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Lucy Saunders Active Travel August 2011
- 1. Why Cycling? Equality - Even in the wealthiest cities 1/3 of residents don’t drive (too young, too old, no car) Efficiency - 5 times as many people can move per hour in a cycle lane than in a car lane Sustainability - Carbon neutral Compatible with creating a walking-friendly environment Enables people to cover longer distances time-efficiently and independently
- 2. Why Denmark?
- 3. Walking
- 4. London
- 18. Copenhagen
- 19. New York
- 20. Bogota
- 21. Nijmegen
- 22. Integrated public transport systems
- 24. Make it the most attractive option
- 27. Oulu, Finland 22% mode share for bikes 27% keep cycling all year round Additional 13% are regular summer and occasional winter cyclist 200km south of arctic circle Average winter temperature: -5oC Average temp. Dec and Jan: -10oC Lowest winter temperature: -40oC 5hrs 40 minutes of daylight Finland 9% of trips by bike (34% of journeys under 1km and 74% under 3km)
- 32. Promote it
- 33. ‘Bike to Work’
- 37. Data
Notas del editor
- For non-cyclists, who compose the vast majority of the population in most cities it is not clear why we should be promoting cycling. Many of the health problems in cities associated with road transport could be reduced by minimising private motorised vehicle use- RTC’s, air and noise pollution, social inequalities. Creating environments which are pleasant to walk in and creating a good public transport system are essential. Everyone needs to walk for some part of their journey and everyone has occasions when the journey is too long or their luggage too bulky to carry on foot so they need to use public transport. However cycling provides a carbon neutral transport mode which can be more time efficient than the walking/public transport combination, involves higher levels of physical activity, can be compatible with creating a conducive walking environment and enables people to cover larger distances independently.The 8/80 city
- Denmark is similar to the UK in terms of it’s marriage to the motorcar in the post-war era. Between 1990 and 2006 cycling declined 30%.But in some of it’s cities they have had a sustained focus for decades on creating cycling friendly environments showing the slow process of reaping the public health benefits of interventions.Copenhagen is a European capital city which was in the same situation as london in the 1960’s and took a different route, they have shown what can be done and what are the challenges with 40 years of cyclist oriented transport planning
- This the difference between the UK and Denmark now.2/3rds of 15 yr olds cycle to school in Denmark, while 2% cycle to school in the UK.We’re going to take a look at what they have done to achieve this using Copenhagen as an example.
- In London the modal share of car use is 40% and 37% compared with 31% in CopenhagenPublic transport use is around 30% in London and CopenhagenCycling is 1-2% in London compared with 37% in CopenhagenWalking is around 30% compared with 4% in Copenhagen so the opposite of London.
- 2008 Trips to and from work or education37% commuter journeys are by bike, target of 50% by 2015 (already 55% in central Copenhagen) But ... 31% of commuter journeys by car and there’s been a 50% increase in car ownership in last 15 years
- This graph shows the journey that has been taken from 1970 to the present day.During the 1970’s the number of journeys by bike in rush hour was continuing to decline with increased car ownership, from the late 1970’s the city started investing in cycle infrastructure and in 2005 the number of rush hour journeys taken by bicycle exceeded those taken by cars for the first time.
- Everybody has to walk at some point during the day. When you only have low levels of cycling you need to make sure that the bits of time that people do spend actively travelling are as pleasant as possible and so you need to focus on prioritising the pedestrians.
- Here you can see the difference between london and copenhagen cycle paths.The ‘cycle superhighway’ is intimidating for new cyclists because they are not protected from motorised traffic.Copenhagen cyclepaths are on raised surfaces so cars cannot share the space and this makes nervous new cyclists and more vulnerable cyclists like old people and children feel safe, this is the way to get a wider demographic and larger numbers of people trying cycling.Obviously this costs money and takes time but there are cheap, quick ways to get started. It all comes down to politics and the prioritisation of one mode over the other.On the London cycle-superhighways there’s a deliberate policy not to reallocate road space away from cars which does not nurture new cyclists.
- Here in Copenhagen you can see how when the cycle path became too narrow for the number of cyclists, they didn’t wait to save up enough to build out the raised cycle path, they just painted a line on the road so cyclists can use it straight away while they wait for funding to do the more expensive building.This provides a fast and slow lane in the cycle path where the more daring cyclists can go on the road and the more vulnerable can be segregated.
- Things can be done fast and cheap, the main hindrance to segregated cycle oaths is political will.30 days from visiting Copenhagen to installing the first ‘Copenhagen style’ on street segregated cycle lane.Over 3 years - 48% increase in cycle network/ 50 miles a year9th Avenue/Broadway – 50% increase in cycling, 59% fewer accidentsImportance of quick transformations using paint, temporary bollards and planters – ‘change the use not the fabric.’As soon as they put it there people used it showing latent demand for cycling facilities and better pedestrian environmentsAlso if the design doesn’t work you can change it easily and quickly too.
- In some places the streets are too narrow for segregated cycle paths and in these situations you need to make the roads cyclists only and ‘cars as guests’ to redress the balance in favour of the most vulnerable road users.What is important is to think about what environment would be suitable for an 8 year old and an 80 year old to use independently and create that in the space that is available, it’s less about financial investment and more about making strong decisions in favour of the most vulnerable which may well be unpopular.
- You can take bicycles on trains and all taxi’s must have cycle racks5000 cyclists a day use a combination of train and bike to commuteThis enables people to incorporate active travel into part of a more complex journey rather than active travelling only being an option for those who live close to their destination.
- People don’t travel actively for health reasons. The annual survey of cyclists in Copenhagen found the reasons for cycling were:61% because it’s fast and easy; 19% for health reasons; 6% for financial reasons1% for environmental reasons
- Because it is the easiest and quickest way to get around people still cycle in terrible weather conditions – dispelling the myth that it’s a summer-only persuit.In Copenhagen 60% of cyclists continue to bike in winter70% cycle all year round
- The snow is cleared from the pavements and cycle paths before the roads so that the most vulnerable road users are safest.
- The same can be seen here in Finland where the weather is even less hospitable.
- Make it tangible and easy and appealing to different people’s motivationsWalk it: Shows the route, describes the route using everyday landmarks e.g. Pubs, gives distance in steps, miles and km, gives time by different pace, calories and carbon saving compared with tube, car and busCycle to work: Shows people how much money they are saving themselves by cycling – most people are not motivated by health so you need to make messages relevant to them.
- Put out lots of pictures of attractive people in ordinary clothes on bikes so that people can relate to it and imagine themselves or aspire to be cyclists too. Dispelling the myth that cyclists have to be lycra-clad/sport/sweatyIn Copenhagen 55% of cyclists are women.
- Car parking spaces have been taken away to accommodate bike racks and cargo-bike storage.This gives clear message that cyclists are considered important and it means that people don’t need to own cars because they can transport kids and bulky items in their cargo-bikes.25% of families with 2 or more children own a cargo bike
- Even with excellent infrastructure you need to keep promoting active travel
- Goal:Keep people cycling, Recruit new cyclistsTarget group:Workers & companiesParticipants: 110,000 annuallyIntervention: Competