%$ df lxGb"
ljjfx sfg"g nfu" ul/of] h; cg';f/ lxGb"x¿nfO{ ax'–ljjfxsf] cg'dlt
ePg / o;nfO{ u}/–sfg"gL ul/of] . of] lxGb" wd{u|Gy geP/ ef/tLo sfg"g xf]
h;n] lxGb"x¿nfO{ PseGbf j9L kTgL /fVg k|ltaGw nufpF5 .
#= kljq s'/cfgn] ;Lldt ax'ljjfxsf] cg'dlt lbG5
klxn] g} aofg ul/;lsPsf] 5 ls kljq s'/cfg dfq o:tf] wfld{s
k':ts xf] h;n] lgb{]z ub{5 – æs]jn Pp6L dlxnf;Fu ljjfx u/ .Æ s'/cfgdf
cfPsf] 5,
æolb ltdLx¿nfO{ cgfyk|lt Gofo ug{ g;lsPnf ls eGg] 8/æolb ltdLx¿nfO{ cgfyk|lt Gofo ug{ g;lsPnf ls eGg] 8/æolb ltdLx¿nfO{ cgfyk|lt Gofo ug{ g;lsPnf ls eGg] 8/æolb ltdLx¿nfO{ cgfyk|lt Gofo ug{ g;lsPnf ls eGg] 8/æolb ltdLx¿nfO{ cgfyk|lt Gofo ug{ g;lsPnf ls eGg] 8/
5 eg] ltdLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sL :qLx¿dWo] b'O{–b'O{, tLg–5 eg] ltdLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sL :qLx¿dWo] b'O{–b'O{, tLg–5 eg] ltdLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sL :qLx¿dWo] b'O{–b'O{, tLg–5 eg] ltdLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sL :qLx¿dWo] b'O{–b'O{, tLg–5 eg] ltdLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sL :qLx¿dWo] b'O{–b'O{, tLg–
tLg jf rf/–rf/ hgf;Fu lax] u/ . t/, olb oL kTgLx¿aLrtLg jf rf/–rf/ hgf;Fu lax] u/ . t/, olb oL kTgLx¿aLrtLg jf rf/–rf/ hgf;Fu lax] u/ . t/, olb oL kTgLx¿aLrtLg jf rf/–rf/ hgf;Fu lax] u/ . t/, olb oL kTgLx¿aLrtLg jf rf/–rf/ hgf;Fu lax] u/ . t/, olb oL kTgLx¿aLr

3
Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} eGg] cfzÍf 5 eg] Pp6L;Fu dfq lax]Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} eGg] cfzÍf 5 eg] Pp6L;Fu dfq lax]Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} eGg] cfzÍf 5 eg] Pp6L;Fu dfq lax]Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} eGg] cfzÍf 5 eg] Pp6L;Fu dfq lax]Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} eGg] cfzÍf 5 eg] Pp6L;Fu dfq lax]
u/======= .Æ -s'/cfg $M#_u/======= .Æ -s'/cfg $M#_u/======= .Æ -s'/cfg $M#_u/======= .Æ -s'/cfg $M#_u/======= .Æ -s'/cfg $M#_
s'/cfg cjtl/t x'g'eGbf klxn] ax'ljjfxsf] s'g} l;df lyPg . w]/}
dflg;x¿n] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kTgL /fVby] / s]xL;Fu t ;of}+ kTgLx¿ x'Gy] .
O:nfdn] j9LeGbf j9L rf/ kTgLx¿sf] l;df lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] 5 . O:nfdn]
s'g} JolQmnfO{ b'O{, tLg cyjf rf/ :qL;Fu dfq ljjfx ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 ha
pm pgLx¿nfO{ a/fa/ Gofo ug{ ;dy{ x'G5 . s'/cfgsf] oxL cWofo cyf{t
;"/M lg;f cfot !@( df elgPsf] 5–
æ/, ltdLx¿n] rfx]/ klg kTgLx¿aLr Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} .æ/, ltdLx¿n] rfx]/ klg kTgLx¿aLr Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} .æ/, ltdLx¿n] rfx]/ klg kTgLx¿aLr Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} .æ/, ltdLx¿n] rfx]/ klg kTgLx¿aLr Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} .æ/, ltdLx¿n] rfx]/ klg kTgLx¿aLr Gofo ug{ ;Sb}gf} .
clg, ltdLx¿ Pp6Ltkm{ o;/L ge'ms ls csL{ rflxF e'mlG8Pe}Fmclg, ltdLx¿ Pp6Ltkm{ o;/L ge'ms ls csL{ rflxF e'mlG8Pe}Fmclg, ltdLx¿ Pp6Ltkm{ o;/L ge'ms ls csL{ rflxF e'mlG8Pe}Fmclg, ltdLx¿ Pp6Ltkm{ o;/L ge'ms ls csL{ rflxF e'mlG8Pe}Fmclg, ltdLx¿ Pp6Ltkm{ o;/L ge'ms ls csL{ rflxF e'mlG8Pe}Fm
x'g k'uf]; ========== .Æ -s'/cfg $M!@(_x'g k'uf]; ========== .Æ -s'/cfg $M!@(_x'g k'uf]; ========== .Æ -s'/cfg $M!@(_x'g k'uf]; ========== .Æ -s'/cfg $M!@(_x'g k'uf]; ========== .Æ -s'/cfg $M!@(_
s'/cfgaf6 yfxf eof] ls ax'ljjfx s'g} cfb]z xf]Og a? of] Pp6f
ckjfb xf] . d';ndfg k'?ifn] PseGbf a9L ljjfx ug{' clgjfo{ 5 eGg] e|d
w]/} dflg;x¿df 5 . ;fdfGotof O:nfdn] s'g} sfd ug{] jf gug{] eGg]
b[li6n] sfdnfO{ kfFr efudf ljeflht ul/Psf] 5M–
s_ kmh{ cyf{t clgjfo{
v_ d':txa cyf{t /f]hfOdf e/kg{]
u_ d'afx cyf{t h;sf] cg'dlt 5
3_ ds¿x cyf{t 3[l0ft jf dg gk/fOPsf]
ª_ x/fd cyf{t lgif]lwt
ax'ljjfx …d'afxÚ cGtu{t kb{5 h;sf] cy{ Ohfht jf cg'dlt 5
eGg] x'G5 g ls cfb]z . Ps d';ndfg h;sf b'O{, tLg jf rf/ kTgLx¿ 5g,
pm d';ndfgeGbf /fd|f] xf] h;sf] Ps dfq kTgL 5 eGg' ;/f;/ unt xf] .
$= dlxnfx¿sf] cf};t cfo' k'?ifx¿sf]eGbf w]/} x'G5
k|fs[lts ¿kdf dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] hGd nueu Pp6} cg'kftdf
x'G5 . afnsx¿sf] t'ngfdf aflnsfx¿df /f]u;Fu n8g] Ifdtf w]/} x'G5 .

4
lzz'x¿sf] pkrf/sf] qmddf s]6fx¿sf] d[To' w]/} x'G5 . o'4sf] qmddf
dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf k'?ifx¿ w]/} d5{g . b'3{6gf / /f]ux¿af6 klg oxL
tYo b]vfkb{5 . dlxnfx¿sf] cf};t cfo' k'?ifeGbf a9L x'G5 . o;sf/0f
ljZjdf ljw'/x¿sf] eGbf lawjfx¿sf] ;+Vof a9L b]V5f}+ .
%= ue{kft / e|"0fxTofsf] sf/0f dlxnfeGbf k'?ifsf] cfjfbL a9L
ef/tdf dlxnfeGbf k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof a9L 5 . o;sf] jf:tljs sf/0f
aflnsf e"|0f xTof g} xf] . ef/tdf dfq} k|ltjif{ b; nfveGbf a9L ue{kft /
aflnsf e|"0f xTof ul/G5 . olb o; 3[l0ft sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg] xf] eg] lgZro g}
:qLsf] ;+Vof k'?ifeGbf a9L x'g]5 .
^= ;f/f ljZjdf :qLsf] ;+Vof k'?ifsf] eGbf a9L 5 .
cd]l/sfdf :qLsf] ;+Vof k'?ifeGbf c7xQ/ nfv a9L 5 . Go"of]s{df
dfq :qLsf] ;+Vof k'?ifeGbf b; nfv a9L ePsf] 5 / hxfF Ps ltxfO{ k'?ifsf]
;+Vof ;f]8f]dLh -k'?ifd}y'g_ 5g / k"/} cd]l/sfdf o:tf k'?ifsf] ;+Vof b'O{
s/f]8 krf; nfv /x]sf]5 . o;af6 of] k|:6 x'G5 ls sltko nf]Ug] dflg;x¿
dlxnf;Fu ljjfx ug{ rfxFb}gg . a]nfotdf dlxnfsf] cfjfbL k'?ifeGbf $)
nfv a9L 5, To:t} hd{gLdf %) nfv / ?;df () nfv a9L 5 . o;af6 of]
yfxf x'G5 ls ;f/f ljZjdf k'?ifeGbf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof g} a9L 5 .
&= k|To]s k'?ifnfO{ Ps dfq kTgL /fVg] ;Ldf Jojxfl/s 5}g .
olb k|To]s k'?ifn] Ps dfq dlxnf;Fu ljjfx u¥of] eg] klg cd]l/sfdf
# s/f]8 dlxnf cljjflxt /xG5g . o;} u/L a]nfotdf $) nfv, hd{gLdf
%) nfv / ?;df () nfveGbf a9L dlxnf ljjfx ug{] k'?if gkfP/ cljjflxt
/xg k'U5g . o:tf] l:yltdf tL cljjflxt dlxnfx¿ ;dIf ;fdfGotof b'O{
j6f ljsNk x'G5g . klxnf] of] xf] ls pm s'g} o:tf] k'?if;Fu ljjfx u/f];
h;sf] klxn]b]lv g} kTgL l5g . olb pgL o;f] ulb{gg eg] pgL unt af6f]df
nfUg ;Sg] k"/} ;+efjgf x'G5 . ;a} c;n dlxnfx¿n] klxnf] ljsNknfO{ g}
k|fyldstf lbG5g .

5
klZrdL ;dfhdf ;fdfGotof k'?ifn] kTgL Ps dfq /fVg] eP tfklg
w]/} dlxnfx¿;Fu of}g ;DaGw /fVg] rng 5 . h;n] ubf{ dlxnf Pp6f
c;'/lIft / ckdflgt hLjg Joltt ub{5] . ToxL ;dfh s;}nfO{ PseGbf
a9L kTgLx¿sf ;fy :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g h;;Fu dlxnfn] ;dfhdf ;Ddfg /
cfb/sf ;fy Ps ;'/lIft hLjg Joltt ug{ ;S5] . c¿ klg cg]sf}+ sf/0fx¿
5g h;n] ubf{ O:nfdn] ;Lldt ax'ljjfxsf] cg'dlt lbG5 . t/ d"n sf/0f
of] xf] ls O:nfd Ps dlxnfsf] ;Ddfg / pgsf] OHht sfod /fVg rfxG5 .
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM olb Ps k'?ifnfO{ PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg] cg'dlt 5 eg] O:nfdn]
dlxnfnfO{ PseGbf a9L klt /fVg] cg'dlt lb+b}g . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M d';ndfgx¿n] ;d]t s]xL dflg;x¿n] O:nfdn] k'?ifnfO{ s}of}+
kTgL /fVg] 5'6 lbG5 t/ of] clwsf/ dlxnfnfO{ lb+b}g eGg] s'/fsf] k|Zg
p7fpF5g . ;aeGbf klxn] d of] s'/f lgZrosf ;fy eGg rfxG5' ls O:nfdL
;dfh Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t 5 . O{Zj/n] dlxnf tyf k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg
¿kdf agfPsf t 5g t/ km/s km/s Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/L /fv]sf 5g .
dlxnf / k'?if zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ¿kaf6 leGg 5g pgLx¿sf e"ldsf /
lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg cun–cnu 5g . :qL / k'?if b'a} O:nfddf ;dfg 5g t/
Ps} (Identical) 5}gg .
s'/cfgsf] ;"/x lg;f cWofo $, cfot g+= @@ b]lv @$ ;Dddf
dlxnfx¿sf] ;"lr lbPsf] 5 h;;Fu tkfO{++n] ljjfx ug{ ;Sg' x'Gg . ;"/x
lg;f s} cWofo $, cfot g+= @$ df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 ls bfDkTodf afFlwPsL
dlxnf;Fu ljjfx ug{ cj}w 5
dlxnfsf nflu PseGbf a9L klt /fVg cj}w x'g'sf sf/0f lgDg
lnlvt s'/fx¿af6 k|i6 x'G5M–
!= olb Ps JolQm;Fu PseGbf a9L kTgLx¿ 5g eg] t o:tf] ljjfxaf6
hlGdPsf aRrfsf] cfdf–afa' ;lhn};Fu yfxf x'G5 t/ Ps dlxnf;Fu
PseGbf a9L kltx¿ 5g eg] aRrfsL cfdf dfq yfxf x'G5 / afa' sf]
xf] eGg] yfxf x'Fb}g . O:nfdn] cfdf afa'sf] klxrfgnfO{ w]/} g} dxTj
lbG5 . cfˆgf cfdf afa'dWo] klg ljz]if u/L cfˆgf]] afa' yfxf gkfpg]

6
aRrfx¿ dfgl;s cf3ft / kfunkgsf] lzsf/ x'g] s'/f
dgf]lrlsT;sx¿ atfpF5g . k|foM o:tf aRrfx¿sf] afNofj:yf
v'zLljlxg x'G5 . o;sf/0f a]Zofx¿sf aRrfx¿sf] afNosfn :j:y
x'Fb}g . olb o:tf] ljjfxaf6 hGd]sf] aRrfsf] gfd ;f]lwof] eg] p;sL
cfdfn] PseGbf a9L afa'sf] gfd eGg' kg{] x'G5 .
@= k'?ifx¿df k|fs[lts ¿kdf ax'ljjfxsf] Ifdtf dlxnfsf] eGbf a9L
x'G5 .
#= hLj lj1fg cg';f/ PseGbf a9L kTgL /fVg] k'?ifn] kltsf ¿kdf
cfˆgf]] st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . t/ PseGbf a9L klt /fVg]
dlxnfn] kTgLsf ¿kdf cfˆgf]] st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . vf;
u/L dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf dlxnf tLa| dfgl;s / Jojxfl/s kl/jt{gaf6
u'lh|/x]sL x'g] ePsf]n] To; ;dodf pgn] kTgLTj lgjf{x ug{ ;lSbgg .
$= PseGbf a9L klt ePsf dlxnfsf Ps} ;dodf w]/} of}g ;fem]bf/x¿
x'G5g . o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pm of}g ;+alGw /f]ux¿af6 u|l;t x'g] a9L
;+efjgf x'G5 . p;sf] klt p afx]s cGo dlxnf;+usf] j}jflxs of}g
;+jGwaf6 cnu ePklg ;f] dlxnfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ p;sf ;a} kltnfO{
of}g /f]u nfUg ;S5 . of] l:ylt s}og kTgL /fVg] k'?if;Fu cfpFb}g .
dflysf oL sf/0fx¿ ;fdfGo sf/0fx¿ x'g . oL afx]s c¿ klg w]/}
sf/0fx¿ x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] g} cl;d tTjbzL{ O{Zj/n] dlxnfx¿nfO{
PseGbf a9L klt /fVg lgif]w u/]sf x'g .

7
@= kbf{
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM O:nfdn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ kbf{df /fv]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ckdfg lsg u5{ <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M O:nfddf dlxnfsf] h'g l:ylt 5 To;nfO{ lnP/ cfd;+rf/
dfWodx¿ eofgs xdnf ug{] ub{5g . pgLx¿ kbf{ / O:nfdL klx/gnfO{
O:nfdL sfg"gdf dlxnfx¿sf] bf;tfsf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf k]z ub{5g .
kbf{sf] wfld{s lgb{]zgsf] k5fl8 /x]sf sf/0fx¿df ljrf/ ug{'eGbf klxn]
xfdL O:nfdeGbf klxn]sf] ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿sf] l:yltk|lt cWoog u/f}+ .
!= ljutdf dlxnfx¿sf] ckdfg ul/GYof] / sfd–jf;gfdf dfq
pgLx¿sf] k|of]u ul/GYof] .
cflbsfnsf] ;Eotfdf dlxnfsf] :yfg o; ;Ldf;Dd em/]sf] lyof] ls
pgLx¿nfO{ k|fylds dfgj ;Ddfg;Dd klg lbOPsf] lyPg eGg] s'/f
Oltxf;af6 lnOPsf lgDg pbfx/0fx¿n] k'li6 ub{5g .
s_ a]lanf]lgofsf] ;Eotf
o; ;Eotf cg';f/ dlxnfx¿ ckdflgt x'g] uy{] / a]lanf]lgof sfg"gdf
pgLx¿nfO{ k|To]s xs / clwsf/af6 jl~rt /flvPsf] lyof] . olb Pp6f
JolQmn] s'g} dlxnfsf] xTof uYof]{ eg] p;nfO{ b08 ;hfoF ug{'sf] ;§f p;sL
kTgLnfO{ d[To'sf] sfvdf k'¥ofOGYof] .
v_ o"gfgsf] ;Eotf
o; ;EotfnfO{ k|frLg ;Eotfx¿df cToGt pQd ;Eotf dflgG5 .
o; …cToGt pQdÚ Joj:yf cg';f/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf clwsf/x¿af6
jl~rt /flvGYof] / pgLx¿nfO{ gLr -tNnf] :t/sf]_ j:t'sf] ¿kdf x]g{]
ul/GYof] . o"gfgsf] b]jufyfdf kf+8f]/f gfdsL Pp6L sfNklgs dlxnf k"/}
dfgjhfltsf] b'Mvsf] h8 dflgG5 . o"gfgsf dflg;x¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'?ifsf]
t'ngfdf t'R5 hflt dfGg] uy{] . pgLx¿sf] kljqtf cd"No lyof] / pgLx¿sf]
;Ddfg ul/GYof] tfklg kl5 cfP/ o"gfgsf dflg;x¿ cx+sf/ / sfd–

8
jf;gfdf lnKt x'g yfn] . o'gfgL ;dfhsf] x/]s ju{df j]Zofj[lQ Pp6f cfd
k|rng aGg uof] .
u_ /f]dg ;Eotf
h'g ;dodf /f]dg ;Eotf cfˆgf]] uf}/jsf] r/d ;Ldfdf lyof] To;
;do Pp6f k'?ifnfO{ cfkmgL kTgLsf] Hofg lng] clwsf/ klg lyof] . j]Zofj[lQ
/ gUgtf /f]d jf;Lx¿df ;fdfGo lyof] .
3_ ld>sf] ;Eotf / O:nfdeGbf klxn]sf] c/a
ld>sf dflg;x¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ z}tfgsf] ¿k dfGby] . O:nfdeGbf
klxn] c/adf dlxnfnfO{ gLr -tNnf] :t/sf]_ dflgGYof] / s'g} klg a]nf sxL
klg s'g} aRrLsf] hGd x'Fbf ;fdfGotof p;nfO{ lhpFb} uf8g] ul/GYof] .
@= O:nfdn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfly p7fof] / a/fa/Lsf] bhf{ lbof]
O:nfdn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfly p7fof] / nueu !$)) jif{ klxn] g}
dlxnfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ lbof] . dlxnfx¿n] cfˆgf]] :t/ agfO /fVg]5g
eGg] ck]Iff O:nfdn] ub{5 .
k'?if / dlxnfx¿nfO{ kbf{sf] cfb]z M–
;fdfGotof dflg;x¿ kbf{sf] ;+aGw dlxnfx¿;Fu dfq 5 eGg]
7fGb5g . jf:tjdf kljq s'/cfgdf O{Zj/n] dlxnfeGbf klxn] k'?ifx¿;Fu
kbf{sf] /x]sf] s'/f j0f{g ub{5g . s'/cfg eGb5 ls
æ-x] ;Gb]i6f Û_ df]ldg k'?ifx¿nfO{ cfˆgf b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqtæ-x] ;Gb]i6f Û_ df]ldg k'?ifx¿nfO{ cfˆgf b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqtæ-x] ;Gb]i6f Û_ df]ldg k'?ifx¿nfO{ cfˆgf b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqtæ-x] ;Gb]i6f Û_ df]ldg k'?ifx¿nfO{ cfˆgf b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqtæ-x] ;Gb]i6f Û_ df]ldg k'?ifx¿nfO{ cfˆgf b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqt
/fVg tyf cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff ug{ cfb]z b]pm . of]/fVg tyf cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff ug{ cfb]z b]pm . of]/fVg tyf cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff ug{ cfb]z b]pm . of]/fVg tyf cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff ug{ cfb]z b]pm . of]/fVg tyf cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff ug{ cfb]z b]pm . of]
pgLx¿sfnflu ljz'4 /Llt xf] . pgLx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf sfo{x¿l;tpgLx¿sfnflu ljz'4 /Llt xf] . pgLx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf sfo{x¿l;tpgLx¿sfnflu ljz'4 /Llt xf] . pgLx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf sfo{x¿l;tpgLx¿sfnflu ljz'4 /Llt xf] . pgLx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf sfo{x¿l;tpgLx¿sfnflu ljz'4 /Llt xf] . pgLx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf sfo{x¿l;t
cNnfx kl/lrt 5g .cNnfx kl/lrt 5g .cNnfx kl/lrt 5g .cNnfx kl/lrt 5g .cNnfx kl/lrt 5g .Æ -s'/cfg @$M#)_Æ -s'/cfg @$M#)_Æ -s'/cfg @$M#)_Æ -s'/cfg @$M#)_Æ -s'/cfg @$M#)_
olb s'g} ;do s'g} dflg;sf] cfFvf dlxnf dfly k¥of] eg] p;n]
cfˆgf]] b[li6 -gh/_ tn kfl/xfNg' kb{5 / tL dlxnfnfO{ bf]xf]/f] x]g{' x'Fb}g .
To:t} dlxnfsf] kbf{ ;DaGwdf s'/cfgsf] ;"/f lg;fdf elgPsf] 5,

9
æ/, df]ldg -cf:yfjfg_ :qLx¿nfO{ eg ls pgLx¿n] cfˆgfæ/, df]ldg -cf:yfjfg_ :qLx¿nfO{ eg ls pgLx¿n] cfˆgfæ/, df]ldg -cf:yfjfg_ :qLx¿nfO{ eg ls pgLx¿n] cfˆgfæ/, df]ldg -cf:yfjfg_ :qLx¿nfO{ eg ls pgLx¿n] cfˆgfæ/, df]ldg -cf:yfjfg_ :qLx¿nfO{ eg ls pgLx¿n] cfˆgf
b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqt /fv"g, cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff u¿g /b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqt /fv"g, cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff u¿g /b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqt /fv"g, cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff u¿g /b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqt /fv"g, cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff u¿g /b[li6x¿nfO{ lgolGqt /fv"g, cfˆgf u'KtfËx¿sf] /Iff u¿g /
cfˆgf] >[+uf/ k|bz{g gu¿g To;afx]s hf] :jo+ hfx]/ x'G5 .cfˆgf] >[+uf/ k|bz{g gu¿g To;afx]s hf] :jo+ hfx]/ x'G5 .cfˆgf] >[+uf/ k|bz{g gu¿g To;afx]s hf] :jo+ hfx]/ x'G5 .cfˆgf] >[+uf/ k|bz{g gu¿g To;afx]s hf] :jo+ hfx]/ x'G5 .cfˆgf] >[+uf/ k|bz{g gu¿g To;afx]s hf] :jo+ hfx]/ x'G5 .
/, cfˆgf aIf:ynnfO{ cfˆgf k5of}/fn] 9fs]/ /fv"g clg/, cfˆgf aIf:ynnfO{ cfˆgf k5of}/fn] 9fs]/ /fv"g clg/, cfˆgf aIf:ynnfO{ cfˆgf k5of}/fn] 9fs]/ /fv"g clg/, cfˆgf aIf:ynnfO{ cfˆgf k5of}/fn] 9fs]/ /fv"g clg/, cfˆgf aIf:ynnfO{ cfˆgf k5of}/fn] 9fs]/ /fv"g clg
cfˆgf >[+uf/ hfx]/ gu¿g l;jfo cfˆgf klt, lktf, ;;'/f,cfˆgf >[+uf/ hfx]/ gu¿g l;jfo cfˆgf klt, lktf, ;;'/f,cfˆgf >[+uf/ hfx]/ gu¿g l;jfo cfˆgf klt, lktf, ;;'/f,cfˆgf >[+uf/ hfx]/ gu¿g l;jfo cfˆgf klt, lktf, ;;'/f,cfˆgf >[+uf/ hfx]/ gu¿g l;jfo cfˆgf klt, lktf, ;;'/f,
k'qx¿, kltsf k'qx¿, bfh'efOx¿, elthfx¿, ef~hfx¿,k'qx¿, kltsf k'qx¿, bfh'efOx¿, elthfx¿, ef~hfx¿,k'qx¿, kltsf k'qx¿, bfh'efOx¿, elthfx¿, ef~hfx¿,k'qx¿, kltsf k'qx¿, bfh'efOx¿, elthfx¿, ef~hfx¿,k'qx¿, kltsf k'qx¿, bfh'efOx¿, elthfx¿, ef~hfx¿,
lbbLalxgLsf k'qx¿, -gft]bf/_ dlxnfx¿, bf;–bf;Lx¿,lbbLalxgLsf k'qx¿, -gft]bf/_ dlxnfx¿, bf;–bf;Lx¿,lbbLalxgLsf k'qx¿, -gft]bf/_ dlxnfx¿, bf;–bf;Lx¿,lbbLalxgLsf k'qx¿, -gft]bf/_ dlxnfx¿, bf;–bf;Lx¿,lbbLalxgLsf k'qx¿, -gft]bf/_ dlxnfx¿, bf;–bf;Lx¿,
dftxtdf /x]sf sfd]R5f/lxt k'?ifx¿ / tL afnsx¿sf;fd'dftxtdf /x]sf sfd]R5f/lxt k'?ifx¿ / tL afnsx¿sf;fd'dftxtdf /x]sf sfd]R5f/lxt k'?ifx¿ / tL afnsx¿sf;fd'dftxtdf /x]sf sfd]R5f/lxt k'?ifx¿ / tL afnsx¿sf;fd'dftxtdf /x]sf sfd]R5f/lxt k'?ifx¿ / tL afnsx¿sf;fd'
hf] dlxnfx¿sf u'KtfËx¿af/] cgle1 x'G5g . /, cfˆgf v'§fhf] dlxnfx¿sf u'KtfËx¿af/] cgle1 x'G5g . /, cfˆgf v'§fhf] dlxnfx¿sf u'KtfËx¿af/] cgle1 x'G5g . /, cfˆgf v'§fhf] dlxnfx¿sf u'KtfËx¿af/] cgle1 x'G5g . /, cfˆgf v'§fhf] dlxnfx¿sf u'KtfËx¿af/] cgle1 x'G5g . /, cfˆgf v'§f
ahfpFb} glx8"g ls pgLx¿n] n'sfPsf >+[uf/af/] yfxfxf];====== .ÆahfpFb} glx8"g ls pgLx¿n] n'sfPsf >+[uf/af/] yfxfxf];====== .ÆahfpFb} glx8"g ls pgLx¿n] n'sfPsf >+[uf/af/] yfxfxf];====== .ÆahfpFb} glx8"g ls pgLx¿n] n'sfPsf >+[uf/af/] yfxfxf];====== .ÆahfpFb} glx8"g ls pgLx¿n] n'sfPsf >+[uf/af/] yfxfxf];====== .Æ
-s'/cfg @$M#!_-s'/cfg @$M#!_-s'/cfg @$M#!_-s'/cfg @$M#!_-s'/cfg @$M#!_
#= kbf{sf nflu cfjZos zt{x¿
kljq s'/cfg / xbL; cg';f/ kbf{sf nflu lgDg lnlvt 5 j6f
s'/fx¿ Wofgdf /fVg' h?/L 5–
s_ klxnf] z/L/ xf] h;nfO{ 9fSg' cfjZos 5 . of] k'?if / dlxnfsf nflu
km/s km/s 5 . k'?ifsf nflu gfO6f]b]lv 3+'8f;Dd 9fSg' clgjfo{ 5
eg] dlxnfsf nflu cg'xf/ / xTs]nf afx]s k'/} z/L/ 9fSg' clgjfo{
5 . t}klg pm rfxG5] eg] v'Nnf efu klg 9fSg ;S5] . O:nfdsf s]xL
wd{ljbx¿ cg'xf/ / xftsf] klg kbf{ cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8
lbG5g . cGo s'/fx¿ :qL tyf k'?ifsf nflu ;dfg /x]sf 5g .
v_ nufOPsf sk8fx¿ v's'nf] x'g'kb{5 tfls o;af6 z/L/sf c+usf]
cfsf/ gb]lvof]; .
u_ nufOPsf sk8f leqL c+u b]lvg ;Sg] kftnf] -kf/bzL{_ x'g' x'Fb}g .
3_ nufOPsf sk8fx¿ ljkl/t lnËnfO{ cfslif{t ug{] vfnsf e8lsnf
x'g' x'Fb}g .
ª_ nufOPsf sk8fx¿ ljkl/t lnË;Fu ldNg] vfnsf x'g' x'Fb}g
r_ nufOPsf sk8f s'g} ljz]if u}/–d'l:nd wd{nfO{ lrgfpg] jf Tof]
wd{sf] k|tLs x'g' x'Fb}g .

10
$= kbf{n] cGo lrh ;fy ;fy} dflg;sf] Jojxf/ / cfr/0fsf] klg
hfgsf/L lbnfpF5 .
k"0f{ kbf{, sk8fsf 5 s;f}6L afx]s klg g}lts Jojxf/ / cfr/0fnfO{
klg cfkm"leq ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQm olb sk8fsf] s;f}6L dfq
ckgfpF5 eg] p;n] kbf{sf] ;Lldt cy{sf] kfngf ul//x]sf] x'G5 . sk8fåf/f
kbf{sf ;fy ;fy cfFvf / ljrf/x¿sf] klg kbf{ ug{'k5{ . s'g} JolQmsf]
rfnrng, s'/fsfgL tyf Jojxf/nfO{ klg kbf{sf] bfo/fdf lng] ul/G5 .
%= kbf{n] b'Jo{jxf/af6 /f]Sb5
dlxnfnfO{ kbf{sf] pkb]z lsg lbOG5, o;sf] sf/0f kljq s'/cfgsf]
;"/x …cn–cxhfjÚ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
æx] gaL Û cfˆgf kTgLx¿, cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿ / df]ldgx¿sfæx] gaL Û cfˆgf kTgLx¿, cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿ / df]ldgx¿sfæx] gaL Û cfˆgf kTgLx¿, cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿ / df]ldgx¿sfæx] gaL Û cfˆgf kTgLx¿, cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿ / df]ldgx¿sfæx] gaL Û cfˆgf kTgLx¿, cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿ / df]ldgx¿sf
dlxnfx¿nfO{ elgb]pm– æpgLx¿n] :jo+nfO{ cfˆgf cf]9g]x¿n]dlxnfx¿nfO{ elgb]pm– æpgLx¿n] :jo+nfO{ cfˆgf cf]9g]x¿n]dlxnfx¿nfO{ elgb]pm– æpgLx¿n] :jo+nfO{ cfˆgf cf]9g]x¿n]dlxnfx¿nfO{ elgb]pm– æpgLx¿n] :jo+nfO{ cfˆgf cf]9g]x¿n]dlxnfx¿nfO{ elgb]pm– æpgLx¿n] :jo+nfO{ cfˆgf cf]9g]x¿n]
9fs"g . of] plrt t/Lsf xf] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ lrlgg]5g /9fs"g . of] plrt t/Lsf xf] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ lrlgg]5g /9fs"g . of] plrt t/Lsf xf] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ lrlgg]5g /9fs"g . of] plrt t/Lsf xf] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ lrlgg]5g /9fs"g . of] plrt t/Lsf xf] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ lrlgg]5g /
;tfOg] 5}gg . /, cNnfx clt IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn';tfOg] 5}gg . /, cNnfx clt IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn';tfOg] 5}gg . /, cNnfx clt IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn';tfOg] 5}gg . /, cNnfx clt IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn';tfOg] 5}gg . /, cNnfx clt IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn'
5g .Æ -s'/cfg ##M%(_5g .Æ -s'/cfg ##M%(_5g .Æ -s'/cfg ##M%(_5g .Æ -s'/cfg ##M%(_5g .Æ -s'/cfg ##M%(_
kljq s'/cfg eGb5 ls dlxnfx¿nfO{ kbf{sf] o; sf/0fn] pkb]z lbOPsf]
5 ls pgLx¿ ;Ddflgt tj/df lrlgpmg / kbf{n] pgLx¿ b'Jo{jxf/af6 arfpFb5 .
dflglncf}+ ls plQs} ;'Gb/ b'O6L h'DNofxf lbbLalxgL ;8sdf l+xl8/x]sf
5g . tLdWo] Pp6Ln] cg'xf/ / xTs]nfafx]s ;Dk"0f{ efu kbf{leq 9fs]sL l5g
/ csL{n] klZrdL sk8f ldgL:s6{ / Anfph nufPsL l5g . Pp6f abdf;
s'g} s]6LnfO{ lh:Sofpg ;8s 5]pdf plePsf] 5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf p;n]
s;nfO{ 5]85f8 jf b'Jo{jxf/ unf{ < kbf{df /x]sL s]6LnfO{ jf ldgL:s6{
nufPsLnfO{ < cjZo g} p;n] bf];|f] s]6L cyf{t ldgL:s6{ nufPsL;Fu g}
b'Jo{jxf/ ug{]5 . o:tf] sk8fn] ljkl/t lnËnfO{ ck|ToIf ¿kdf 5]85f8 /
b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ cfdlGqt ub{5 . s'/cfg lans'n ;xL eGb5 ls kbf{n] dlxnf
dfly x'g] 5]85f8 / pTkL8gaf6 /f]Sb5 .
^= anfTsf/Lx¿sf nflu d[To'b08
O:nfdL sfg"gdf anfTsf/sf] ;hfoF d[To' b08 xf] . w]/} dflg;x¿

11
o;nfO{ lgb{otf eGg] ub{5g / o; b08k|lt cfZro{ k|s6 ub{5 . s]xLn] t
O:nfd Pp6f h+unL wd{ xf] klg eGb5g . d}n] Pp6f ;fdfGo k|Zg u}/–
d'l:ndx¿;Fu u/+] ls olb s;}n] tkfO{+sL cfdf cyjf lbbLalxgLnfO{ anfTsf/
ub{5 / tkfO{++nfO{ GofowLz agfO lbOof] / anfTsf/LnfO{ tkfO{++sfcufl8
NofOof] eg] tkfO{++ p;nfO{ s] ;hfoF ;'gfpg' x'G5 < dnfO{ k|To]saf6 Pp6}
pQ/ k|fKt eof] Tof] xf] d[To'b08 lbg'kg{] . s]xLn] eg] sL pgLx¿n] p;nfO{
si6 -b'Mv_ lbOsg dfg{] ;hfoF ;'gfpg]5g . d]/f] csf{] k|Zg lyof] ls olb
sf]xL tkfOsL cfdf, kTgL cyjf lbbLalxgLsf ;fy anfTsf/ ub{5 eg] tkfO{++
p;nfO{ d[To'b08 lbg rfxg'x'G5 t/ oxL 36gf csf{sL cfdf, kTgL cyjf
lbbLalxgLsf ;fy eof] eg] tkfO{++ d[To'b08 lbg' h+unLkg xf] eGg' x'G5 . o;
cj:yfdf of] bf]xf]/f] dfkb08 lsg <
&= klZrdL ;dfhn] dlxnfnfO{ dfly p7fPsf] em'7f] bfaL ub{5
dlxnfsf] :jtGqtfsf] klZrdL bfaL Pp6f 9f+]u xf] h;sf] ;xf/fdf pgLx¿
dlxnfsf] z/L/sf] zf]if0f ub{5g, pgLx¿sf] cfTdfnfO{ kmf]xf]/ ub{5g / dfg;Ddfgaf6
pgLx¿nfO{ jl~rt /fVb5g . klZrdL ;dfhn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfly p7fPsf]
bfjL ub{5 . o;sf] abnf pgLx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ /v}n / ;dfhdf k'tnL -v]nf}gf_
sf] :yfg lbPsf 5g, h'g s]jn b]xJofkf/ / sfdjf;gfdf /Dg]x¿sf] xftsf]
Pp6f v]nf}gf xf] / h'g snf / ;+:s[ltsf] /+lulj/ËL kbf{sf] k5fl8 n's]sf] 5 .
*= cd]l/sfdf anfTsf/sf] b/ ;aeGbf a9L 5
cd]l/sfnfO{ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf pGgt /fi6« dfGg] ul/G5 . ;g !(()
sf] FBI sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/cd]l/sfdf pQm jif{ !,)@,%%% j6f anfTsf/sf
36gf btf{ eP . l/kf]6{ cg';f/ o;k|sf/sf s"n 36gfx¿dWo] !^Ü 36gfx¿
dfq k|sfzdf cfpg ;s] . o;k|sf/ ;g !(() df anfTsf/sf 36gfsf]
;xL cg'dfg nufpgsf nflu pk/f]Qm ;+VofnfO{ ^=@% n] u'0fg u/L h'g
;+Vof cfpF5 Tof] ^,$),(^* xf] . olb of] k"/} ;+VofnfO{ jif{sf] #^% lbgdf
afFl8lbPdf o:tf 36gfsf] ;+Vof !&%^ k|ltlbg x'g cfpF5 .
To:t} Pp6f csf{] l/kf]6{ cg';f/ cd]l/sfdf b}lgs !()) anfTsf/sf
36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g . cd]l/sfsf] National Crime Victimization Survey
Bureau of Justice Statistics (U.S. of Justice) sf cg';f/ ;g !((^ df

12
dfq #,)&,))) o:tf 36gfx¿ btf{ eP . t/ ;xL 36gfsf #!Ü 36gf dfq
btf{ eP . k|lt lbgsf] lx;fan] cf};t @&!# anfTsf/sf 36gf ;g !((^ df
cd]l/sfdf eP . Ps l5g ljrf/ ug{'xf]; ls cd]l/sfdf k|To]s #@ ;]s]08df
Pp6f anfTsf/ x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] nfUb5 ls cd]l/sL anfTsf/L v'a} lg8/
5g . FBI sf] ;g !(() sf] l/kf]6{ cufl8 atfpF5 ls anfTsf/sf] btf{
ePsf 36gfx¿dWo] !)Ü anfTsf/L dfq lu/ˆtf/ x'g ;s] h'g s"n ;+Vofsf]
!=^Ü xf] . anfTsf/Lx¿dWo] %)Ü ck/fwLx¿ d'2feGbf klxn] g] l/xf ul/Psf
lyP . o;sf] dtna of] eof] ls )=*Ü anfTsf/Lx¿lj?4 dfq} d'2f rnfpg
;lsof] . csf{] zAbdf olb Pp6f dflg; !@% k6s anfTsf/sf] 36gfdf
lnKt eof] eg] Ps k6s dfq p;nfO{ ;hfoF lbg] ;+efjgf 5 . w]/} dflg;x¿n]
o;nfO{ Pp6f /fd|f] h'jf 7fGg] 5g . ;hfoF lbOg'kg{]x¿dWo] %)Ü nfO{ dfq Ps
jif{eGbf sdsf] ;hfoF lbOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;d]t To; l/kf{]6af6 k|:6 x'G5 .
jf:tjdf cd]l/sL sfg"g cg';f/ To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;ft jif{sf] ;hfoF x'g'kb{5 .
hf] klxnf] k6s anfTsf/sf] bf]ifL k|dfl0ft x'G5 To; dflg;sf] ;DaGwdf lg;fkm
g/d x'g hfG5 . Psl5g ljrf/ ug{'xf]; Pp6f JolQm !@% k6s anfTsf/ ub{5
t/ p;sf lj?4 d'2f ug{] cj;/ Ps k6s dfq cfpF5 / km]l/ %)Ü dflg;x¿nfO{
lg;fkmsf] g/dkgsf] nfe k|fKt x'G5 / anfTsf/sf] ck/fw k|dfl0ft ePsf]
JolQmnfO{ Ps jif{eGbf klg sd ;do;Ddsf nflu ;hfoF x'G5 .
ca Tof] b[Zosf] sNkgf ug{'xf]; ls olb cd]l/sfdf kbf{sf] kfngf
ul/Psf] eP / ha s'g} JolQmsf] Pp6L dlxnfdfly b[li6 k'Ubf s'g} cz'4 ljrf/
p;sf] dl:tisdf cfpg] lalQs} cfˆgf]] b[li6 tn uYof{] eg] anfTsf/sf] l:ylt
s] x'GYof] xf]nf < k|To]s dlxnf kbf{ u5{] cyf{t xTs]nf / cg'xf/ afx]s k"/} z/L/
9fS5] . olt x'Fbf xF'b} s'g} dflg; To; dlxnfsf ;fy anfTsf/ u5{ eg] p;nfO{
d[To'b08 lbOG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf s] cd]l/sfdf anfTsf/sf] b/ a9nf jf l:y/
/xnf jf 36nf < tkfO{++ o;sf] hjfkm ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg' x'g]5 .
(= O:nfdL sfg"gn] lglZrt ¿kdf anfTsf/sf] b/ 36fpg]5
:jefljs¿kdf hlxn] klg O:nfdL sfg"g nfu" ul/of] eg] o;sf]
kl/0ffd lglZrt ¿kdf ;sf/fTds x'g]5 . olb O:nfdL sfg"g ;+;f/sf] s'g}
klg efudf nfu" ul/of], rfx] cd]l/sfdf xf]; jf o"/f]kdf, ;dfhdf zflGt
cfpF5 . kbf{n] dlxnfnfO{ ckdflgt ub{}g a¿ o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ dfly p7fpF5
/ pgLx¿sf] kljqtf tyf dfg–;Ddfgsf] /Iff ub{5 .

13
#= s] O:nfd t/af/af6 km}lnPsf] xf] <
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM t/af/af6 km}lnPsf] wd{ O:nfdnfO{ zflGtsf] wd{ s;/L
eGg ;lsG5 <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M olb O:nfdnfO{ ank"j{s km}nfOPsf] lyPg eg] cfh o;nfO{
dfGg]x¿ ;+;f/e/df nfvf+}sf] ;+Vofdf x'g] lyPgg eGg] s]xL u}/–d'l:ndx¿sf]
;fdfGo lzsfot /x]sf] 5 . lgDg a+'bfx¿n] o; tYonfO{ :ki6 ul/lbG5g ls
O:nfdsf] ;Totf, bz{g / ts{ g} Tof] sf/0f xf] h;n] ubf{ of] ;+;f/el/
km}lng ;Sof] . of] ;a} t/jf/sf] e/n] ;+ej ePsf] sbflrt xf]Og .
!= O:nfdsf] cy{ zflGt xf]
æO:nfdÆ d"n zAb …;nfdÚ af6 lgl:sPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ x'G5 æzflGtÆ .
o;sf] bf]>f] cy{ cfˆgf OR5fx¿nfO{ cfˆgf kfngxf/ O{Zj/ ;dIf ;'Dkg'
xf] . ctM O:nfd zflGtsf] wd{ xf] h'g ;jf{]Rr ;|i6f O{Zj/sf] cufl8 cfˆgf
OR5fx¿nfO{ ;'Dk]kl5 k|fKt x'G5 .
@= zflGt :yfkgfdf slxn]sfxLF an k|of]u klg ul/G5
o; ;+;f/sf k|To]s dflg; zflGt Pj+ ;befjsf] kIfdf 5}gg . w]/}
dflg;x¿ cfˆgf]] t'R5 :jfy{sf nflu zflGt e+u ug{] k|of; ub{5g . zflGt
sfod /fVgsf nflu slxn]sfxLF an k|of]u ul/G5 . o;}sf/0f xfdL k|x/L
/fVb5f}+ h;n] ;dfhdf zflGt :yflkt ug{sf nflu ck/fwL / c;fdflhs
tTjx¿sf lj?4 an k|of]u ub{5g . O:nfdn] zflGtnfO{ a9fjf lbg'sf ;fy}
hxfF;'s} klg cTofrf/ / cGofo x'G5 p;n] cfˆgf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ o;sf
lj?4 ;+3if{sf nflu k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . cTofrf/lj?4sf] ;+3if{df slxn]sfxLF
an k|of]usf] cfjZostf x'g cfpF5 . O:nfddf zflGt / Gofosf] :yfkgfsf
nflu dfq ansf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= Oltxf;sf/ 8Ln];L cf] n]/L (Delacy O'Leary) sf] ljrf/
O:nfd t/jf/af6 km}lnPsf] xf] eGg] unt ljrf/sf] ;aeGbf /fd|f]

14
pQ/ k|l;4 Oltxf;sf/ 8Ln];L cf]–n]/Låf/f lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] j0f{g pgn]
cfˆgf]] k':ts Islam at the Cross road df u/]sf 5g . pgsf] syg cg';f/,
æof] eGg' ls s]xL c4{kfun d';ndfgx¿n] ljZjdf km}lnP/æof] eGg' ls s]xL c4{kfun d';ndfgx¿n] ljZjdf km}lnP/æof] eGg' ls s]xL c4{kfun d';ndfgx¿n] ljZjdf km}lnP/æof] eGg' ls s]xL c4{kfun d';ndfgx¿n] ljZjdf km}lnP/æof] eGg' ls s]xL c4{kfun d';ndfgx¿n] ljZjdf km}lnP/
t/jf/åf/f k/flht ;d'bfonfO{ d';ndfg agfP, Oltxf; o;nfO{t/jf/åf/f k/flht ;d'bfonfO{ d';ndfg agfP, Oltxf; o;nfO{t/jf/åf/f k/flht ;d'bfonfO{ d';ndfg agfP, Oltxf; o;nfO{t/jf/åf/f k/flht ;d'bfonfO{ d';ndfg agfP, Oltxf; o;nfO{t/jf/åf/f k/flht ;d'bfonfO{ d';ndfg agfP, Oltxf; o;nfO{
:ki6 ub{5 ls of] sf]/f as;fj xf] / of] tL sfNklgs syfx¿dWo]:ki6 ub{5 ls of] sf]/f as;fj xf] / of] tL sfNklgs syfx¿dWo]:ki6 ub{5 ls of] sf]/f as;fj xf] / of] tL sfNklgs syfx¿dWo]:ki6 ub{5 ls of] sf]/f as;fj xf] / of] tL sfNklgs syfx¿dWo]:ki6 ub{5 ls of] sf]/f as;fj xf] / of] tL sfNklgs syfx¿dWo]
xf] h;nfO{ Oltxf;sf/x¿n] s'g} a]nf bf]xf]¥ofPsf 5g .Æxf] h;nfO{ Oltxf;sf/x¿n] s'g} a]nf bf]xf]¥ofPsf 5g .Æxf] h;nfO{ Oltxf;sf/x¿n] s'g} a]nf bf]xf]¥ofPsf 5g .Æxf] h;nfO{ Oltxf;sf/x¿n] s'g} a]nf bf]xf]¥ofPsf 5g .Æxf] h;nfO{ Oltxf;sf/x¿n] s'g} a]nf bf]xf]¥ofPsf 5g .Æ
$= d';ndfgx¿n] :k]gdf *)) jif{ zf;g u/]
d';ndfgx¿n] :k]gdf nueu *)) jif{ zf;g u/] tfklg ToxfF
pgLx¿n] slxNo} s;}nfO{ O:nfd :jLsf/ ug{ ljjz agfPgg . kl5 O{;fO
wfld{s of]4fx¿ :k]g cfP / pgLx¿n] d';ndfgx¿nfO{ tx;gx; ul/lbP, /
ToxfF v'Nndv'Nnf chfg lbg ;Sg] cyf{t gdfhsf nflu k'sfg{ ;Sg] Pp6f
klg d';ndfg afFsL /x]g .
%= Ps s/f]8 rfnL; nfv c/a cfjfbL O{;fO{ j+zsf x'g
d';ndfgx¿ !$)) jif{;Dd c/asf zf;s /x] . s]xLjif{;Dd t
ToxfF a]nfotL zf;g /Xof] eg] s]xL jif{ k|mfG;]nLx¿n] zf;g u/] . s'n
ldnfP/ Toxf d';ndfgx¿n] !$)) jif{;Dd zf;g u/] . cfh klg ToxfF Ps
s/f]8 rfnL; nfv O{;fO c/aL j+zsf 5g . olb d';ndfgx¿n] t/jf/sf]
k|of]u u/]sf] eP ToxfF Ps hgf klg c/ad"nsf O{;fO{ afFsL x'g] lyPg .
^= ef/tdf *)Ü eGbf a9L u}/–d'l:nd
d';ndfgx¿n] ef/tdf nueu !))) jif{ zf;g u/] . olb pgLx¿n]
rfx]sf eP ef/tsf k|To]s u}/–d'l:ndnfO{ O:nfd :jLsf/ ug{ afWo kfg{ ;Sy]
lsgls o;sf nflu pgLx¿;Fu kof{Kt zlQm lyof] . cfh *)Ü eGbf a9L ef/tLox¿
u}/–d'l:nd 5g . o; tYon] ujfxL lbG5 ls O:nfd t/jf/n] km}lnPsf] xf]Og .
&= cGo b]zx¿
OG8f]g]lzof Pp6f o:tf] b]z xf] hxfF ;+;f/df ;aeGbf a9L d';ndfg

15
5g . dn]lzofdf d';ndfg ax';+Vos 5 . oxfF k|Zg p75 ls cflv/ s'g
d';ndfg ;]gf OG8f]g]lzof / dn]lzof uof] / ToxfFsf clwsf+z dflg;nfO{
O:nfd sa"n ug{ afWo kf¥of] <
To:t} clk|msfsf] k"jL{ t6df O:nfd tLj| ultdf km}lnPsf] 5 . km]l/
sf]xL of] k|Zg ug{ ;S5g ls olb O:nfd t/jf/af6 km}lnPsf] xf] eg] s'g
d';ndfg ;]gf clk|msfsf] k"jL{ t6lt/ uPsf] lyof] <
*= yf]d; sf/nfonsf] ljrf/
k|l;4 Oltxf;sf/ yf]d; sf/nfonn] cfˆgf]] k':ts Heroes and
Hero Worship df O:nfdsf] k|;f/;Fu ;DalGwt unt ljrf/tkm{ ;+s]t ub{}
eg]sf 5g, æt/jf/ ÛÛ /, o:tf] cfˆgf]] t/jf/ ltdLn] sxfF kfpF5f}+ < jf:tljstf
of] xf] ls k|To]s gofF ljrf/ cfˆgf]] k|f/lDes l:yltdf Pssf] cNk;+Vofdf
x'G5 cyf{t vfnL Pp6f JolQmsf] dl:tisdf hxfF of] clxn];Dd 5 . k"/}
;+;f/sf] Ps dfq JolQm of] ljrf/df ljZjf; ub{5 cyf{t vfnL Ps dflg;
;Dk"0f{ dflg;sf] d'sflanfdf x'G5 . Tof] JolQm t/jf/ lnG5 / pm;Fu k|rf/
ug{] k|of; ub{5 . of] p;sf nflu s]xL klg k|efjzfnL ;fljt x'Fb}g . ;+Dk"0f{
dflg;x¿lj?4 tkfO{++ cfˆgf]] t/jf/ p7fP/ x]g{'xf]; . s'g} lrh cfkm}+ km}lnG5
hlt To;n] km}lng] Ifdtf /fV5 .Æ
(= wd{df s'g} ha/h:tL x'Fb}g
s'g t/jf/n] O:nfd km}lnof] < olb of] t/jf/ d';ndfg;Fu x'GYof] eg]
klg pgLx¿ o;sf] k|of]u O:nfdsf] k|rf/sf nflu ug{ ;Sb}gy] lsgls kljq
s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5,
æ-O:nfd_ wd{df s'g} ha/h:tL 5}g . kye|i6tfaf6 dfu{bz{gæ-O:nfd_ wd{df s'g} ha/h:tL 5}g . kye|i6tfaf6 dfu{bz{gæ-O:nfd_ wd{df s'g} ha/h:tL 5}g . kye|i6tfaf6 dfu{bz{gæ-O:nfd_ wd{df s'g} ha/h:tL 5}g . kye|i6tfaf6 dfu{bz{gæ-O:nfd_ wd{df s'g} ha/h:tL 5}g . kye|i6tfaf6 dfu{bz{g
:ki6¿kdf cnu eO;s]sf] 5======== .Æ -s'/cfg @M@%^_:ki6¿kdf cnu eO;s]sf] 5======== .Æ -s'/cfg @M@%^_:ki6¿kdf cnu eO;s]sf] 5======== .Æ -s'/cfg @M@%^_:ki6¿kdf cnu eO;s]sf] 5======== .Æ -s'/cfg @M@%^_:ki6¿kdf cnu eO;s]sf] 5======== .Æ -s'/cfg @M@%^_
!)= a'l4sf] t/jf/
of] a'l4 / dl:tissf] t/jf/ xf] . of] Tof] t/jf/ xf] h;n] x[bo /
dl:tisx¿dfly ljho k|fKt ub{5 . kljq s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5,

16
æx] ;Gb]i6f Û dflg;x¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] dfu{tk{m tTjblz{tæx] ;Gb]i6f Û dflg;x¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] dfu{tk{m tTjblz{tæx] ;Gb]i6f Û dflg;x¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] dfu{tk{m tTjblz{tæx] ;Gb]i6f Û dflg;x¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] dfu{tk{m tTjblz{tæx] ;Gb]i6f Û dflg;x¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] dfu{tk{m tTjblz{tfffff Pj+Pj+Pj+Pj+Pj+
;b'kb]zsf] dfWodaf6 af]nfpm, / ltgLx¿l;t ;jf]{Qd t/Lsfn];b'kb]zsf] dfWodaf6 af]nfpm, / ltgLx¿l;t ;jf]{Qd t/Lsfn];b'kb]zsf] dfWodaf6 af]nfpm, / ltgLx¿l;t ;jf]{Qd t/Lsfn];b'kb]zsf] dfWodaf6 af]nfpm, / ltgLx¿l;t ;jf]{Qd t/Lsfn];b'kb]zsf] dfWodaf6 af]nfpm, / ltgLx¿l;t ;jf]{Qd t/Lsfn]
jfbljjfb u/ . ltd|f /a /fd|/L hfGb5g ls sf] pgsf] dfu{af6jfbljjfb u/ . ltd|f /a /fd|/L hfGb5g ls sf] pgsf] dfu{af6jfbljjfb u/ . ltd|f /a /fd|/L hfGb5g ls sf] pgsf] dfu{af6jfbljjfb u/ . ltd|f /a /fd|/L hfGb5g ls sf] pgsf] dfu{af6jfbljjfb u/ . ltd|f /a /fd|/L hfGb5g ls sf] pgsf] dfu{af6
e|i6 ePsf] 5 / sf] ;Lwf dfu{df 5 .Æ -s'/cfg !^M!@%_e|i6 ePsf] 5 / sf] ;Lwf dfu{df 5 .Æ -s'/cfg !^M!@%_e|i6 ePsf] 5 / sf] ;Lwf dfu{df 5 .Æ -s'/cfg !^M!@%_e|i6 ePsf] 5 / sf] ;Lwf dfu{df 5 .Æ -s'/cfg !^M!@%_e|i6 ePsf] 5 / sf] ;Lwf dfu{df 5 .Æ -s'/cfg !^M!@%_
!!= ;+;f/df wd{sf] j[l4 tyf o"/f]k / cd]l/sf
/L8;{ 8fOh]i6sf] Pp6f n]v cnd]g]s, jflif{s k':ts !(*^ O{= df
;+;f/sf ;a} 7"nf wd{df ;g !(#$ b]lv ;g !(*$;Ddsf] s/La %) jif{sf]
cjlwdf ePsf] j[l4sf] k|ltztnfO{ cf+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . of] n]v Plain
Truth gfds klqsfdf klg k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] h;df O:nfdnfO{ ;j{>]i7
:yfg lbOPsf] lyof] . pQm n]v cg';f/ O:nfdsf] j[l4 @#%Ü lyof] eg]
O{;fO{sf] j[l4 $&Ü dfq lyof] . oxfF k|Zg p75 ls o; ztfAbLdf s'g o'4
eof] h;n] nfvf}+ dflg;x¿sf] wd{ kl/jt{g u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ O:nfddf k|j]z
u/fof] <
cfh cd]l/sfdf ;aeGbf tLj| ultdf km}ln/x]sf] wd{ O:nfd xf] /
o"/f]kdf klg oxL wd{ ;aeGbf b'|t ultdf km}ln/x]sf]5 . s'g t/jf/n] klZrdnfO{
olt 7"nf] ;+Vofdf O:nfd :jLsf/ ug{ afWo kfl//x]sf] 5 <

17
$= d';ndfgx¿ ?l9jfbL / cft+sjfbL
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM w]/} h;f] d';ndfgx¿ ?l9jfbL / cft+sjfbL lsg x'G5g <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M wd{ jf ljZj /fhgLlt;Fu ;+alGwt rrf{x¿df of] k|Zg k|ToIf
jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf d';ndfgx¿ tkm{ t]:of{OG5 . ;+rf/sf s'g} klg ;fwgdf
d';ndfgx¿nfO{ ;xL dflg+b}g / O:nfd tyf d'ndfgx¿sf] ;DaGwdf Hofb}
7"nf] e|d km}nfpg] ul/G5 / pgLx¿nfO{ s§/jfbLsf] ¿kdf b]vfOG5 . jf:tjdf
o:tf unt hfgsf/Lx¿ / em"7f k|rf/ k|foMh;f] d';ndfgx¿lj?4 lx+;f /
kIfkftsf] sf/0f aGb5g . o;sf] ;aeGbf :ki6 pbf/x/0f cd]l/sL ;+rf/
dfWodx¿åf/f d';ndfglj?4 rnfOg] u/]sf] cleofg xf] h'g cf]snfxf]df
ad ljikmf]6kl5 rnfOPsf] xf] . k|];n] t'?Gt of] 3f]if0ff ul/lbof] ls o;
ljikmf]6sf] k5fl8 dWok"jL{ if8oGqn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . kl5 uP/ cd]l/sL
;]gfsf] Pp6f hjfg of] sf08df bf]ifL kfOof] .
ca xfdL d';ndfgx¿ ?l9jfbL / cft+sjfbL x'g] cf/f]kx¿ dfly
ljdz{ u5f}{+M–
!= ?l9jfbLsf] kl/efiff
s'g} cf:yf jf l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{} To;sf] df}lns lzIffx¿sf]
kfngf ul//x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ?l9jfbL JolQm elgG5 . /fd|f] 8fS6/ aGg
rfxg] Pp6f JolQmn] lrlsT;f;DalGw df}lns lgodx¿nfO{ hfGg', To;sf]
cg';/0f ug{' / To;sf] cEof; ug{' h?/L 5 . csf{] zAbdf eGg' kbf{ /fd|f]
8fS6/ aGg rfxg] JolQmn] lrlsT;f If]qdf ?l9jfbL x'g'kb{5 . To:t} s'g}
JolQm /fd|f] ul0ft1 aGg ul0ftsf d"n lgodx¿ hfGg', ltgLx¿sf] cg';/0f
ug{' / cEof; ug{' h?/L 5 . To; b[li6sf]0fdf p;n] ul0ftsf] If]qdf
?l9jfbL x'g'kb{5 . o;}ul/ olb s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fd|f] j}1flgs aGg' 5 eg]
p;n] lj1fgsf df}lns l;4fGtx¿nfO{ hfGg', ltgLx¿sf] kfngf ug{' /
ltgLx¿sf] cEof; ug{' cfjZos 5 cyf{t p;n] lj1fgsf] If]qdf ?l9jfbL
x'g'kb{5 .

18
@= ?l9jfbL zAbsf] cy{
j]a:6;{ (Webster's) zAbsf]ifsf cg';f/ …?l9jfbLÚ Pp6f cfGbf]ng
lyof] h'g aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf cd]l/sL k|f]6]:6]G6;åf/f rnfOPsf] lyof] .
of] cfGbf]ng cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k|ltlqmofsf ¿kdf p7]sf] lyof] h;n] s]jn
cf:yf / g}ltstfsf] dfq geP/ zAbzM P]ltxfl;s tYosf] ¿kdf afOjnsf]
¿kdf ;Totfdfly hf]8 lbGYof] . afOan O{Zj/sf] zAb xf] eGg] s'/fdf
ljZjf; ug{ To;n] hf]8 lbGYof] . o;k|sf/ ?l9jfbL zAb O{;fO{sf] To;
;d"xsf nflu k|of]u ul/GYof] h;sf] ljZjf; afOan s'g} ;Gb]z Pj+ bf]if
ljgfsf] O{Zj/Lo zAb xf] eGg]df lyof] . To:t} cS;kmf]8{ zAbsf]if cg';f/
?l9jfbLsf] cy{ æs'g} klg wd{Ù ljz]iftM O:nfdsf] d"n l;4fGtx¿sf] kfng
ug{'Æ x'G5 . cfhef]ln ha s'g} JolQm s'g} klg ;dodf ?l9jfbL zAbsf]
k|of]u ub{5 eg] p;sf] dl:tisdf t'?Gt Ps cft+sjfbL d';ndfgsf] ljrf/
cfpF5 .
#= ;a} ?l9jfbL Ps} k|sf/sf x'Fb}gg
sf]xL klg Pp6} j|;af6 ;a} ?l9jfbLx¿nfO{ /+ufpg ;Sb}g . ;a}
?l9jfbLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] jf g/fd|f]sf] Pp6} bhf{df /fVg ;ls+b}g . s'g} klg
?l9jfbLsf] bhf{ p;sf] sfo{If]q / p;sf] ultljlwdf lge{/ ub{5 . Pp6f
?l9jfbL 8fs' cyjf rf]/ ;dfhsf] nflu xflgsf/s x'G5, To;}n] pm dg gkg{]
x'G5 . csf{]lt/ Pp6f ?l9jfbL 8fS6/n], ;dfhnfO{ nfe k'¥ofpF5 . To;}n] pm
;a}nfO{ dg kg{] x'G5 / p;n] w]/} cfb/ klg kfpF5 .
$= d';ndfg ?l9jfbL x'g' uj{sf] s'/f xf]
d Pp6f ?l9jfbL d';ndfg x'F / cNnfxsf] s[kfaf6 O:nfdsf df}lns
l;4fGt / lgodx¿;Fu kl/lrt 5' clg To;sf] kfngfsf] k|of; ub{5' . Ps
;Rrf d';ndfg x'g'df uj{ 5 lsgls d hfGb5' sL O:nfdsf df}lns l;4fGt
/ lgod ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhflt / ;f/f ;+;f/sf nflu nfebfos 5 . O:nfdsf]
s'g} klg df}lns l;4fGt o:tf] 5}g h'g dfgjhfltsf nflu xflgsf/s x'g
;S5 . w]/} dflg;x¿ O:nfdsf] ;DaGwdf unt ljrf/ /fVb5g / O:nfdsf

19
cg]s lzIffx¿nfO{ cg'lrt dfGb5g . o;sf] sf/0f O:nfdsf] ckof{Kt tyf
unt hfgsf/L xf] . olb sf]xL v'Nnf dl:tisn] O:nfdsf lzIffx¿sf]
cfnf]rgfTds ljj/0f lnG5 eg] p;n] o; tYonfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g ls
O:nfd JolQmut / ;fd"lxs b'a} :t/x¿df nfe g} nfen] dfq el/Psf] 5 .
%= Pp6f JolQmnfO{ Ps} sfo{sf nflu b'O{ leGg pkflwx¿
……………cft+sjfbLÚÚÚÚÚ / ……………/fi6«jfbLÚÚÚÚÚ
ef/tsf] a]nfotL zf;gaf6 :jtGqtfk"j{ clx+;fsf kIfdf gePsf
s]xL qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ a]nfotL ;/sf/n] cft+sjfbL eGof] . ltg} JolQmx¿nfO{
ef/tLox¿n] k|z+;f u/] / pgLx¿nfO{ æb]zeQmÆ eg] . o;k|sf/ Pp6f
JolQmnfO{ Pp6} sfdsf nflu b'O{j6f km/s km/s pkfwL lbOof] . Pp6fn]
p;nfO{ b]zeQm elg/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{]n] cft+jfbL . tL dflg;x¿ h;n]
ef/tdf a]nfotL zf;gnfO{ plrt dfg], pgLx¿n] tL qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{
cft+sjfbL eg] hals csf{] hf] a]nfotLx¿n] ef/tdf zf;g ug{] s'g} clwsf/
gePsf] ;lDemGy] tL dflg;x¿n] qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ b]zeQm Pj+ :jtGqtf
;]gfgLsf] gfd lbP . To;}n] Pp6f JolQmsf] af/]df km};nf ug{'eGbf klxn]
p;sf] k"/} s'/f ;'Gg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To:t} b'a} kIfsf] ts{ ;'Gg',
l:yltsf] ljj/0f lng', sf/0f / p2]Zok|lt ljrf/ ug{' kb{5 . clg dfq To;
JolQmsf] af/]df plrt km};nf ug{'kb{5 .

20
%= hgfj/nfO{ aw ug{] t/Lsf
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM d';ndfgx¿n] hgfj/x¿nfO{ lgb{otf ;fy si6 lbP/ lsg aw
u5{g <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M hgfj/x¿nfO{ aw ug{] O:nfdL t/Lsfk|lt w]/} dflg;x¿n]
cfklQ hgfP . o; ;DaGwdf xfdL s]xL a'+bfx¿df ljrf/ ub{5f}+ h;af6 of]
tYo k|dfl0ft x'G5 ls aw ug{] O:nfdL t/Lsf dfgjLo dfq geP/ j}1flgs
b[li6af6 klg pQd 5 .
hgfj/nfO{ aw ug{] sfo{sf nflu c/aL zAb …hSs}t'dÚ k|o'Qm ul/G5 .
h'g lqmofkbaf6 of] zAb ag]sf] 5 To;sf] cy{ ækljq ug{'Æ / æz'4 ug{'Æ
x'G5 .
O:nfdL t/Lsf cg';f/ hgfj/nfO{ aw ubf{ wfl/nf] 5'/L jf xltof/sf]
k|of]u ug{'kb{5 tfls To;af6 hgfj/nfO{ sdeGbf sd kL8f xf]; . hgfj/nfO{
unflt/af6 sf6g' kb{5 tfls 3fF6Lsf] /Qm gnL sfl6of]; / 3fF6Lsf] dflykl§sf]
d]¿b08;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] x88L gsfl6of]; . 6fpsf]nfO{ 5'6ofpg'eGbf cl3
/utnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] aflx/ aUg lbg'kb{5 lsgls /utdf hLjf0f' x'G5g . olb
d]¿b08sf] x88Llt/sf] efunfO{ hgfj/ dg{'k"j{ sfl6of] eg] z/L/af6 ;Dk"0f{
/ut lgl:sg'eGbf cl3 g} hgfj/ db{5 / /ut To;sf] df;'df hD5 / df;'
xflgsf/s aGb5 .
/utdf sL6f0f', hLjf0f', ljiff0f' cflb kfOG5g h'g cg]sf}+ /f]usf sf/0f
aGb5g . o;sf/0f O:nfdL t/Lsfn] hgfj/ aw ugf{n] o:tf xflgsf/s
sL6f0f'x¿ /ut ;Fu ;Fu} au]/ z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5g / df;' nfebfos
:j:Yos/ x'g'sf ;fy} w]/} ;do;Dd tfhf /xG5 . 3fF6Lsf] gnL rfF8} sf6gfn]
kL8fsf] ;|f]t dl:tislt/ /Qm axfa /f]lsG5 / hgfj/n] kL8fsf] cg'ej
ub{}g . dg{] ;dodf hgfj/ ;+3if{ ub{5, s/fpF5 / v'§f rnfpF5 h'g kL8fsf
sf/0fn] geP/ /ut aUgfn] df+;k]zL v'Drg' / km}ng'n] ePsf] xf] .

21
^= df+;fxf/L vfgf
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM hgfj/x¿sf] xTof Ps lgb{otfk"0f{ sfo{ xf] tfklg d';ndfgx¿
lsg df;' vfG5g <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M zfsfxf/n] ca ;+;f/ el/df Pp6f cfGbf]ngsf] ¿k lnO{ ;s]sf]
5 . w]/} h;f]n] t o;nfO{ hgfj/sf] clwsf/;Fu hf]8b5g . lgZro g}
dflg;x¿sf] Pp6f 7"nf] hdft zfsfxf/L 5 / df;' vfg] cGo dflg;x¿n]
hgfj/x¿sf] clwsf/ xgg u/]sf] dfGb5g . O:nfd k|To]s k|f0fLk|lt :g]x /
bofsf] lgb{]zg lbG5 . o;sf ;fy} O{Zj/n] k[YjL, af]6–lj?jf / ;fgf 7"nf
x/]s k|sf/sf hLj–hGt'x¿ dflg; s} nfesf nflu k}bf u/]sf x'g eGg]
s'/fdf ;d]t hf]8 lbG5 . ca of] dflg;df g} lge{/ ub{5 ls p;n] O{Zj/n]
lbPsf pkxf/ / gf;f]sf ¿kdf /x]sf k|To]s ;|f]t jf lrhsf] s;/L plrt
¿kdf k|of]u ub{5 . cfpg'xf];, ca xfdL lgDg s'/fx¿df ljrf/ u/f}+M–
!= s'/cfgdf df+;fxf/sf] cg'dlt
Pp6f d';ndfg k"0f{ zfsfxf/L x'g'sf ;fy} Pp6f /fd|f] d';ndfg x'g
;Sb5 . df+;fxf/L x'g' Pp6f d';ndfgsf nflu h?/L 5}g . t/ kljq s'/cfg
d';ndfgnfO{ df+;fxf/L x'g] cg'dlt lbG5 . lgDg s'/cfgL cfot -Znf]s_ x¿
o; s'/fsf k|df0f x'g .
æææææx] O{dfgjfnfx¿ xf] Û cfˆgf jfrfaGwgx¿sf] kfng u/ .x] O{dfgjfnfx¿ xf] Û cfˆgf jfrfaGwgx¿sf] kfng u/ .x] O{dfgjfnfx¿ xf] Û cfˆgf jfrfaGwgx¿sf] kfng u/ .x] O{dfgjfnfx¿ xf] Û cfˆgf jfrfaGwgx¿sf] kfng u/ .x] O{dfgjfnfx¿ xf] Û cfˆgf jfrfaGwgx¿sf] kfng u/ .
ltdLx¿sfnflu rf}kfof hgfj/x¿ j}w ul/Psf 5g l;jfo tLltdLx¿sfnflu rf}kfof hgfj/x¿ j}w ul/Psf 5g l;jfo tLltdLx¿sfnflu rf}kfof hgfj/x¿ j}w ul/Psf 5g l;jfo tLltdLx¿sfnflu rf}kfof hgfj/x¿ j}w ul/Psf 5g l;jfo tLltdLx¿sfnflu rf}kfof hgfj/x¿ j}w ul/Psf 5g l;jfo tL
hgfj/x¿sf] h'g ltdLx¿nfO{ atfOg]5==== .hgfj/x¿sf] h'g ltdLx¿nfO{ atfOg]5==== .hgfj/x¿sf] h'g ltdLx¿nfO{ atfOg]5==== .hgfj/x¿sf] h'g ltdLx¿nfO{ atfOg]5==== .hgfj/x¿sf] h'g ltdLx¿nfO{ atfOg]5==== .Æ -s'/cfg %M!_Æ -s'/cfg %M!_Æ -s'/cfg %M!_Æ -s'/cfg %M!_Æ -s'/cfg %M!_
æææææ/, hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg pgn] g} ;[li6 u/] h;af6 ltdLx¿/, hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg pgn] g} ;[li6 u/] h;af6 ltdLx¿/, hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg pgn] g} ;[li6 u/] h;af6 ltdLx¿/, hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg pgn] g} ;[li6 u/] h;af6 ltdLx¿/, hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg pgn] g} ;[li6 u/] h;af6 ltdLx¿
Gofgf] j:q tyf cGo kmfObf p7fpF5f} / tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ vfg]Gofgf] j:q tyf cGo kmfObf p7fpF5f} / tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ vfg]Gofgf] j:q tyf cGo kmfObf p7fpF5f} / tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ vfg]Gofgf] j:q tyf cGo kmfObf p7fpF5f} / tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ vfg]Gofgf] j:q tyf cGo kmfObf p7fpF5f} / tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ vfg]
klg u5f}{ .klg u5f}{ .klg u5f}{ .klg u5f}{ .klg u5f}{ .Æ -s'/cfg !^M%_Æ -s'/cfg !^M%_Æ -s'/cfg !^M%_Æ -s'/cfg !^M%_Æ -s'/cfg !^M%_
æææææ/, hgfj/x¿df klg ltdLx¿sfnflu 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 ./, hgfj/x¿df klg ltdLx¿sfnflu 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 ./, hgfj/x¿df klg ltdLx¿sfnflu 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 ./, hgfj/x¿df klg ltdLx¿sfnflu 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 ./, hgfj/x¿df klg ltdLx¿sfnflu 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 .
ltgsf k]6df /x]sf kbfy{af6 lkpg] b"w k|bfg u5f}{+ / ltgdfltgsf k]6df /x]sf kbfy{af6 lkpg] b"w k|bfg u5f}{+ / ltgdfltgsf k]6df /x]sf kbfy{af6 lkpg] b"w k|bfg u5f}{+ / ltgdfltgsf k]6df /x]sf kbfy{af6 lkpg] b"w k|bfg u5f}{+ / ltgdfltgsf k]6df /x]sf kbfy{af6 lkpg] b"w k|bfg u5f}{+ / ltgdf
ltdLx¿sfnflu cGo w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g . /, ltgLx¿dWo]ltdLx¿sfnflu cGo w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g . /, ltgLx¿dWo]ltdLx¿sfnflu cGo w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g . /, ltgLx¿dWo]ltdLx¿sfnflu cGo w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g . /, ltgLx¿dWo]ltdLx¿sfnflu cGo w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g . /, ltgLx¿dWo]
s]xLnfO{ -ltdL_ vfG5f} klg .s]xLnfO{ -ltdL_ vfG5f} klg .s]xLnfO{ -ltdL_ vfG5f} klg .s]xLnfO{ -ltdL_ vfG5f} klg .s]xLnfO{ -ltdL_ vfG5f} klg .Æ -s'/cfg, @#M@!_Æ -s'/cfg, @#M@!_Æ -s'/cfg, @#M@!_Æ -s'/cfg, @#M@!_Æ -s'/cfg, @#M@!_

22
@= df;' kf}li6s cfxf/
df+;fxf/L vfgf kof{Kt pQd k|f]l6gsf] Pp6f /fd|f] ;|f]t xf] . o;df
cf7 j6} cfjZos cdLgf] Pl;8 kfOG5g h'g z/L/leq aGb}gg / kf]if0ftTjåf/f
g} o;sf] k"lt{ ug{'kb{5 . df;'df kmnfd, le6fldg aL–! / lgofl;g klg
kfOG5 . o;/L df;'df cg]sf}+ k|sf/sf kf}li6stTj kfOg] ePsf]n] of] z/L/sf
nflu cToGt h?/L 5 .
#= dflg;sf] bfFtdf x'g] Ifdtf / kfrg zlQm
olb tkfO{++n] e]8f, afv|f, ufO{ h:tf 3fF; vfg] hgfj/x¿sf] bfFt x]g{'
eof] eg] tkfO{++ oL ;a}df ;dfgtf kfpg' x'G5 . oL ;a} hgfjx¿sf] r]K6f
bfFt x'G5g h'g 3fF; vfgsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5g . olb tkfO{++n] l;+x, af3,
lrt'jf cflb h:tf df+zfxf/L hgfj/x¿sf bfFt x]g{'eof] eg] ltgLx¿df
r'Rr]bf/ bfFt klg kfpg' x'G5 h;n] df;' vfg d2t ub{5g . olb dflg;x¿sf]
bfFtsf] cWoog ul/of] eg] tkfO{+ pgLx¿sf bfFt r]K6f] / r'Rrf] b'a} k|sf/sf
ePsf] kfpg' x'G5 . o;k|sf/ dflg; jg:klt / df;' b'a} vfg ;Ifd 5g . ca
k|Zg p7g ;S5 ls olb ;j{zlQmdfg k/d]Zj/n] dflg;nfO{ 3fF; jf t/sf/L
dfq v'jfpg rfxG5g eg] p;nfO{ r'Rrf] bfFt lsg lbG5g < of] o; s'/fsf]
k|df0f xf] ls pgn] xfdLnfO{ df;' Pj+ t/sf/L b'a} vfg] cg'dlt lbPsf 5g .
To:t} zfsfxf/L hgfj/x¿sf] kfrg k|0ffnLn] 3fF; jf t/sf/L dfq
krfpg ;Sb5 eg] df+;fxf/L hgfj/sf] kfrg k|0ffnLn] df;' dfq krfpg]
Ifdtf /fVb5 . t/ dflg;sf] kfrgk|0ffnLn] t/sf/L / df;' b'a} krfpg ;Sb5 .
olb ;j{zlQmdfg k/d]Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ t/sf/L dfq v'jfpg rfxG5g eg] pgn]
xfdLnfO{ df;' / t/sf/L krfpg ;Sg] kfrg zlQm lsg lbPsf 5g <
$= lxGb" wd{u|Gydf df+;fxf/sf] cg'dlt
w]/} lxGb"x¿ z'4 zfsfxf/L 5g . pgLx¿sf ljrf/ cg';f/ df;' vfg'
wd{lj?4 xf] . t/ jf:tljs ;To of] xf] ls lxGb" wd{u|Gyn] dflg;nfO{ df;'
vfg] cg'dlt lbG5 . u|Gyx¿df tL ;fw' / ;Gtx¿sf] j0f{g ePsf] 5 hf] df;'
vfg] uy{] .

23
s_ lxGb" ljwLzf:q dg':d[ltsf] cWofo % ;"q #) df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5M–
æpgLx¿ h;n] ltgsf df;' vfG5g– h'g vfgof]Uo 5g .æpgLx¿ h;n] ltgsf df;' vfG5g– h'g vfgof]Uo 5g .æpgLx¿ h;n] ltgsf df;' vfG5g– h'g vfgof]Uo 5g .æpgLx¿ h;n] ltgsf df;' vfG5g– h'g vfgof]Uo 5g .æpgLx¿ h;n] ltgsf df;' vfG5g– h'g vfgof]Uo 5g .
ltgLx¿ s'g} ck/fw ub{}ggÙ a? pgLx¿ k|ltlbg o;f] ub{5gltgLx¿ s'g} ck/fw ub{}ggÙ a? pgLx¿ k|ltlbg o;f] ub{5gltgLx¿ s'g} ck/fw ub{}ggÙ a? pgLx¿ k|ltlbg o;f] ub{5gltgLx¿ s'g} ck/fw ub{}ggÙ a? pgLx¿ k|ltlbg o;f] ub{5gltgLx¿ s'g} ck/fw ub{}ggÙ a? pgLx¿ k|ltlbg o;f] ub{5g
lsgls :jo+ O{Zj/n] g} s]xLnfO{ vfg] / s]xLnfO{ vfOg] j:t'sf]lsgls :jo+ O{Zj/n] g} s]xLnfO{ vfg] / s]xLnfO{ vfOg] j:t'sf]lsgls :jo+ O{Zj/n] g} s]xLnfO{ vfg] / s]xLnfO{ vfOg] j:t'sf]lsgls :jo+ O{Zj/n] g} s]xLnfO{ vfg] / s]xLnfO{ vfOg] j:t'sf]lsgls :jo+ O{Zj/n] g} s]xLnfO{ vfg] / s]xLnfO{ vfOg] j:t'sf]
¿kdf k}bf u/]sf x'g .Æ¿kdf k}bf u/]sf x'g .Æ¿kdf k}bf u/]sf x'g .Æ¿kdf k}bf u/]sf x'g .Æ¿kdf k}bf u/]sf x'g .Æ
v_ dg':d[ltdf ;f]xL cWofosf] ;"q #! df cfPsf] 5M–
ædf;' vfg' alnbfgsf nflu plrt 5 o;nfO{ b]jLk|yf cg';f/ædf;' vfg' alnbfgsf nflu plrt 5 o;nfO{ b]jLk|yf cg';f/ædf;' vfg' alnbfgsf nflu plrt 5 o;nfO{ b]jLk|yf cg';f/ædf;' vfg' alnbfgsf nflu plrt 5 o;nfO{ b]jLk|yf cg';f/ædf;' vfg' alnbfgsf nflu plrt 5 o;nfO{ b]jLk|yf cg';f/
b]jtfx¿sf] lgod elgG5 .Æb]jtfx¿sf] lgod elgG5 .Æb]jtfx¿sf] lgod elgG5 .Æb]jtfx¿sf] lgod elgG5 .Æb]jtfx¿sf] lgod elgG5 .Æ
u_ To:t} ;f]xL cWofosf] ;"q #( / $) df elgPsf] 5M–
æ:jo+ O{Zj/n] alnsf hgfj/x¿nfO{ alnsf nflu k}bf u/] .æ:jo+ O{Zj/n] alnsf hgfj/x¿nfO{ alnsf nflu k}bf u/] .æ:jo+ O{Zj/n] alnsf hgfj/x¿nfO{ alnsf nflu k}bf u/] .æ:jo+ O{Zj/n] alnsf hgfj/x¿nfO{ alnsf nflu k}bf u/] .æ:jo+ O{Zj/n] alnsf hgfj/x¿nfO{ alnsf nflu k}bf u/] .
ctM alnsf] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf] aw xTof xf]Og .ÆctM alnsf] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf] aw xTof xf]Og .ÆctM alnsf] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf] aw xTof xf]Og .ÆctM alnsf] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf] aw xTof xf]Og .ÆctM alnsf] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf] aw xTof xf]Og .Æ
dxfe/t cg'zf;g kj{ cWofo ** df wd{/fh o'lwli7/ / lktfdx
leidaLr ePsf] jftf{nfksf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;df s'g vfgf k"j{hx¿nfO{
zflGt k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] pgLx¿sf >f4sf] ;dodf bfg ug{'kb{5 eGg] s'/f
pNn]v 5 . o;sf] k|;Fu o;k|sf/ 5M–
o'lwli7/n] eg], æx] dxfanL . dnfO{ atfpg'xf]; ls s'g rflxF j:t' xf]
h;nfO{ d[t k"j{hx¿nfO{ e]6 r9fOPdf pgLx¿nfO{ zflGt k|fKt x'G5 < s'g
rflx xAo ;w}+ /xG5 < Tof] s] xf] h;nfO{ olb k|:t't ul/of] eg] cgGt
sfn;Dd x'G5 <Æ
leidn] eg], æP o'lwli7/ Û s'/f ;'g ls Tof] s'g xlj xf] h'g >f4
/Lltsf] dWodf bfg ug{' plrt x'G5 < /, Tof] s'g kmn xf] h'g k|To]s;Fu
hf]l8Psf] 5 < >f4sf] ;do l;;f}+sf] aLp, rfdn, afh/f, df;, kfgL, h/f /
kmn bfg ul/of] eg] k"j{hx¿nfO{ Ps dlxgf;Dd zflGt x'G5 . olb df5f k]z
ul/of] eg] t pgLx¿nfO{ b'O{ dlxgf;Dd /fxt lbG5 . e]8fsf] df;'n] tLg
dlxgf;Dd pgLx¿nfO{ zflGt lbG5 . To:t} v/fof]sf] df;'n] rf/ dlxgf;Dd,
v;Lsf] df;'n] kfFr dlxgf, ;F'u'/sf] df;'n] 5 dlxgf;Dd, r/fx¿sf] df;'n]
;ft dlxgf;Dd, …lk|i6fÚ gfds xl/0fsf] df;'n] cf7 dlxgf;Dd / …¿¿Ú
gfds xl/0fsf] df;'n] pgLx¿ gf} dlxgf;Dd zflGtdf /xg ;Sb5g . ufefof

24
(Gavaya) sf] df;'af6 bz dlxgf;Dd, e};L+sf] df;'af6 P3f/ dlxgf;Dd /
ufO{sf] df;'af6 k"/f Ps jif{;Dd k"j{hx¿nfO{ zflGt k|fKt x'G5 . olb l3p
ld;fP/ kfo; -vL/_ bfg lbOof] eg] of] k"j{hx¿sf nflu ufO{sf] df;';/x
x'G5 . aw/Lgf;f -Pp6f 7"nf] uf]?_ sf] df;'af6 afx| jif{;Dd / u}+8fsf] df;'
olb rGb|dfsf cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] d[To'jif{df bfg ul/of] eg] o;n] pgLx¿nfO{
;wF} g} ;'v zflGtdf /fVb5 . Snf:sf gfds hl8a'6L, s~rgf km"nsf kftx¿
/ /ftf] afv|fsf] df;' bfg lbOof] eg] Tof] klg cgGt ;'vbfoL x'G5 . To;sf/0f
of] :jefljs xf] ls olb ltdL cfˆgf k"j{hx¿nfO{ cgGt ;'v–zflGt lbg
rfxG5f}+ eg] ltdLn] /ftf] afv|fsf] df;' bfg lbg' k5{ .Æ
lxGb" wd{u|Gyn] df+;fxf/sf] cg'dlt lbPsf] eP klg h}g h:tf wd{x¿af6
k|efljt eP/ w]/} lxGb"x¿n] zfsfxf/L ef]hg Joj:yf ckgfP .
%= ?v la¿jfdf klg hLjg
s]xL wd{x¿n] z'4 zfsfxf/nfO{ ckgfP lsgls tL wdf{jnDaLx¿
k"0f{¿kn] hLj xTofsf lj?4df 5g . olb sf]xL hLj–xTof ljgf hLljt /xg
;Sb5 eg] hLjgsf] of] dfu{ ckgfpg]df d klxnf] JolQm x'g]5' . klxn]sf
dflg;x¿ af]6 la?jfdf hLjg x'Fb}g eGg] ljrf/ /fVby] . af]6 la?jfdf klg
hLjg x'G5 eGg] s'/f cfh Pp6f ljZjJofkL ;To eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] hLj–
xTof ;DaGwdf pgLx¿sf] ts{ z'4 zfsfxf/L eP/ klg k"/f x'g ;Sb}g .
z'4 zfsfxf/L eGg]x¿ la?jfx¿n] kL8f dx;'; gug{] ePsfn] la?jfx¿
dfg{' hgfj/x¿nfO{ dfg{'sf] t'ngfdf sd ck/fw xf] eGg] ts{ klg lbG5g .
cfh lj1fgn] eG5 ls la?jfn] klg kL8fsf] cg'ej ub{5 t/ pgLx¿sf]
cfjfh dflg;åf/f ;'Gg ;ls+b}g . o;sf] sf/0f la?jfsf] cfjfh dflg;sf]
;'Gg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ;LdfeGbf aflx/ x'g' xf] . :j:y >j0fzlQm ePsf] dflg;n]
@) x6{hb]lv @),))) x6{heGbf sd jf a9L x'g] s'g} klg j:t'sf] cfjfh
;'Gg ;Sb}g . Pp6f s's'/df o:tf] Ifdtf $),))) x6{h;Dd ;'Gg ;Sg]
x'G5 . To;} u/L Pp6f r'krfk /x]sf] s's'/sf] Wjlgsf] nx/ @),))) b]lv
$),))) x6{h;Dd x'G5 . oL Wjlgx¿nfO{ s's'/n] dfq ;'Gg ;Sb5, dflg;n]
;Sb}g .

25
cd]l/sfsf] Pp6f ls;fgn] Pp6f d]lzgsf] cfljisf/ u/]sf] 5 h;n]
la?jfsf] :j/nfO{ pRr cfjfhdf kl/jlt{t ub{5 h;nfO{ dflg;n] ;'Gg
;Sb5 . h'g a]nf la?jf kfgLsfnflu s/fpF5 Tof] ls;fgnfO{ o;sf] t'?Gt
1fg x'G5 . jt{dfg cWoogaf6 of] tYo phfu/ x'G5 ls la?jf klg kL8f,
b'Mv / ;'vsf] cg'ej ub{5 / Tof] s/fpF5 klg
^= b'O{ OlGb|oaf6 jl~rt k|f0fLsf] xTof sd ck/fw xf]Og
Ps k6s Pp6f zfsfxf/Ln] cfˆgf]] kIfdf ts{ lbof] ls la?jfdf b'O{
cyjf tLg OlGb|ox¿ x'G5g / hgfj/df kfFr OlGb|ox¿ x'G5g . To;}n]
la?jfsf] xTof hgfj/sf] xTofsf] t'ngfdf ;fgf] ck/fw xf] . sNkgf ug{'xf];
ls olb s'g} JolQm hGdFb} nf6f] / alx/f] 5 h;n] ubf{ csf{] JolQmsf] t'ngfdf
p;sf b'O{ OlGb|o sd x'G5g . pm hjfg ePkl5 s;}n] p;sf] xTof ub{5 eg]
s] tkfO{+ b'O{ OlGb|o sd ePsf] JolQm df/]sfn] bf]ifLnfO{ sd b08 lbg
GofowLznfO{ eGg'x'G5 < jf:tjdf To; ck/fwLn] Ps lgbf{]ifsf] xTof u¥of] .
To;}n] p;nfO{ s8feGbf s8f ;hfoF lbgnflu GofowLznfO{ clkn ug{'kb{5 .
kljq s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5,
æx] dfgj Û wtL{df /x]sf j}w -xÞnfn_ Pj+ kljq j:t'x¿dWo]af6æx] dfgj Û wtL{df /x]sf j}w -xÞnfn_ Pj+ kljq j:t'x¿dWo]af6æx] dfgj Û wtL{df /x]sf j}w -xÞnfn_ Pj+ kljq j:t'x¿dWo]af6æx] dfgj Û wtL{df /x]sf j}w -xÞnfn_ Pj+ kljq j:t'x¿dWo]af6æx] dfgj Û wtL{df /x]sf j}w -xÞnfn_ Pj+ kljq j:t'x¿dWo]af6
vfpm ============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!^*_vfpm ============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!^*_vfpm ============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!^*_vfpm ============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!^*_vfpm ============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!^*_
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM dflg; h] vfG5 To;sf] k|efj dflg;sf] Jojxf/df kb{5 eGg]
s'/f lj1fgaf6 yfxf eO;s]sf] 5 . km]l/ lsg O:nfdn] d';ndfgx¿nfO{
df+;fxf/L ef]hg vfg cg'dlt lbG5 < s] hgfj/sf] df;' vfgfn] dflg;
lx+;|s / lgb{oL aGg ;Sb}g <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M dflg; h] vfG5 To;sf] k|efj dflg;sf] Jojxf/df kb{5 eGg]
s'/f ;xL xf] . of] klg Pp6f sf/0f xf] h;n] ubf{ O:nfdn] l;+x, jf3, lrt'jf
h:tf df+zfxf/L hgfj/sf] df;' vfg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . o:tf hgfj/x¿sf]
df;'sf] ;]jgn] JolQmnfO{ lx+;|s / lgb{oL agfpg ;Sb5 . O:nfd e}+;L,
afv|f, e]8f cflbh:tf zfsfxf/L, zflGtlk|o / l;wf;fwf hgfj/x¿sf] dfq
df;' vfg cg'dlt lbG5 .

26
kljq s'/cfgdf elgPsf]5,
æhf] pDdL O{zb"t -d'xÞDdb_ sf] cg';/0f u5{gÙ h;sf u'0fx¿æhf] pDdL O{zb"t -d'xÞDdb_ sf] cg';/0f u5{gÙ h;sf u'0fx¿æhf] pDdL O{zb"t -d'xÞDdb_ sf] cg';/0f u5{gÙ h;sf u'0fx¿æhf] pDdL O{zb"t -d'xÞDdb_ sf] cg';/0f u5{gÙ h;sf u'0fx¿æhf] pDdL O{zb"t -d'xÞDdb_ sf] cg';/0f u5{gÙ h;sf u'0fx¿
ltgLx¿;Fu /x]sf] tf}/ft tyf OGhLndf pNn]lvt 5gÙ h;n]ltgLx¿;Fu /x]sf] tf}/ft tyf OGhLndf pNn]lvt 5gÙ h;n]ltgLx¿;Fu /x]sf] tf}/ft tyf OGhLndf pNn]lvt 5gÙ h;n]ltgLx¿;Fu /x]sf] tf}/ft tyf OGhLndf pNn]lvt 5gÙ h;n]ltgLx¿;Fu /x]sf] tf}/ft tyf OGhLndf pNn]lvt 5gÙ h;n]
ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Tsd{sf] cfb]z lbG5g / s'sd{af6 /f]S5g /ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Tsd{sf] cfb]z lbG5g / s'sd{af6 /f]S5g /ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Tsd{sf] cfb]z lbG5g / s'sd{af6 /f]S5g /ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Tsd{sf] cfb]z lbG5g / s'sd{af6 /f]S5g /ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Tsd{sf] cfb]z lbG5g / s'sd{af6 /f]S5g /
kljq j:t'x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf nflu j}w tyf clkjq j:t'x¿nfO{kljq j:t'x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf nflu j}w tyf clkjq j:t'x¿nfO{kljq j:t'x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf nflu j}w tyf clkjq j:t'x¿nfO{kljq j:t'x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf nflu j}w tyf clkjq j:t'x¿nfO{kljq j:t'x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf nflu j}w tyf clkjq j:t'x¿nfO{
cj}w u5{g clg ltgLx¿dfly nflbPsf] af]emnfO{ emf5{gÙcj}w u5{g clg ltgLx¿dfly nflbPsf] af]emnfO{ emf5{gÙcj}w u5{g clg ltgLx¿dfly nflbPsf] af]emnfO{ emf5{gÙcj}w u5{g clg ltgLx¿dfly nflbPsf] af]emnfO{ emf5{gÙcj}w u5{g clg ltgLx¿dfly nflbPsf] af]emnfO{ emf5{gÙ
To; aGwgnfO{ vf]N5g h;df ltgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP========= .ÆTo; aGwgnfO{ vf]N5g h;df ltgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP========= .ÆTo; aGwgnfO{ vf]N5g h;df ltgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP========= .ÆTo; aGwgnfO{ vf]N5g h;df ltgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP========= .ÆTo; aGwgnfO{ vf]N5g h;df ltgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP========= .Æ
-s'/cfg &M!%&_-s'/cfg &M!%&_-s'/cfg &M!%&_-s'/cfg &M!%&_-s'/cfg &M!%&_
cyf{t k}uDa/ dflg;x¿sf nflu tL lrhx¿nfO{ j}w 7x¥ofpF5g h'g
c;n tyf kljq 5g / tL lrhx¿af6 /f]Sb5g h'g v/fa / ckljq 5g .
To:t} csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5,
æ==========/;"nn] ltdLx¿nfO{ h]hlt k|bfg u5{g To;nfO{ u|x0fæ==========/;"nn] ltdLx¿nfO{ h]hlt k|bfg u5{g To;nfO{ u|x0fæ==========/;"nn] ltdLx¿nfO{ h]hlt k|bfg u5{g To;nfO{ u|x0fæ==========/;"nn] ltdLx¿nfO{ h]hlt k|bfg u5{g To;nfO{ u|x0fæ==========/;"nn] ltdLx¿nfO{ h]hlt k|bfg u5{g To;nfO{ u|x0f
u/ / h'g s'/faf6 pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ /f]S5g To;af6 cnuu/ / h'g s'/faf6 pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ /f]S5g To;af6 cnuu/ / h'g s'/faf6 pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ /f]S5g To;af6 cnuu/ / h'g s'/faf6 pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ /f]S5g To;af6 cnuu/ / h'g s'/faf6 pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ /f]S5g To;af6 cnu
/xg] u/ . /, cNnfxsf] eo u/========= .Æ -s'/cfg %(M&_/xg] u/ . /, cNnfxsf] eo u/========= .Æ -s'/cfg %(M&_/xg] u/ . /, cNnfxsf] eo u/========= .Æ -s'/cfg %(M&_/xg] u/ . /, cNnfxsf] eo u/========= .Æ -s'/cfg %(M&_/xg] u/ . /, cNnfxsf] eo u/========= .Æ -s'/cfg %(M&_
k}uDa/sf] cfb]z Pp6f d';ndfgnfO{ ;Gt'i6 ug{sf nflu kof{Kt 5 .
dflg;n] x/]s k|sf/sf df;' vfpmg eGg] O{Zj/ rfxFb}gg . To;}n] dflg;x¿nfO{
s]xL hgfj/sf] dfq df;' vfg cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 .
df+;fxf/L hgfj/;Fu ;DalGwt ;xLx a'vf/L / ;xLx d'l:nddf jl0f{t
xbL;x¿df d'xDdb -;=_ n] lgDglnlvt hgfj/sf] df;' vfg dgfxL
ug{'ePsf]5M–
s_ r'Rrf] bfFt ePsf cyf{t la/fnf] k|hfltdf kg{] af3, l;+x, lrt'jf,
s's'/, :ofn, AjfF;f] cflb h:tf df+zfxf/L hgfj/x¿Ù
v_ d';f, k+hf ePsf] v/fof] h:tf ljz]if k|sf/sf hdLg vf]tNg] hgfj/x¿Ù
u_ ltvf] r'Rrf] / k~hfåf/f lzsf/ ug{] lu4, rLn, sfu, pNn" cflb h:tf
r/fx¿Ù
3_ ;fFk, uf]xL h:tf 3;|]/ lx+8g] hgfj/x¿
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM O:nfddf ;'Fu'/sf] df;' vfg lsg dgfxL ul/Psf] xf] <

27
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M O:nfddf ;'Fu'/sf] df;' cj}w ePsf] jf:tljstfaf6 ;a} kl/lrt
5g . s'/cfgdf sd ;] sd rf/ 7fpFdf ;F'u'/sf] df;'sf] k|ofu cj}w / lgif]w
ul/Psf] 5 . o; s'/fnfO{ tkfO{+n] s'/cfgsf] @M!&#, %M#, ^M!$% / !^M!!%
df x]g{ ;Sg'x'G5 . kljq s'/cfgsf] lgDg cfot O:nfddf ;F'u'/sf] df;'nfO{
lsg cj}w ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg{ kof{Kt x'G5 .
æd/]sf -hgfj/x¿_, /ut, ;'+u'/sf] df;', cNnfxafx]s c¿æd/]sf -hgfj/x¿_, /ut, ;'+u'/sf] df;', cNnfxafx]s c¿æd/]sf -hgfj/x¿_, /ut, ;'+u'/sf] df;', cNnfxafx]s c¿æd/]sf -hgfj/x¿_, /ut, ;'+u'/sf] df;', cNnfxafx]s c¿æd/]sf -hgfj/x¿_, /ut, ;'+u'/sf] df;', cNnfxafx]s c¿
s;}sf] gfd lnOPsf -hgfj/_, 3fF6L lyr]/ dfl/Psf, rf]6k6sn]s;}sf] gfd lnOPsf -hgfj/_, 3fF6L lyr]/ dfl/Psf, rf]6k6sn]s;}sf] gfd lnOPsf -hgfj/_, 3fF6L lyr]/ dfl/Psf, rf]6k6sn]s;}sf] gfd lnOPsf -hgfj/_, 3fF6L lyr]/ dfl/Psf, rf]6k6sn]s;}sf] gfd lnOPsf -hgfj/_, 3fF6L lyr]/ dfl/Psf, rf]6k6sn]
d/]sf, dflyaf6 n8]/ d/]sf, l;ª nfu]/ d/]sf / s'g} lx+;|sd/]sf, dflyaf6 n8]/ d/]sf, l;ª nfu]/ d/]sf / s'g} lx+;|sd/]sf, dflyaf6 n8]/ d/]sf, l;ª nfu]/ d/]sf / s'g} lx+;|sd/]sf, dflyaf6 n8]/ d/]sf, l;ª nfu]/ d/]sf / s'g} lx+;|sd/]sf, dflyaf6 n8]/ d/]sf, l;ª nfu]/ d/]sf / s'g} lx+;|s
hgfj/n] vfPsf hgfj/x¿ ltdLx¿sfnflu cj}w ul/Psfhgfj/n] vfPsf hgfj/x¿ ltdLx¿sfnflu cj}w ul/Psfhgfj/n] vfPsf hgfj/x¿ ltdLx¿sfnflu cj}w ul/Psfhgfj/n] vfPsf hgfj/x¿ ltdLx¿sfnflu cj}w ul/Psfhgfj/n] vfPsf hgfj/x¿ ltdLx¿sfnflu cj}w ul/Psf
5g============= .Æ -s'/cfg %M#_5g============= .Æ -s'/cfg %M#_5g============= .Æ -s'/cfg %M#_5g============= .Æ -s'/cfg %M#_5g============= .Æ -s'/cfg %M#_
;F'u'/sf] df;' cj}w ePsf] s'/f s'/cfgdf dfq xf]Og afOandf ;d]t
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . O;fO{x¿nfO{ wfld{s u|Gy afOansf] ;Gbe{ atfpFb}
;'Fu'/sf] df;' cj}w ePsf] s'/f ;+emfpg ;lsG5 . afOandf o;sf] lgif]wsf]
pNn]v n}Jo Joj:yf (Book of Leviticus) df ePsf] 5M–
æ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf cyf{t kmf6]sf v'/ ePsf] x'G5 t/ p3|fpg]æ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf cyf{t kmf6]sf v'/ ePsf] x'G5 t/ p3|fpg]æ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf cyf{t kmf6]sf v'/ ePsf] x'G5 t/ p3|fpg]æ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf cyf{t kmf6]sf v'/ ePsf] x'G5 t/ p3|fpg]æ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf cyf{t kmf6]sf v'/ ePsf] x'G5 t/ p3|fpg]
-kfu'/_ ub{}g To;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . o;sf]-kfu'/_ ub{}g To;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . o;sf]-kfu'/_ ub{}g To;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . o;sf]-kfu'/_ ub{}g To;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . o;sf]-kfu'/_ ub{}g To;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . o;sf]
df;'dWo]af6 s]xL gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g", of] ltd|fnfludf;'dWo]af6 s]xL gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g", of] ltd|fnfludf;'dWo]af6 s]xL gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g", of] ltd|fnfludf;'dWo]af6 s]xL gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g", of] ltd|fnfludf;'dWo]af6 s]xL gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g", of] ltd|fnflu
cz'4 5 .Æ -n}Jo Joj:yf !!÷&–*_cz'4 5 .Æ -n}Jo Joj:yf !!÷&–*_cz'4 5 .Æ -n}Jo Joj:yf !!÷&–*_cz'4 5 .Æ -n}Jo Joj:yf !!÷&–*_cz'4 5 .Æ -n}Jo Joj:yf !!÷&–*_
o;/L g} afOansf] Aoj:yf ljj/0f (Book of Deuteronomy) df klg
;F'u'/sf] df;' lgif]w ePsf] pNn]v 5 .
æclg ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf v'/sf] x'G5 . t/æclg ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf v'/sf] x'G5 . t/æclg ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf v'/sf] x'G5 . t/æclg ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf v'/sf] x'G5 . t/æclg ;F'u'/ h'g lrl/Psf v'/sf] x'G5 . t/ p3|fpg]p3|fpg]p3|fpg]p3|fpg]p3|fpg] -kfu'/_ ub{}g-kfu'/_ ub{}g-kfu'/_ ub{}g-kfu'/_ ub{}g-kfu'/_ ub{}g
o;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . ltdLn] To;sf] df;' klgo;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . ltdLn] To;sf] df;' klgo;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . ltdLn] To;sf] df;' klgo;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . ltdLn] To;sf] df;' klgo;sf/0f Tof] ltd|fnflu cz'4 5 . ltdLn] To;sf] df;' klg
gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g" .Æ -!$÷*_gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g" .Æ -!$÷*_gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g" .Æ -!$÷*_gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g" .Æ -!$÷*_gvfg" / To;sf] nf]y klg g5'g" .Æ -!$÷*_
O;fO{x¿afx]s cGo u}/–d'l:ndx¿ ;F'u'/sf] df;' cj}w ePsf] ;DaGwdf
a'l4, ts{ / lj1fgsf] ;Gbe{af6 dfq ;+t'i6 x'g ;S5g . ;F'u'/sf] df;'af6
sd;]sd ;Q/L lsl;dsf ljleGg /f]ux¿ hGd lnG5g . s'g} JolQmsf] z/L/df
ljleGg k|sf/sf h'sfx¿ (Helminthes) x'g ;Sb5g, h:t}M uf]nfsf/ h'sf,
gfDn] ls/f cflb . ;aeGbf a9L 3fts gfDn] ls/f (Tape worm) xf] . of] w]/}

28
nfdf] x'G5 / cfGb|fdf /xG5 . o;sf] k'mn /utdf ldl;P/ z/L/sf nueu
;Dk"0f{ c+udf k'Ub5 . olb of] ls/f dl:tisdf k'Uof] eg] dflg;sf] :d/0f
zlQm ;dfKt x'G5 . olb of] d'6'df k'Uof] eg] x[boult aGb x'g'sf] sf/0f
aGb5 . olb of] cfFvfdf k'Uof] eg] o;n] dflg;sf] b]Vg] zlQm ;dfKt ul/lbG5 .
olb of] d'6'df k'Uof] eg] To;n] 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . o;/L of] ls/fn] z/L/df
ljleGg c+ux¿sf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] Ifdtf /fVb5 . gfDn] ls/f (Tape worm) jf
Taenia Solium afx]s csf{] 3fts ls/f Trichura Tichurasis xf] .
olb ;'Fu'/sf] df;'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ksfof] eg] df;'leq km:6fO/x]sf
ls/fx¿sf c08f gi6 x'G5g eGg] e|d /x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf ul/Psf] Pp6f
lrlsT;sLo zf]w cg';f/ Trichura Tichurasis sf] lzsf/ ePsf rf}la;
JolQmx¿dWo] afO; hgfn] ;F'u'/sf] df;' /fd|/L ksfP/ vfg] u/]sf] tYo
k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . o;af6 of] k|:6 x'G5 ls ;fdfGo tfkqmddf ;F'u'/sf]
df;' ksfpgfn] oL 3fts ls/fx¿sf c08f gi6 x'g ;Sb}gg .
;F'u'/sf] df;'df df+;k]zLnfO{ dha't kfg{] tTj Hofb} sd x'G5g,
o;sf] ljkl/t df]6f]kg k}bf ug{] tTj clws dfqfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . df]6f]kg
pTkGg ug{] of] tTj /utsf gzfx¿df k|j]z ub{5 tyf pRr /Qmrfk tyf
x[bo3ftsf] sf/0f aGb5 . o;df s'g} cfZro{sf] s'/f 5}g ls krf; k|ltzteGbf
a9L cd]l/sL cToGt dfgl;s tgfj -xfOk/6]Gzg_ sf] lzsf/ 5g . o;sf]
d'Vo sf/0f of] xf] ls pgLx¿ ;F'u'/sf] df;'sf] k|of]u ub{5g .
k[YjLdf kfOg] hgfj/x¿dWo] ;'Fu'/ ;aeGbf kmf]xf]/L hgfj/ xf] . of]
dflg; / cGo hgfj/x¿sf] z/L/af6 lgl:sPsf] kmf]xf]/ -dnd'q_ vfP/
afFRb5 / x's{G5–a95 . o; hgfj/nfO{ O{Zj/n] cfˆgf]] wlt{df kmf]xf]/ ;kmf
ug{] p2]Zon] k}bf u/]sf x'g . dflg;sf nflu cfw'lgs zf}rfno gePsf ufpF
/ b'u{d :yfgx¿df dflg;x¿ v]t, af/L h+unh:tf v'nf jftfj/0fdf lb;f,
lk;fa -zf}r_ ub{5g / k|foMh;f] ;F'u'/n] g} To; kmf]xf]/nfO{ ;kmf ub{5 . s]xL
dflg;x¿sf] ts{ cg';f/ ci6]«lnofh:tf s]xL b]zx¿df Hofb} ;kmf ;'U3/sf
;fy :jf:Yo ;'/IffnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cg's'n jftfj/0fdf ;'Fu'/sf] kfngkf]if0f
ul/G5 . :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf] b[li6df /fv]/ cg's'n / :jR5 jftfj/0fdf ;'Fu'/nfO{
/fVg' /fd|f] s'/f xf] . tkfO{+ To;nfO{ :jR5 / ;kmf /fVg hlt;'s} sf]lz;

29
ug{'xf]; t/ jf:tljstf of] 5 ls k|fs[lts ¿kaf6 p;leq kmf]xf]/ dg
k/fpg] cfbt /lx/xG5 . To;sf/0f To;n] cfˆgf]] / cGo ;'Fu'/sf] z/L/af6
lgl:sPsf] kmf]x/ vfg r'Sb}g .
o; k[YjLdf kfOg] hgfj/x¿dWo] ;F'u'/ ;aeGbf lgn{Hh hgfj/ xf] .
of] dfq Pp6f o:tf] hgfj/ xf] h;n] cfˆgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ cfˆgf]]
kf]yL;Fu of}g OR5f k"/f ug{ nufpF5 . cd]l/sfdf k|foM dflg;x¿ ;'Fu'/sf]
df;' vfG5g h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k s}og k6s 8fG; kf6L{ ;lsPkl5 Ps/ftsf
nflu cfˆgf kTgLx¿ ;f6f;f6 u/L of}g OR5f k"/f ug{] ub{5 . ;'Fu'/sf] df;'
vfgfn] To;sf] Psbd lgn{Hh cfbt dflg;df pTkGg ePsf] xf] . ef/tsf
7"nf zx/x¿df ;d]t kTgL ;f6f;f6 ug{] l3gnfUbf] / nHhfk"0f{ k|yf pRr /
;DkGg egfpFbf ju{x¿df ;fdfGo x'g yfn]sf] s'/f Isaland gfds klqsfsf]
Pp6f n]vdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
5f]6s/Ldf eGg' kbf{ O:nfddf ;'Fu'/sf] df;'nfO{ cj}w dfGg'sf sf/0fx¿
o;k|sf/ 5g –
s_ ;'Fu'/sf] df;' w]/} /f]ux¿sf] sf/0f xf] .
v_ ;'Fu'/sf] df;'df z/L/ dha"t kfg{] tTjsf] sdL / df]6f]kg a9fpg]
tTjsf] afx'Notf x'G5 .
u_ ;'Fu'/ ;aeGbf kmf]xf]/L hgfj/ xf] .
3_ ;'Fu'/ ;aeGbf lgn{Hh hgfj/ ePsfn] To;sf] df;' vfg] dflg;df
To:t} :jefj pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 .

30
&= sfafsf] k"hf
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM O:nfd d"lt{ k"hfsf] lj?4df 5 tfklg o;sf] s] sf/0f xf] ls
d';ndfgx¿ cfˆgf]] gdfh -k|fy{gf_ df sfaf lt/ e'mS5g / To;sf] k"hf
ub{5g <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M sfaf lsnf xf] cyf{t Tof] lbzf htf d';ndfgx¿ gdfhsf]
;dodf cfˆgf]] cg'xf/ kmsf{pF5g . d';ndfgx¿ sfaflt/ cg'xf/ kmsf{pF5g
tyflk pgLx¿ sfafsf] k"hf ub{}gg eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . d';ndfgx¿
Ps O{Zj/afx]s c¿ s;}sf] k"hf ub{}gg / c¿ s;}sf] cufl8 e'mSbf klg
e'mSb}gg . s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5,
æ-x] gaL Û_ ltdLn] 3l/–3l/ cfsfzlt/ cg'xf/ kmsf{P/ x]/]sf]æ-x] gaL Û_ ltdLn] 3l/–3l/ cfsfzlt/ cg'xf/ kmsf{P/ x]/]sf]æ-x] gaL Û_ ltdLn] 3l/–3l/ cfsfzlt/ cg'xf/ kmsf{P/ x]/]sf]æ-x] gaL Û_ ltdLn] 3l/–3l/ cfsfzlt/ cg'xf/ kmsf{P/ x]/]sf]æ-x] gaL Û_ ltdLn] 3l/–3l/ cfsfzlt/ cg'xf/ kmsf{P/ x]/]sf]
xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ . lgZro g} xfdL ltd|f] cg'xf/nfO{ ltdLnfO{xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ . lgZro g} xfdL ltd|f] cg'xf/nfO{ ltdLnfO{xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ . lgZro g} xfdL ltd|f] cg'xf/nfO{ ltdLnfO{xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ . lgZro g} xfdL ltd|f] cg'xf/nfO{ ltdLnfO{xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ . lgZro g} xfdL ltd|f] cg'xf/nfO{ ltdLnfO{
dg kg]{ ælsÞAnfÆ lt/ g} kmsf{Olbg]5f}+ . nf} t cfˆgf] cg'xf/nfO{dg kg]{ ælsÞAnfÆ lt/ g} kmsf{Olbg]5f}+ . nf} t cfˆgf] cg'xf/nfO{dg kg]{ ælsÞAnfÆ lt/ g} kmsf{Olbg]5f}+ . nf} t cfˆgf] cg'xf/nfO{dg kg]{ ælsÞAnfÆ lt/ g} kmsf{Olbg]5f}+ . nf} t cfˆgf] cg'xf/nfO{dg kg]{ ælsÞAnfÆ lt/ g} kmsf{Olbg]5f}+ . nf} t cfˆgf] cg'xf/nfO{
dl:hb] xÞ/fd -cyf{t sfcÞaf_ lt/ kmsf{pm . -x] cf:yfjfgx¿dl:hb] xÞ/fd -cyf{t sfcÞaf_ lt/ kmsf{pm . -x] cf:yfjfgx¿dl:hb] xÞ/fd -cyf{t sfcÞaf_ lt/ kmsf{pm . -x] cf:yfjfgx¿dl:hb] xÞ/fd -cyf{t sfcÞaf_ lt/ kmsf{pm . -x] cf:yfjfgx¿dl:hb] xÞ/fd -cyf{t sfcÞaf_ lt/ kmsf{pm . -x] cf:yfjfgx¿
xf] Û_ ltdLx¿ hxfF;'s} eP klg cfˆgf] cg'xf/ -gdfhÞdf_xf] Û_ ltdLx¿ hxfF;'s} eP klg cfˆgf] cg'xf/ -gdfhÞdf_xf] Û_ ltdLx¿ hxfF;'s} eP klg cfˆgf] cg'xf/ -gdfhÞdf_xf] Û_ ltdLx¿ hxfF;'s} eP klg cfˆgf] cg'xf/ -gdfhÞdf_xf] Û_ ltdLx¿ hxfF;'s} eP klg cfˆgf] cg'xf/ -gdfhÞdf_
To;}tkm{ u/ . cXn]–lstfanfO{ of] -lsÞAnf kl/jt{g_ ltgLx¿sfTo;}tkm{ u/ . cXn]–lstfanfO{ of] -lsÞAnf kl/jt{g_ ltgLx¿sfTo;}tkm{ u/ . cXn]–lstfanfO{ of] -lsÞAnf kl/jt{g_ ltgLx¿sfTo;}tkm{ u/ . cXn]–lstfanfO{ of] -lsÞAnf kl/jt{g_ ltgLx¿sfTo;}tkm{ u/ . cXn]–lstfanfO{ of] -lsÞAnf kl/jt{g_ ltgLx¿sf
kfngstf{sf] tkm{af6 cfPsf] xf]============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!$$_kfngstf{sf] tkm{af6 cfPsf] xf]============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!$$_kfngstf{sf] tkm{af6 cfPsf] xf]============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!$$_kfngstf{sf] tkm{af6 cfPsf] xf]============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!$$_kfngstf{sf] tkm{af6 cfPsf] xf]============== .Æ -s'/cfg @M!$$_
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf d';ndfgx¿ gdfh k9bf s]xLn] pQ/lt/ d'v
kmsf{pg] / s]xLn] blIf0flt/ d'v kmsf{pg] ;+efjgf lyof] . Ps dfq jf:tljs
:jfdLsf] elQmdf d';ndfgx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf nflu pgLx¿ hxfF;'s}
eP klg cfˆgf]] cg'xf/ ;dfg lbzf sfaflt/ g} u¿g eGg] cfb]z lbOof] .
o;k|sf/ sfafsf] klZrd /xg] d'ndfgx¿n] k"j{lt/ cfˆgf]] cg'xf/
kmsf{pg'kb{5 eg] sfafsf] k"j{ /xg] d';ndfgx¿n] klZrdlt/ cfˆgf]] cg'xf/
kmsf{pg'kb{5 .
d';ndfgx¿ ha dSsf l:yt dl:hb]–x/fd -k|ltli7t dl:hb_ hfG5g
ta To;sf] kl/qmdf -tjfkm_ ub{5g . of] sfo{ Ps O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVg]
/ Ps} O{Zj/sf] pkf;gf ug{'sf] k|ltsfTds k|bz{g xf] . h;/L j[Qfsf/
If]qsf] Pp6f s]Gb|Lo laGb' x'G5 To;/L g} O{Zj/ klg Ps dfq 5g hf]
k"hgLo 5g .

31
sfafdf /flvPsf] æxh/]–c:jbÆ -sfnf kTy/_ ;Fu ;DalGwt bf]>f]
O:nfdL zf;s pd/ -/lh=_ åf/f Pp6f syg pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . xbL;sf]
k|l;4 k':ts …;lxx a'vf/LÚ bf]>f] efusf] cWofo xh, kf7 %^ xbL; g+= ^&%
sf cg';f/ pd/ -/lh=_n] eGg'eof],
ædnfO{ yfxf 5 ltdL Pp6f kTy/ xf} . g ltdL s;}nfO{ kmfObfædnfO{ yfxf 5 ltdL Pp6f kTy/ xf} . g ltdL s;}nfO{ kmfObfædnfO{ yfxf 5 ltdL Pp6f kTy/ xf} . g ltdL s;}nfO{ kmfObfædnfO{ yfxf 5 ltdL Pp6f kTy/ xf} . g ltdL s;}nfO{ kmfObfædnfO{ yfxf 5 ltdL Pp6f kTy/ xf} . g ltdL s;}nfO{ kmfObf
k'¥ofpg ;S5f}+ / g gf]S;fg g} / d}n] cNnfxsf /;"n d'xDdbk'¥ofpg ;S5f}+ / g gf]S;fg g} / d}n] cNnfxsf /;"n d'xDdbk'¥ofpg ;S5f}+ / g gf]S;fg g} / d}n] cNnfxsf /;"n d'xDdbk'¥ofpg ;S5f}+ / g gf]S;fg g} / d}n] cNnfxsf /;"n d'xDdbk'¥ofpg ;S5f}+ / g gf]S;fg g} / d}n] cNnfxsf /;"n d'xDdb
;NnNnfx' cn}lx j ;Nnd n] ltdLnfO{ 5F'b} -/ r'Db}_ u/]sf];NnNnfx' cn}lx j ;Nnd n] ltdLnfO{ 5F'b} -/ r'Db}_ u/]sf];NnNnfx' cn}lx j ;Nnd n] ltdLnfO{ 5F'b} -/ r'Db}_ u/]sf];NnNnfx' cn}lx j ;Nnd n] ltdLnfO{ 5F'b} -/ r'Db}_ u/]sf];NnNnfx' cn}lx j ;Nnd n] ltdLnfO{ 5F'b} -/ r'Db}_ u/]sf]
gb]v]sf] eP d slxNo} klg ltdLnfO{ 5'g] -r'Dg]_ lyOg .Ægb]v]sf] eP d slxNo} klg ltdLnfO{ 5'g] -r'Dg]_ lyOg .Ægb]v]sf] eP d slxNo} klg ltdLnfO{ 5'g] -r'Dg]_ lyOg .Ægb]v]sf] eP d slxNo} klg ltdLnfO{ 5'g] -r'Dg]_ lyOg .Ægb]v]sf] eP d slxNo} klg ltdLnfO{ 5'g] -r'Dg]_ lyOg .Æ
cNnfxsf /;"n d'xDdb -;=_ sf ;dodf dflg;x¿ sfafdf r9]/
chfg -gdfhsf nflu 8fSg'_ lbGy] eGg] s'/f Oltxf;af6 l;4 ePsf] 5 . ca
d';ndfg sfafsf] pkf;gf ub{5g eGg] cf/f]k nufpg]x¿;Fu ;f]Wg' kb{5 ls
s'g rflxF d"lt{k"hs d"lt{df r9]/ pleG5 <

32
*= u}/–d'l:ndnfO{ dSsf k|j]zdf /f]s
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM u}/–d'l:ndx¿nfO{ dSsf / dbLgfdf hfg] cg'dlt lsg lbOFb}g <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M O:nfdL wd{ljwfg -z/Lct_ cg';f/ u}/–d'l:ndx¿nfO{ dSsf /
dbLgf hfg] cg'dlt lbOFb}g eGg] s'/f ;xL xf] . o; ;DaGwdf tkfO{+ eGg'xf];
s] s'g} b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ gful/snfO{ b]zsf ;a} :yfg jf sfof{no k|j]zdf k"0f{
:jtGqtf x'G5 < cjZo x'Fb}g eGg] hjfkm cfpF5 lsgls x/]s b]zdf o:tf
s]xL :yfgx¿ x'G5g hxfF ;fdfGo gful/snfO{ k|j]z ug{] cg'dlt x'Fb}g .
o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf kmf}hL -;}lgs_ OnfsfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . To:tf
7fpFdf tL gful/snfO{ dfq k|j]zsf] cg'dlt x'G5 hf] ;'/Iff jf To;;Fu
;DalGwt / /Iff ljefu;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
O:nfd Pp6f ljZjJofkL wd{ xf] h'g ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ / ;Dk"0f{ dfgjtfsf
nflu xf] . wfld{s b[li6af6 x]g{] xf] eg] O:nfdsf kmf}hL If]q b'O{ kljq
:yfgx¿ …dSsf / dbLgfÚ x'g . O:nfddf ljZjf; /fVg] / O:nfdsf] ;'/Iffdf
nfu]sf JolQm jf d';ndfgx¿nfO{ dfq oL b'O{ 7fpFdf k|j]z ug{] cg'dlt
x'G5 . h;/L ;fdfGo gful/sn] kmf}hL If]qdf k|j]z lgif]wk|lt cfklQ ug{' a'l4
/ ljj]slj?4 x'G5 To;/L g} O:nfddf ljZjf; g/fVg]x¿n] klg dSsf /
dbLgfdf u}/–d'l:ndx¿sf] k|j]z lgif]wk|lt cfklQ k|s6 ug{' / To;nfO{ dfGg'
cg'lrt x'G5 .
s'g} JolQm ha s'g} b]zsf] ofqfsf] OR5f ub{5 eg] p;n] ;aeGbf
klxn] pQm b]z k|j]zsf] k|j]iff1f (Visa) k|fKt ug{sf nflu lgj]bg ug{'kb{5 .
k|To]s b]zsf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf lgod, sfg"g x'g] ePsfn] ;Gtf]ifk|b 9+uaf6
lgodx¿nfO{ k"/f gu/];Dd k|j]iff1f hf/L x'Fb}g . k|j]iff1f lbg s7f]/tf b]vfpg]
d'n'sx¿dWo] cd]l/sf Ps xf] . ljz]if u/L ha k|j]iff1f t]>f] d'n'ssf] s'g}
b]zsf] gful/ssf nflu hf/L ug{'5 eg] cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6 k|j]iff1f hf/L
ug{'k"j{ cg]sf}++ lgod / zt{x¿ k"/f u/fOG5 . l;+ufk'/df t cWofudg kmf/ddf
g} ædfbs kbfy{sf] Joj;fo ug{]x¿sf nflu d[To'b08 ;hfoF 5Æ eGg] n]lvPsf]
x'G5 . olb xfdLnfO{ l;+ufk'/ hfg'5 eg] xfdLn] tL sfg"gx¿sf] kfngf

33
ug{'k5{ . d[To'b08sf] ;hfoF qm'/tfdf cfwfl/t 5 eg]/ xfdL eGg ;Sb}gf}+ .
olb xfdL tL lgod / zt{x¿;Fu ;xdt 5f}+ eg] dfq xfdLnfO{ OR5f cg';f/
;DalGwt b]z hfg] cg'dlt lbg ;lsG5 .
dSsf / dbLgfdf k|j]zsf nflu cfwf/e"t zt{
ænf Onfx ONnNnfx d'xDdb'/{;"n'NnfÆænf Onfx ONnNnfx d'xDdb'/{;"n'NnfÆænf Onfx ONnNnfx d'xDdb'/{;"n'NnfÆænf Onfx ONnNnfx d'xDdb'/{;"n'NnfÆænf Onfx ONnNnfx d'xDdb'/{;"n'NnfÆ k9g' xf]– h;sf] cy{
x'G5 æcNnfxafx]s c¿ sf]xL k"Ho 5}g / d'xDdb pgsf
;Gb]zjfxs x'g .Æ

34
(= /S;L cj}w -jlh{t_
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM O:nfddf /S;L lsg cj}w -x/fd_ 5 <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M /S;L dfgjhfltsf nflu ;w}+ Ps clezfk /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]
;]jgaf6 w]/} dflg;x¿sf] d[To' x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;]jg ;+;f/el/sf
nfvf}+ dflg;x¿sf nlfu b'Mv / kL8fsf] sf/0f aGb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . dlb/f
dfgj ;dfhdf cfOkg{] ljleGg si6x¿sf] ;f+;fl/s sf/0f /x]sf] 5 . h;/L
ck/fwsf] b/ lbg k|ltlbg a9b} uO/x]sf] 5, dflg;x¿sf] dfgl;s /f]ux¿sf]
a9f]Q/L eO/x]sf] 5 / nfvf}+ dflg;x¿sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg l5GgleGg eO/x]sf]
5, oL ;a}sf k5fl8 /S;Lsf] df}g ljWj+;sf/L zlQm sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 .
kljq s'/cfgdf lgDg lnlvt cfotdf /S;LnfO{ lgif]wsf] pNn]v
ul/Psf]M–
æx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û dlb/f, h'jf, yfg, tL/ -xfg]/ efUo kQfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û dlb/f, h'jf, yfg, tL/ -xfg]/ efUo kQfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û dlb/f, h'jf, yfg, tL/ -xfg]/ efUo kQfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û dlb/f, h'jf, yfg, tL/ -xfg]/ efUo kQfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û dlb/f, h'jf, yfg, tL/ -xfg]/ efUo kQf
nufpg] sfo{_ oL ;a} clt 3[l0ft z}tfgL sfo{x¿ x'g . logaf6nufpg] sfo{_ oL ;a} clt 3[l0ft z}tfgL sfo{x¿ x'g . logaf6nufpg] sfo{_ oL ;a} clt 3[l0ft z}tfgL sfo{x¿ x'g . logaf6nufpg] sfo{_ oL ;a} clt 3[l0ft z}tfgL sfo{x¿ x'g . logaf6nufpg] sfo{_ oL ;a} clt 3[l0ft z}tfgL sfo{x¿ x'g . logaf6
ar tfls ;kmn xf]pm .Æ -s'/cfg %M()_ar tfls ;kmn xf]pm .Æ -s'/cfg %M()_ar tfls ;kmn xf]pm .Æ -s'/cfg %M()_ar tfls ;kmn xf]pm .Æ -s'/cfg %M()_ar tfls ;kmn xf]pm .Æ -s'/cfg %M()_
To:t} afOandf klg /S;L ;]jgnfO{ cj}w dflgPsf] 5 M–
s_ æbfvdw', 7§f ug{] / dlb/f xNnf drfpg] x'g hf] sf]xL To;sf] sf/0f
e"n u5{, pm a'l4dfg xf]Og .Æ -gLlt jrg @)÷!_
v_ æ/S;Ln] dflQg] gag .Æ -Okml;of] %÷!*_
O:nfddf /S;LnfO{ cj}w -jlh{t_ ug{'sf s]xL k|d'v sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5gM–
!= /S;Ln] dflg;sf] ;xgzlQmnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpF5
dflg;sf] dl:tisdf Pp6f cj/f]ws s]Gb| (Inhibitory Center) x'G5 .
o;n] dflg;nfO{ unt sfo{af6 /f]Sb5 . h:t} o; s]Gb|n] dflg;nfO{ cfˆgf
dftflktf jf 7"nfj8f;Fu s'/f ubf{ ufnL unf}h tyf ckzAb k|of]u ug{af6
/f]S5 . s'g} dflg;nfO{ c¿ dflg;sf] cufl8 zf}r gu/L zf}rfnosf] k|of]u
ug{ o;} s]Gb|n] afWo agfpF5 . ha s'g} JolQmn] /S;Lsf] k|of]u ub{5 ta
p;sf] of] cj/f]ws s]Gb|sf] cj/f]w ug{] zlQm gfz x'G5 . To;}n] /S;Lh:tf

35
kbfy{df lnKt JolQmn] k|foM p;sf] lgoldt cfbt tyf u'0feGbf Psbd
km/s Jojxf/ b]vfpg] ub{5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf p;n] cfkm"eGbf 7"nf;Fu jf
cfb/0fLo JolQm;Fu klg clt tNnf] :t/sf ufnLsf zAb k|of]u ug{] ub{5 .
/S;Ln] s'g} s'g} dflQPsf JolQmn] t sk8fdf g} lbzf, lk;fa ug{], 7Ls;Fu
lx+8g / af]Ng g;Sg] / ;a} sk8f vf]n]/ gfË} x'g]h:tf 3[l0ft s[ofsnfk;d]t
b]vfpg] ub{5 .
@= /S;L lkpg]x¿af6} Jolerf/sf 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g
;+;f/df hlt klg Jolerf/, anfTsf/, cfkmGt aLrsf] of}g;DaGw /
P8; h:tf] eofgs /f]usf] k|;f/ ;a} k|foM /S;Ls} sf/0faf6 x'g] ub{5g .
National Crime Victimization Survey Bureau of Justice (U.S. Department
of Justice) sf cg';f/ ;g !((^ df k|To]s lbg @&!# j6f anfTsf/sf
36gfx¿ eP . cf+s8f cg';f/ clwsf+z oL 36gfx¿ /S;Ln] dflQPsf]
cj:yfsf dflg;x¿af6 g} ePsf lyP . dlxnfdfly b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gf k|foM
/S;L lkpg]x¿af6 g} x'g] ub{5 . tYofFs cg';f/ *Ü cd]l/sLx¿ cfdf–afa',
efO–alxgLh:tf kljq gftf ePsf JolQmx¿;Fusf] of}g ;DaGwdf lnKt x'g]
ub{5g . o;sf] cy{ k|To]s !@÷!# hgfdWo] Ps cd]l/sL cfˆg} glhssf
kljq gftf kg{] JolQm;Fusf] of}g ;DaGwdf lnKt x'g] ub{5 . o;k|sf/sf
w]/}h;f] 36gfdf dlxnf / k'?if b'a} jf b'O{dWo] Ps /S;Ln] a]xf];Lsf] cj:yfdf
x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . eofgs /f]u P8; km}lng'sf] d'Vo sf/0f /S;Lsf]
;]jg g} xf] . /S;L lkP/ a]xf];Lsf] cj:yfdf hxfF;'s}, hf];'s} aLr c;'/lIft
of}g ;DaGw /fVgfn] P8; km}lnPsf] xf] .
k|To]s JolQm z'?df cfkm" sd lkpg] jf ;f]l;on l8+«s/ ePsf] / lkpg]
nt gePsf] bfaL u5{ . zf]wstf{x¿sf cg';f/ k|To]s JolQm z'?df t
;f]l;on l8+«s/ g} x'G5 t/ /S;L lkpg] qmddf Ps k6s klg dbd:t ePsf]
x'Fb}g eg]/ eGg ;ls+b}g . To:tf] gzfsf] cj:yfdf p;n] cj:o s'g} g s'g}
c:jefljs Jojxf/ b]vfPs} x'G5 . dfgf}+ s'g} JolQm Ps k6s dfq eP klg
/S;L lkP/ dflQof] / To; cj:yfdf p;n] anfTsf/ jf To:t} c¿ s'g}
h3Go ck/fw ug{ k'Uof] eg] pQm ;/n :jefj ePsf] JolQmn] cfˆgf]] s's[Tok|lt
v]b / kZrftfk ub{} hLjg latfpg' kg{] x'G5 . p;n] lhGbuLel/ ck/fwsf]

36
af]em af]Sg' kg{] x'G5 . kLl8t JolQmsf] kL8f tyf Ifltsf] k"lt{ s'g} k|sf/n]
klg ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g .
#= d'xDdb -;=_ n] klg /S;LnfO{ cj}w eGg'ePsf] 5 .
cNnfxsf /;"n d'xDdb -;=_ eGg'x'G5M–
æ;Dk"0f{ v/faLsf] h8 /S;L xf] / lgn{Hhtfsf lrhx¿dWo]sf]æ;Dk"0f{ v/faLsf] h8 /S;L xf] / lgn{Hhtfsf lrhx¿dWo]sf]æ;Dk"0f{ v/faLsf] h8 /S;L xf] / lgn{Hhtfsf lrhx¿dWo]sf]æ;Dk"0f{ v/faLsf] h8 /S;L xf] / lgn{Hhtfsf lrhx¿dWo]sf]æ;Dk"0f{ v/faLsf] h8 /S;L xf] / lgn{Hhtfsf lrhx¿dWo]sf]
;aeGbf 7"nf] xf] .Æ;aeGbf 7"nf] xf] .Æ;aeGbf 7"nf] xf] .Æ;aeGbf 7"nf] xf] .Æ;aeGbf 7"nf] xf] .Æ æk|To]s tL rLh h;sf] w]/} dfqfn] gzfæk|To]s tL rLh h;sf] w]/} dfqfn] gzfæk|To]s tL rLh h;sf] w]/} dfqfn] gzfæk|To]s tL rLh h;sf] w]/} dfqfn] gzfæk|To]s tL rLh h;sf] w]/} dfqfn] gzf
k}bf ub{5, To;sf] yf]/} kl/df0f klg cj}w 5 .Æk}bf ub{5, To;sf] yf]/} kl/df0f klg cj}w 5 .Æk}bf ub{5, To;sf] yf]/} kl/df0f klg cj}w 5 .Æk}bf ub{5, To;sf] yf]/} kl/df0f klg cj}w 5 .Æk}bf ub{5, To;sf] yf]/} kl/df0f klg cj}w 5 .Æ
-xbL; OAg] –dfhf_-xbL; OAg] –dfhf_-xbL; OAg] –dfhf_-xbL; OAg] –dfhf_-xbL; OAg] –dfhf_
/S;L lkpg] dflg;x¿nfO{ dfq lwSsfl/Psf 5}g, /S;Lsf] sf/f]af/
ug{] dflg;x¿nfO{ klg O{Zj/ / O{Zj/sf /;"nsf tkm{af6 lwSsfl/Psf] 5 .
cg; -/lh=_ sf cg';f/ O{Zj/sf b"t d'xDdb -;=_ n] eGg'eof]
æ/S;L;Fu ;DalGwt b; dflg;nfO{ cNnfxsf] tkm{af6æ/S;L;Fu ;DalGwt b; dflg;nfO{ cNnfxsf] tkm{af6æ/S;L;Fu ;DalGwt b; dflg;nfO{ cNnfxsf] tkm{af6æ/S;L;Fu ;DalGwt b; dflg;nfO{ cNnfxsf] tkm{af6æ/S;L;Fu ;DalGwt b; dflg;nfO{ cNnfxsf] tkm{af6
lwSsfl/Psf] 5 . h;n] To;nfO{ lgrf]5{ jf tof/ ub{5,lwSsfl/Psf] 5 . h;n] To;nfO{ lgrf]5{ jf tof/ ub{5,lwSsfl/Psf] 5 . h;n] To;nfO{ lgrf]5{ jf tof/ ub{5,lwSsfl/Psf] 5 . h;n] To;nfO{ lgrf]5{ jf tof/ ub{5,lwSsfl/Psf] 5 . h;n] To;nfO{ lgrf]5{ jf tof/ ub{5,
h;sfnflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf], Tof] lkpg] JolQm, To;nfO{h;sfnflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf], Tof] lkpg] JolQm, To;nfO{h;sfnflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf], Tof] lkpg] JolQm, To;nfO{h;sfnflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf], Tof] lkpg] JolQm, To;nfO{h;sfnflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf], Tof] lkpg] JolQm, To;nfO{
k'¥ofpg] jf k7fpg], hf] dfkm{t Tof] k7fOPsf] 5, h;nfO{k'¥ofpg] jf k7fpg], hf] dfkm{t Tof] k7fOPsf] 5, h;nfO{k'¥ofpg] jf k7fpg], hf] dfkm{t Tof] k7fOPsf] 5, h;nfO{k'¥ofpg] jf k7fpg], hf] dfkm{t Tof] k7fOPsf] 5, h;nfO{k'¥ofpg] jf k7fpg], hf] dfkm{t Tof] k7fOPsf] 5, h;nfO{
/S;L k]z ul/Psf] 5, Tof] a]Rg] JolQm, To;sf] cfDbfgLaf6/S;L k]z ul/Psf] 5, Tof] a]Rg] JolQm, To;sf] cfDbfgLaf6/S;L k]z ul/Psf] 5, Tof] a]Rg] JolQm, To;sf] cfDbfgLaf6/S;L k]z ul/Psf] 5, Tof] a]Rg] JolQm, To;sf] cfDbfgLaf6/S;L k]z ul/Psf] 5, Tof] a]Rg] JolQm, To;sf] cfDbfgLaf6
kmfObf lng] JolQm, To;nfO{ cfˆgf]] jf c¿sfnflu lsGg]kmfObf lng] JolQm, To;nfO{ cfˆgf]] jf c¿sfnflu lsGg]kmfObf lng] JolQm, To;nfO{ cfˆgf]] jf c¿sfnflu lsGg]kmfObf lng] JolQm, To;nfO{ cfˆgf]] jf c¿sfnflu lsGg]kmfObf lng] JolQm, To;nfO{ cfˆgf]] jf c¿sfnflu lsGg]
JolQm .Æ -xbL;M OAg] –dfhf_JolQm .Æ -xbL;M OAg] –dfhf_JolQm .Æ -xbL;M OAg] –dfhf_JolQm .Æ -xbL;M OAg] –dfhf_JolQm .Æ -xbL;M OAg] –dfhf_
$= /S;Lsf sf/0fn] /f]u pTkGg x'G5
/S;LnfO{ lgif]w ug{'sf j}1flgs sf/0fx¿ 5g . d[To'sf w]/} 36gf
x'g'sf] sf/0f /S;L lkpg' xf] . x/]s jif{ nfvf}+ dflg;x¿ o;sf] ;]jgn]
d[To'sf] d'vdf k'Ub5g . /S;Lsf] ;]jgaf6 x'g] b'ik|efjsf af/]df ;a} kl/lrt
g} ePsfn] oxfF tL ;a} ;la:tf/ rrf{ ug{' h?/L 5}g . /S;Laf6 x'g] /f]ux¿sf]
;+lIfKt ;"rL k|:t't ug{' g} clxn]sf nflu kof{Kt x'g hfG5 .
s_ /S;L / dfbs kbfy{sf] ;]jgaf6 x'g] Pp6f k|d'v /f]u sn]hf] ;"q0f
/f]u (Cirrhosis of Liver) xf] .

37
v_ 6fpsf], ub{g, sn]hf]÷cfGb|f, u|f;gnL (Oesophagus) cflbsf] SofG;/ .
u_ Oesophagitis, Gastritis, Pancreatitis, Hepatitis h:tf /f]ux¿ /S;Lsf]
;]jgaf6 g} x'g] ub{5g .
3_ Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, CoronaryArtherosclerosis,Angina,
x[bo3ft h:tf /f]ux¿ /S;Lsf] ;]jgaf6 x'g] ub{5g .
ª_ Strokes, Apoplexy, a]xf];L / ljleGg k|sf/sf kIff3ft (Paralysis)
h:tf /f]ux¿ klg /S;L;Fu ;DalGwt 5g .
r_ Peripheral Neuropathy, Cortical Atrophy, Cerebellar Atrophy h:tf
k|d'v Syndromes dlb/fsf b]g x'g .
5_ /S;Lsf] ;]jgn] z/L/df Thiamine sf] sdL x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ Wernicke-
Korsakoff /f]u k}bf x'G5 o;n] kl/0ffd :j¿k :d/0f zlQmdf x|f;
x'g'sf ;fy} ljleGg k|sf/sf kIff3ft b]vf kb{5g .
h_ Delerium Tremens Pp6f 3fts Complication xf] h'g /S;L ;]jg
ug{]nfO{ 3/L3/L x'g] Infection sf] bf}/fg jf ck/]zg (Operation) kl5
pTkGg x'G5 . o; /f]un] k/x]hsf] cGt/fndf jf To;kl5 klg cfˆgf]]
k|efj 5f]85 . /fd|f] pkrf/sf] afjh'b ;d]t of] d[To'sf] sf/0f aG5 .
em_ a]/La]/L /f]u tyf cGo k|sf/sf sdLsf ¿kdf b]vfkg{] /f]ux¿ cS;/
/S;L ;]jg ug{]x¿df g} b]vf kb{5g . /S;L ;]jg ug{]x¿sf] leq
Pellagra ;d]t b]vfkb{5 .
`_ cg]s k|sf/sf Endocrime Disorders sf] ;DaGw /S;L lkpg]x¿;Fu
g} x'G5 .Myxodema b]lv lnP/ Hyperthyroidism tyf Florid Cushing
Syndrome ;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ /f]ux¿ /S;L ;]jgsf] b'ik|efjaf6 k|s6
x'G5 .
6_ Hematological ;Fu ;DalGwt b'ik|efj ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g h'g w]/}
lbg;Dd afFsL /xG5 . Folic Acid sf] sdL /S;L ;]jgsf sf/0fn]
x'G5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k Macrocytic Anemia sf ¿kdf b]vf
kb{5 . Zeive's Syndrome, Hemolytic. Anemia Jaundice /
Hypenlipaedemia /S;Laf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]u x'g .

38
7_ Thrombocytopenia / cGo platelet ;Fu ;DalGwt v/faLx¿ /S;Ls}
b]g x'g .
8_ clws ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] Metronidazole (Flagyl) sf] b'ik|efj /S;L
lkPkl5 b]vf kb{5 .
9_ /S:ofxfsf] leqL c+udf 3/L3/L Infection x'g' ;fdfGo s'/f xf] . /S;L
;]jgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pmleq /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlQm (Immunological
defense system) k|efjxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
0f_ dlb/f ;]jg ug{] JolQmx¿df Chest infection, lgdf]lgof,LungAbcess,
Emphysema tyf Pulmonary, Tuberculosis x'g' ;fdfGo s'/f xf] .
t_ /S;Lsf] sf/0fn] 5fnf /f]u klg x'g] ub{5g .
y_ Eczema, Alopecia, Nail Dystrophy, Paronychia, -gË jl/kl/ x'g]
OGkm]S;g_ Angular Stomatitis -d'vsf] ;'hg_ klg /S;L lkpg]x¿sf
nflu ;fdfGo s'/f x'g .
b_ /S;Lsf] gzfdf n¶ ePkl5 /S;L lkpg] dflg; w]/}h;f] afGtf u5{ .
o;sf] sf/0fn] p;sf] Cough Reflexes df gf]S;fg x'G5 h'g ;'/Iff
b[li6sf]0fn] cfjZos x'G5 . o;k|sf/ afGtf kmf]S;f]df hfG5 / lgdf]lgof
tyf Lung Abscess sf] sf/0f aGg k'Ub5 .
w_ /S;L ;]jgn] dlxnfnfO{ emg a9L gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf
dlxnf /S;L;Fu ;DalGwt Cirrhosis sf] a9L lzsf/ aGb5g .
uef{j:yfdf /S;L lkpgfn] ue{nfO{ w]/} gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . Foetal
Alcohol Syndrome lrlsT;f If]qdf yfxf ePsf] tYo xf] .
%_ /S;L lkpg' :jo+ Pp6f /f]u dfq geP/ b'/frf/L sfo{ xf]
8fS6/x¿ /S;L lkpg]x¿sf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|sf/sf kIfkftaf6 aRb}
/S;L lkpg' Pp6f cfbt dfq geP/ :jo+ /f]u klg xf] eGg] ljrf/ k|s6
ub{5g . Islamic Research Foundation n] Pp6f klqsfdf lgDg s'/fx¿
k|sflzt u/]sf] 5M–

39
æolb /S;L Pp6f /f]u xf] eg], oxL Ps /f]u xf] h'g–
• af]tndf laS5, cvjf/ / klqsfdf lj1fkg 5flkG5 / l6=eL= tyf
/]l8of]df k|;fl/t x'G5 .
• km}nfpg cg'dlt k|fKt k;n x'G5g / ;/sf/nfO{ To;af6 cfDbfgL
x'G5 .
• To;sf] sf/0faf6 aLr ;8sdf eofgs d[To'x¿ x'g] ub{5g .
• kfl/jfl/s hLjgnfO{ tx;gx; jf a/jfb kfb{5 / cfk/flws 36gfsf]
b/ a9fpF5 .Æ
O{Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ o; z}tfgsf] rfnaf6 ;r]t u/fPsf 5g . O:nfd
Pp6f k|fs[lts wd{ xf] . o;sf lzIffx¿n] k|fs[lts cj:yfsf] /Iff ub{5g .
/S;L lkpg' jf:tjdf k|fs[lts dfu{af6 ljd'v x'g' xf] . /S;L ;]jgn] dflg;nfO{
hgfj/eGbf klg v/fa cj:yfdf k'¥ofOlbG5 hals dflg; cfkm" hgfj/eGbf
pRr / ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6df ;j{>]i7 k|f0fL ePsf] :jo+ bfjL ub{5 . oL pNn]lvt
ljljw sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ O:nfddf /S;L lgif]w ul/Psf] xf] .

40
!)= ;fIfL ;DalGw dfldnf
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM ujfxLdf b'O{ dlxnf a/fa/ Ps k'?if lsg x'G5 <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M ;w}+el/ b'O{ dlxnfsf] ujfxL;Fu Pp6f k'?ifsf] ujfxL a/fa/
x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;To xf]Og . of] s'/f s]xL ljifodf dfq ;To ;flat x'G5 .
kljq s'/cfgdf sd ;] sd kfFrj6f cfotdf ;fIfLsf] pNn]v 5 . t/
To;df slxF klg dlxnf / k'?if aLr cGt/sf] s'/f elgPsf] 5}g . s'/cfgsf]
;aeGbf 7"nf] cfot cyf{t ;"/x as/xsf] cfot @*@ df ;fdfg /
n]gb]g;DalGw cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 . To; cfotdf elgPsf] 5,
æx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ltdLx¿ s'g} lgwf{l/t cjwLsflglDt cfk;dfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ltdLx¿ s'g} lgwf{l/t cjwLsflglDt cfk;dfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ltdLx¿ s'g} lgwf{l/t cjwLsflglDt cfk;dfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ltdLx¿ s'g} lgwf{l/t cjwLsflglDt cfk;dfæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ltdLx¿ s'g} lgwf{l/t cjwLsflglDt cfk;df
C0fsf] n]gb]g ubf{ To;nfO{ n]Vg] u/ . clg, n]vgbf;n] ltd|faLrC0fsf] n]gb]g ubf{ To;nfO{ n]Vg] u/ . clg, n]vgbf;n] ltd|faLrC0fsf] n]gb]g ubf{ To;nfO{ n]Vg] u/ . clg, n]vgbf;n] ltd|faLrC0fsf] n]gb]g ubf{ To;nfO{ n]Vg] u/ . clg, n]vgbf;n] ltd|faLrC0fsf] n]gb]g ubf{ To;nfO{ n]Vg] u/ . clg, n]vgbf;n] ltd|faLr
Gofok"j{s n]vf]; . /, s'g} n]vgbf;n] To;/L n]Vg c:jLsf/Gofok"j{s n]vf]; . /, s'g} n]vgbf;n] To;/L n]Vg c:jLsf/Gofok"j{s n]vf]; . /, s'g} n]vgbf;n] To;/L n]Vg c:jLsf/Gofok"j{s n]vf]; . /, s'g} n]vgbf;n] To;/L n]Vg c:jLsf/Gofok"j{s n]vf]; . /, s'g} n]vgbf;n] To;/L n]Vg c:jLsf/
gu/f]; h;/L cNnfxn] p;nfO{ l;sfPsf 5g . a? p;n] n]vf]; .gu/f]; h;/L cNnfxn] p;nfO{ l;sfPsf 5g . a? p;n] n]vf]; .gu/f]; h;/L cNnfxn] p;nfO{ l;sfPsf 5g . a? p;n] n]vf]; .gu/f]; h;/L cNnfxn] p;nfO{ l;sfPsf 5g . a? p;n] n]vf]; .gu/f]; h;/L cNnfxn] p;nfO{ l;sfPsf 5g . a? p;n] n]vf]; .
/, h;sf] xs 5, To; C0f lng] Dflg;n] n]vfcf]; clg p;n]/, h;sf] xs 5, To; C0f lng] Dflg;n] n]vfcf]; clg p;n]/, h;sf] xs 5, To; C0f lng] Dflg;n] n]vfcf]; clg p;n]/, h;sf] xs 5, To; C0f lng] Dflg;n] n]vfcf]; clg p;n]/, h;sf] xs 5, To; C0f lng] Dflg;n] n]vfcf]; clg p;n]
cfˆgf kfngstf{– cNnfxsf] eo u/f]; tyf To;df s'g} sdLcfˆgf kfngstf{– cNnfxsf] eo u/f]; tyf To;df s'g} sdLcfˆgf kfngstf{– cNnfxsf] eo u/f]; tyf To;df s'g} sdLcfˆgf kfngstf{– cNnfxsf] eo u/f]; tyf To;df s'g} sdLcfˆgf kfngstf{– cNnfxsf] eo u/f]; tyf To;df s'g} sdL
gu/f]; . t/ Tof] dflg; h;nfO{ xs k|fKt 5Ù olb ca'em jfgu/f]; . t/ Tof] dflg; h;nfO{ xs k|fKt 5Ù olb ca'em jfgu/f]; . t/ Tof] dflg; h;nfO{ xs k|fKt 5Ù olb ca'em jfgu/f]; . t/ Tof] dflg; h;nfO{ xs k|fKt 5Ù olb ca'em jfgu/f]; . t/ Tof] dflg; h;nfO{ xs k|fKt 5Ù olb ca'em jf
sdhf]/ 5 jf :jo+ n]vfpg] ;fdYo{ /fVb}g eg] p;sf] cleefjsn]sdhf]/ 5 jf :jo+ n]vfpg] ;fdYo{ /fVb}g eg] p;sf] cleefjsn]sdhf]/ 5 jf :jo+ n]vfpg] ;fdYo{ /fVb}g eg] p;sf] cleefjsn]sdhf]/ 5 jf :jo+ n]vfpg] ;fdYo{ /fVb}g eg] p;sf] cleefjsn]sdhf]/ 5 jf :jo+ n]vfpg] ;fdYo{ /fVb}g eg] p;sf] cleefjsn]
Gofok"j{s n]vfcf]; . ltdLx¿n] k'?ifx¿dWo] b'O{hgfnfO{ cfˆgfGofok"j{s n]vfcf]; . ltdLx¿n] k'?ifx¿dWo] b'O{hgfnfO{ cfˆgfGofok"j{s n]vfcf]; . ltdLx¿n] k'?ifx¿dWo] b'O{hgfnfO{ cfˆgfGofok"j{s n]vfcf]; . ltdLx¿n] k'?ifx¿dWo] b'O{hgfnfO{ cfˆgfGofok"j{s n]vfcf]; . ltdLx¿n] k'?ifx¿dWo] b'O{hgfnfO{ cfˆgf
;fIfL agfpg] u/Ù b'O{hgf k'?if pknAw gePdf Pshgf k'?if /;fIfL agfpg] u/Ù b'O{hgf k'?if pknAw gePdf Pshgf k'?if /;fIfL agfpg] u/Ù b'O{hgf k'?if pknAw gePdf Pshgf k'?if /;fIfL agfpg] u/Ù b'O{hgf k'?if pknAw gePdf Pshgf k'?if /;fIfL agfpg] u/Ù b'O{hgf k'?if pknAw gePdf Pshgf k'?if /
b'O{hgf dlxnf -nfO{ ;fIfL agfpm_ . oL ;fIfLx¿ o:tfb'O{hgf dlxnf -nfO{ ;fIfL agfpm_ . oL ;fIfLx¿ o:tfb'O{hgf dlxnf -nfO{ ;fIfL agfpm_ . oL ;fIfLx¿ o:tfb'O{hgf dlxnf -nfO{ ;fIfL agfpm_ . oL ;fIfLx¿ o:tfb'O{hgf dlxnf -nfO{ ;fIfL agfpm_ . oL ;fIfLx¿ o:tf
dflg;x¿dWo] x'g'k5{ h;sf] ;fIo ltdLx¿aLr dfGo xf]; .dflg;x¿dWo] x'g'k5{ h;sf] ;fIo ltdLx¿aLr dfGo xf]; .dflg;x¿dWo] x'g'k5{ h;sf] ;fIo ltdLx¿aLr dfGo xf]; .dflg;x¿dWo] x'g'k5{ h;sf] ;fIo ltdLx¿aLr dfGo xf]; .dflg;x¿dWo] x'g'k5{ h;sf] ;fIo ltdLx¿aLr dfGo xf]; .
b'O{hgf dlxnf o;sf/0fn] ls pgLx¿dWo] s'g} Psn] uNtL u/]sf]b'O{hgf dlxnf o;sf/0fn] ls pgLx¿dWo] s'g} Psn] uNtL u/]sf]b'O{hgf dlxnf o;sf/0fn] ls pgLx¿dWo] s'g} Psn] uNtL u/]sf]b'O{hgf dlxnf o;sf/0fn] ls pgLx¿dWo] s'g} Psn] uNtL u/]sf]b'O{hgf dlxnf o;sf/0fn] ls pgLx¿dWo] s'g} Psn] uNtL u/]sf]
v08df csf{]]n] :d/0f u/fpg ;sf]; . /, ;fIfLx¿nfO{ hlxn]v08df csf{]]n] :d/0f u/fpg ;sf]; . /, ;fIfLx¿nfO{ hlxn]v08df csf{]]n] :d/0f u/fpg ;sf]; . /, ;fIfLx¿nfO{ hlxn]v08df csf{]]n] :d/0f u/fpg ;sf]; . /, ;fIfLx¿nfO{ hlxn]v08df csf{]]n] :d/0f u/fpg ;sf]; . /, ;fIfLx¿nfO{ hlxn]
af]nfpFbf klg pgLx¿n] c:jLsf/ gu¿g . C0f ;fgf] xf]; jfaf]nfpFbf klg pgLx¿n] c:jLsf/ gu¿g . C0f ;fgf] xf]; jfaf]nfpFbf klg pgLx¿n] c:jLsf/ gu¿g . C0f ;fgf] xf]; jfaf]nfpFbf klg pgLx¿n] c:jLsf/ gu¿g . C0f ;fgf] xf]; jfaf]nfpFbf klg pgLx¿n] c:jLsf/ gu¿g . C0f ;fgf] xf]; jf
7"nf], ltdLx¿n] To;sf] cjwL tf]s]/ n]Vg cN5L gu/ . cNnfxsf]7"nf], ltdLx¿n] To;sf] cjwL tf]s]/ n]Vg cN5L gu/ . cNnfxsf]7"nf], ltdLx¿n] To;sf] cjwL tf]s]/ n]Vg cN5L gu/ . cNnfxsf]7"nf], ltdLx¿n] To;sf] cjwL tf]s]/ n]Vg cN5L gu/ . cNnfxsf]7"nf], ltdLx¿n] To;sf] cjwL tf]s]/ n]Vg cN5L gu/ . cNnfxsf]
b[li6df of] t/Lsf a9L Gofo;Fut 5 / of] ;fIonfO{ emg 7Lsb[li6df of] t/Lsf a9L Gofo;Fut 5 / of] ;fIonfO{ emg 7Lsb[li6df of] t/Lsf a9L Gofo;Fut 5 / of] ;fIonfO{ emg 7Lsb[li6df of] t/Lsf a9L Gofo;Fut 5 / of] ;fIonfO{ emg 7Lsb[li6df of] t/Lsf a9L Gofo;Fut 5 / of] ;fIonfO{ emg 7Ls
/fVg] tyf zÍfaf6 klg arfpg] t/Lsf xf] . cF, xftfxftL Jofkfl/s/fVg] tyf zÍfaf6 klg arfpg] t/Lsf xf] . cF, xftfxftL Jofkfl/s/fVg] tyf zÍfaf6 klg arfpg] t/Lsf xf] . cF, xftfxftL Jofkfl/s/fVg] tyf zÍfaf6 klg arfpg] t/Lsf xf] . cF, xftfxftL Jofkfl/s/fVg] tyf zÍfaf6 klg arfpg] t/Lsf xf] . cF, xftfxftL Jofkfl/s
n]gb]g ul/G5 eg] gn]v]df klg ltdLx¿dfly s'g} cfklQ 5}g .n]gb]g ul/G5 eg] gn]v]df klg ltdLx¿dfly s'g} cfklQ 5}g .n]gb]g ul/G5 eg] gn]v]df klg ltdLx¿dfly s'g} cfklQ 5}g .n]gb]g ul/G5 eg] gn]v]df klg ltdLx¿dfly s'g} cfklQ 5}g .n]gb]g ul/G5 eg] gn]v]df klg ltdLx¿dfly s'g} cfklQ 5}g .
t/ Jofkfl/s dfdnf to ubf{ ;fIfL agfpm / n]vgbf; tyft/ Jofkfl/s dfdnf to ubf{ ;fIfL agfpm / n]vgbf; tyft/ Jofkfl/s dfdnf to ubf{ ;fIfL agfpm / n]vgbf; tyft/ Jofkfl/s dfdnf to ubf{ ;fIfL agfpm / n]vgbf; tyft/ Jofkfl/s dfdnf to ubf{ ;fIfL agfpm / n]vgbf; tyf
;fIfLnfO{ s'g} si6 glbOof]; . o:tf] u/]df of] ltdLx¿sf] tkm{af6;fIfLnfO{ s'g} si6 glbOof]; . o:tf] u/]df of] ltdLx¿sf] tkm{af6;fIfLnfO{ s'g} si6 glbOof]; . o:tf] u/]df of] ltdLx¿sf] tkm{af6;fIfLnfO{ s'g} si6 glbOof]; . o:tf] u/]df of] ltdLx¿sf] tkm{af6;fIfLnfO{ s'g} si6 glbOof]; . o:tf] u/]df of] ltdLx¿sf] tkm{af6
cj1f 7xg]{5cj1f 7xg]{5cj1f 7xg]{5cj1f 7xg]{5cj1f 7xg]{5======================================== .....ÆÆÆÆÆ -s'/cfg, @M@*@_-s'/cfg, @M@*@_-s'/cfg, @M@*@_-s'/cfg, @M@*@_-s'/cfg, @M@*@_

41
o; cfotn] ;fdfg n]gb]g / v/LbljqmL;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf dfu{bz{g
ub{5 . o;k|sf/sf ljifodf lnlvt ¿kdf b'a} kIfsf] ;Demf}tf u/L b'O{hgf ujfxL
/fVg] cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf] ujfx -;fIfL_ ;se/ b'O{ k'?if /fVg' plrt x'G5 .
olb b'O{ k'?if ;fIfL ge]l6Pdf Ps k'?if / b'O{hgf dlxnf eP klg kof{Kt x'G5 .
h:tf] ls s'g} JolQm s'g} vf; /f]usf] ck/]zg u/fpg rfxG5 eg]
7Ls;Fu pkrf/ u/fpg]af/] hfGgsf nflu p;n] of]Uo / dfGotf k|fKt b'O{
8fS6/sf] /fo lnG5 . olb b'O{hgf ;h{g p;n] kfPg eg] Pp6f ;h{g / csf{]
hg/n 8fS6/;Fu ;Dks{ ub{5 lsgls ljsNksf] ¿kdf oxL dfq p;sf]
cufl8 /xG5 . o;/L g} ;fdfg ;DalGw jf n]gb]gdf b'O{ k'?ifnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbOG5 . O:nfddf k'?ifnfO{ cfˆgf]] 3/kl/jf/sf] cfly{s h?/t k"/f ug{]
lhDd]jf/sf ¿kdf x]l/G5 . o:tf] cfly{s lhDd]jf/L k'?ifsf] 6fpsf]df ePsfn]
dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf sf/f]af/sf ljifodf k'?ifleq a9L of]Uotf, Ifdtf / bIftf
x'G5 . bf]>f] ljsNksf ¿kdf Ps k'?if / b'O{ dlxnf x'g ;Sb5g . o;sf]
sf/0f of] xf] ls olb Pp6L dlxnfn] uNtL u/]df csL{ dlxnfn] To;nfO{
;RRofpg ;lS5g . o;k|sf/ sf/f]af/L n]gb]g Ps dfq o:tf] dfldnf xf]
h;df b'O{ ;fIfL dlxnf Ps k'?if ;fIfL;Fu a/fa/ ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 .
dlxnfsf] Jojxf/ xTofsf] ljifosf] ;fIfLdf k|efljt x'g hfG5 eGg]
s'/f s]xL O:nfdL ljåfgx¿sf] /fo /x]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf ljifodf dlxnfx¿
k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf a9L eolet / cft+lst x'g k'Ub5g . cfˆgf]] efj'stfsf]
sf/0f pgLx¿ w]/} dfgl;s pNemg (Confusion) sf] lzsf/ x'g ;Sb5g .
To;}n] wd{zf:qLx¿sf] b[li6df xTofsf] ljifodf b'O{ dlxnf ;fIfL Ps k'?if
;fIfL;Fu a/fa/ x'G5g . kljq s'/cfgdf ;fIfLsf] ljifodf k|sfz kfg{] kfFrj6f
cfotx¿ 5g . t/ tLdWo] s'g} klg dlxnf / k'?if eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf]
5}g . k}lqs ;DklQ -ld/f;_ sf] afF8kmfF8sf] sfuhkq agfpg ;fIfLsf
¿kdf b'O{ Gofolk|o AolQmsf] h?/t kb{5 . kljq s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5–
æx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ha ltdLx¿dWo] s;}sf] d[To' glhlsG5 taæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ha ltdLx¿dWo] s;}sf] d[To' glhlsG5 taæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ha ltdLx¿dWo] s;}sf] d[To' glhlsG5 taæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ha ltdLx¿dWo] s;}sf] d[To' glhlsG5 taæx] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û ha ltdLx¿dWo] s;}sf] d[To' glhlsG5 ta
j;Lotj;Lotj;Lotj;Lotj;Lot u5f{} eg] ToxfF ltdLx¿dWo] b'O{ hgf GofoL ;fIfL agfpm jfu5f{} eg] ToxfF ltdLx¿dWo] b'O{ hgf GofoL ;fIfL agfpm jfu5f{} eg] ToxfF ltdLx¿dWo] b'O{ hgf GofoL ;fIfL agfpm jfu5f{} eg] ToxfF ltdLx¿dWo] b'O{ hgf GofoL ;fIfL agfpm jfu5f{} eg] ToxfF ltdLx¿dWo] b'O{ hgf GofoL ;fIfL agfpm jf
olb ltdLx¿ ofqfsf] l:yltdf 5f} / ToxLF d[To'sf] ljklQ cfOk'U5 eg]olb ltdLx¿ ofqfsf] l:yltdf 5f} / ToxLF d[To'sf] ljklQ cfOk'U5 eg]olb ltdLx¿ ofqfsf] l:yltdf 5f} / ToxLF d[To'sf] ljklQ cfOk'U5 eg]olb ltdLx¿ ofqfsf] l:yltdf 5f} / ToxLF d[To'sf] ljklQ cfOk'U5 eg]olb ltdLx¿ ofqfsf] l:yltdf 5f} / ToxLF d[To'sf] ljklQ cfOk'U5 eg]
aflx/sf dfG5]x¿dWo] b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;fIfL agfpmaflx/sf dfG5]x¿dWo] b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;fIfL agfpmaflx/sf dfG5]x¿dWo] b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;fIfL agfpmaflx/sf dfG5]x¿dWo] b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;fIfL agfpmaflx/sf dfG5]x¿dWo] b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;fIfL agfpm==================== .Æ -s'/cfg, %M!)^_.Æ -s'/cfg, %M!)^_.Æ -s'/cfg, %M!)^_.Æ -s'/cfg, %M!)^_.Æ -s'/cfg, %M!)^_

42
dlxnfdfly cf/f]k nufpg] ;Gbe{df eg] rf/ hgf ;fIfL aGg' kg{]
x'G5 . s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5, ædlxnfsf] OHht / cl:dtfnfO{ lgzfgf agfpg]
jf pgLk|lt cf/f]k nufpg] ;DaGwdf rf/ ;fIfLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .Æ
b'O{ dlxnfx¿sf] ujfxL Ps k'?if ujfxLsf] a/fa/ x'g] s'/f ;a} ljifodf
nfu" x'G5 egL s]xL O:nfdL ljåfgx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . o; /fo;Fu s'g}
klg xfntdf ;xdt x'g ;ls+b}g lsgls kljq s'/cfgsf] ;"/x @$ g"/ cfot
* df Psbd :ki6;Fu Ps k'?if / Ps dlxnfsf] ujfxLnfO{ ;dfg dfGb}
elgPsf] 5M
æ/, To; dlxnfsf] b08 o;/L lgjf/0f x'g ;S5 ls p;n] rf/æ/, To; dlxnfsf] b08 o;/L lgjf/0f x'g ;S5 ls p;n] rf/æ/, To; dlxnfsf] b08 o;/L lgjf/0f x'g ;S5 ls p;n] rf/æ/, To; dlxnfsf] b08 o;/L lgjf/0f x'g ;S5 ls p;n] rf/æ/, To; dlxnfsf] b08 o;/L lgjf/0f x'g ;S5 ls p;n] rf/
k6s cNnfxsf] s;d vfP/ egf];– ælgZro g} pgL -p;sf]k6s cNnfxsf] s;d vfP/ egf];– ælgZro g} pgL -p;sf]k6s cNnfxsf] s;d vfP/ egf];– ælgZro g} pgL -p;sf]k6s cNnfxsf] s;d vfP/ egf];– ælgZro g} pgL -p;sf]k6s cNnfxsf] s;d vfP/ egf];– ælgZro g} pgL -p;sf]
klt_ em"7fx¿dWo]sf x'g .Æ -s'/cfg @$M*_klt_ em"7fx¿dWo]sf x'g .Æ -s'/cfg @$M*_klt_ em"7fx¿dWo]sf x'g .Æ -s'/cfg @$M*_klt_ em"7fx¿dWo]sf x'g .Æ -s'/cfg @$M*_klt_ em"7fx¿dWo]sf x'g .Æ -s'/cfg @$M*_
w]/} wd{zf:qLx¿ ljz]if cj;/df rGb|df b]Vg] af/]df Ps dlxnfsf]
ujfxL g} kof{Kt x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf Psdt 5g . ljrf/ ug{'xf]; ls Ps
dlxnfsf] ujfxL O:nfdsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ :tDesf nflu kof{Kt 5 . Pp6L
dlxnfsf] ujfxLdf ;Dk"0f{ k'?if / dlxnfn] /dhfgsf] /f]hf -j|t_ /fV5g .
s]xL wd{zf:qLx¿sf cg';f/ /dhfgsf] /f]hf -j|t_ z'¿sfnflu Ps dlxnfsf]
ujfxL kof{Kt x'G5 t/ /f]hf -j|t_ sf] cGTo jf O{bsf] lbg b'O{ ujfxLsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . o; l;nl;nfdf Ps k'?if / Ps dlxnf aLr s'g} cGt/
jf e]b x'Fb}g . s]xL cj:yfdf dlxnf ujfxLsf] g} h?/t x'G5 . To; ;DaGwdf
k'?if ujfxL :jLsfo{ x'Fb}g . h:t} dlxnfsf] zanfO{ g'xfpg] ;do dlxnf g}
ujfxL x'g ;lS5g . o:t} dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljifodf dlxnf dfq
ujfxL x'g ;lS5g .
sf/f]af/;DalGw ljifodf h'g c;dfgtf k'?if / dlxnfaLr b]lvPsf]
5 n}+lus c;dfgtf To;sf] sf/0f xf]Og . To;sf] jf:tljs sf/0f dlxnf /
k'?ifdf ePsf k|fs[lts ljz]iftf / ;fdflhs e"ldsf xf] h;nfO{ O:nfdn]
k|To]ssf] nflu lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .

43
!!= k}t[s ;DklQ
k|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgMk|ZgM O:nfdL sfg"g cg';f/ ;DklQdf dlxnfsf] lx:;f k'?ifsf] cfwf
lsg x'G5 <
pQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/MpQ/M kljq s'/cfgdf xsbf/x¿aLr ;DklQ afF8kmfF8;DalGwt lgb{]z
;lj:tf/ /x]sf] 5 . kljq s'/cfgsf cfoftx¿ @M!*), @M@$), $M&–(,
$M!(, $M##, %M!)^ –!)* df ;DklQsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DalGwt lgb]{z /x]sf] 5 .
To:t} vf; u/L tLgj6f cfotx¿df d[tssf gft]bf/sfaLr ;DklQ afF8g]
af/]df lj:t[t ¿kdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5M
æææææcNnfx ltd|f ;Gtfgx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ltdLx¿nfO{ lgb{]zgcNnfx ltd|f ;Gtfgx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ltdLx¿nfO{ lgb{]zgcNnfx ltd|f ;Gtfgx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ltdLx¿nfO{ lgb{]zgcNnfx ltd|f ;Gtfgx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ltdLx¿nfO{ lgb{]zgcNnfx ltd|f ;Gtfgx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ltdLx¿nfO{ lgb{]zg
lbG5g –Ps hgf k'?ifsf] c+z b'O{ hgf dlxnfsf] a/fa/lbG5g –Ps hgf k'?ifsf] c+z b'O{ hgf dlxnfsf] a/fa/lbG5g –Ps hgf k'?ifsf] c+z b'O{ hgf dlxnfsf] a/fa/lbG5g –Ps hgf k'?ifsf] c+z b'O{ hgf dlxnfsf] a/fa/lbG5g –Ps hgf k'?ifsf] c+z b'O{ hgf dlxnfsf] a/fa/
x'G5 . olb b'O{eGbf a9L 5f]/Lx¿ g} 5g eg] pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf]x'G5 . olb b'O{eGbf a9L 5f]/Lx¿ g} 5g eg] pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf]x'G5 . olb b'O{eGbf a9L 5f]/Lx¿ g} 5g eg] pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf]x'G5 . olb b'O{eGbf a9L 5f]/Lx¿ g} 5g eg] pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf]x'G5 . olb b'O{eGbf a9L 5f]/Lx¿ g} 5g eg] pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf]
;DklQsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ kfpg]5g . /, Pp6L dfq 5f]/L l5g eg];DklQsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ kfpg]5g . /, Pp6L dfq 5f]/L l5g eg];DklQsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ kfpg]5g . /, Pp6L dfq 5f]/L l5g eg];DklQsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ kfpg]5g . /, Pp6L dfq 5f]/L l5g eg];DklQsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ kfpg]5g . /, Pp6L dfq 5f]/L l5g eg]
pgn] ;DklQsf] cfwf c+z kfpg]l5g .Æpgn] ;DklQsf] cfwf c+z kfpg]l5g .Æpgn] ;DklQsf] cfwf c+z kfpg]l5g .Æpgn] ;DklQsf] cfwf c+z kfpg]l5g .Æpgn] ;DklQsf] cfwf c+z kfpg]l5g .Æ
æææææd[tssf] s'g} ;Gtfg 5 eg] d[tssf dftflktfdWo] k|To]snfO{d[tssf] s'g} ;Gtfg 5 eg] d[tssf dftflktfdWo] k|To]snfO{d[tssf] s'g} ;Gtfg 5 eg] d[tssf dftflktfdWo] k|To]snfO{d[tssf] s'g} ;Gtfg 5 eg] d[tssf dftflktfdWo] k|To]snfO{d[tssf] s'g} ;Gtfg 5 eg] d[tssf dftflktfdWo] k|To]snfO{
d[tsn] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+ efu k|fKt x'g]5 . t/, ;Gtfgd[tsn] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+ efu k|fKt x'g]5 . t/, ;Gtfgd[tsn] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+ efu k|fKt x'g]5 . t/, ;Gtfgd[tsn] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+ efu k|fKt x'g]5 . t/, ;Gtfgd[tsn] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+ efu k|fKt x'g]5 . t/, ;Gtfg
5}g / pQ/flwsf/L s]jn cfdf–afa' g} x'g eg] cfdfs] c+z5}g / pQ/flwsf/L s]jn cfdf–afa' g} x'g eg] cfdfs] c+z5}g / pQ/flwsf/L s]jn cfdf–afa' g} x'g eg] cfdfs] c+z5}g / pQ/flwsf/L s]jn cfdf–afa' g} x'g eg] cfdfs] c+z5}g / pQ/flwsf/L s]jn cfdf–afa' g} x'g eg] cfdfs] c+z
Ps ltxfO{ x'g]5 -afFsL b'O{ ltxfO{ afa'sf] x'g]5_ . /, d[tssf]Ps ltxfO{ x'g]5 -afFsL b'O{ ltxfO{ afa'sf] x'g]5_ . /, d[tssf]Ps ltxfO{ x'g]5 -afFsL b'O{ ltxfO{ afa'sf] x'g]5_ . /, d[tssf]Ps ltxfO{ x'g]5 -afFsL b'O{ ltxfO{ afa'sf] x'g]5_ . /, d[tssf]Ps ltxfO{ x'g]5 -afFsL b'O{ ltxfO{ afa'sf] x'g]5_ . /, d[tssf]
bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgL 5g eg] cfdfsf] c+z ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgL 5g eg] cfdfsf] c+z ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgL 5g eg] cfdfsf] c+z ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgL 5g eg] cfdfsf] c+z ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgL 5g eg] cfdfsf] c+z ;DklQsf] 5}7f}+
efu x'g]5 . -oL c+za08f d[tssf]_ j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu x'g]5 . -oL c+za08f d[tssf]_ j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu x'g]5 . -oL c+za08f d[tssf]_ j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu x'g]5 . -oL c+za08f d[tssf]_ j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu x'g]5 . -oL c+za08f d[tssf]_ j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_
k"/f u/]kl5 / p;dfly /x]sf] C0f r'Qmf ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjogk"/f u/]kl5 / p;dfly /x]sf] C0f r'Qmf ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjogk"/f u/]kl5 / p;dfly /x]sf] C0f r'Qmf ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjogk"/f u/]kl5 / p;dfly /x]sf] C0f r'Qmf ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjogk"/f u/]kl5 / p;dfly /x]sf] C0f r'Qmf ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjog
x'g]5 . ltdLx¿sf dftflktf / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ltd|fnflu sf]x'g]5 . ltdLx¿sf dftflktf / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ltd|fnflu sf]x'g]5 . ltdLx¿sf dftflktf / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ltd|fnflu sf]x'g]5 . ltdLx¿sf dftflktf / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ltd|fnflu sf]x'g]5 . ltdLx¿sf dftflktf / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ltd|fnflu sf]
a9L nfebfos x'g]5 eGg] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . oLa9L nfebfos x'g]5 eGg] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . oLa9L nfebfos x'g]5 eGg] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . oLa9L nfebfos x'g]5 eGg] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . oLa9L nfebfos x'g]5 eGg] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . oL
cNnfxåf/f lgwf{l/t c+zx¿ x'g . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx ;j{1 /cNnfxåf/f lgwf{l/t c+zx¿ x'g . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx ;j{1 /cNnfxåf/f lgwf{l/t c+zx¿ x'g . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx ;j{1 /cNnfxåf/f lgwf{l/t c+zx¿ x'g . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx ;j{1 /cNnfxåf/f lgwf{l/t c+zx¿ x'g . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx ;j{1 /
tTjbzL{ 5g .Æ -s'/cfg $M!!_tTjbzL{ 5g .Æ -s'/cfg $M!!_tTjbzL{ 5g .Æ -s'/cfg $M!!_tTjbzL{ 5g .Æ -s'/cfg $M!!_tTjbzL{ 5g .Æ -s'/cfg $M!!_
ltd|f kTgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQdf pgLx¿sf s'g} ;Gtfgltd|f kTgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQdf pgLx¿sf s'g} ;Gtfgltd|f kTgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQdf pgLx¿sf s'g} ;Gtfgltd|f kTgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQdf pgLx¿sf s'g} ;Gtfgltd|f kTgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQdf pgLx¿sf s'g} ;Gtfg
gePdf ltdLx¿nfO{ cfwf c+z k|fKt x'g]5 t/ pgLx¿sf]gePdf ltdLx¿nfO{ cfwf c+z k|fKt x'g]5 t/ pgLx¿sf]gePdf ltdLx¿nfO{ cfwf c+z k|fKt x'g]5 t/ pgLx¿sf]gePdf ltdLx¿nfO{ cfwf c+z k|fKt x'g]5 t/ pgLx¿sf]gePdf ltdLx¿nfO{ cfwf c+z k|fKt x'g]5 t/ pgLx¿sf]
;Gtfg ePdf pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf ;DklQdWo] ltdLx¿nfO{ rf}yf];Gtfg ePdf pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf ;DklQdWo] ltdLx¿nfO{ rf}yf];Gtfg ePdf pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf ;DklQdWo] ltdLx¿nfO{ rf}yf];Gtfg ePdf pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf ;DklQdWo] ltdLx¿nfO{ rf}yf];Gtfg ePdf pgLx¿n] 5f]8]sf ;DklQdWo] ltdLx¿nfO{ rf}yf]
efu k|fKt x'g]5 . of] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu k|fKt x'g]5 . of] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu k|fKt x'g]5 . of] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu k|fKt x'g]5 . of] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_efu k|fKt x'g]5 . of] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] j;Lot -clGtd cfb]z_

Ne kashf shobohat

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Destacado

Destacado (6)

Similar a Ne kashf shobohat

Similar a Ne kashf shobohat (20)

Más de Loveofpeople

Más de Loveofpeople (20)

Último

Último (20)

Ne kashf shobohat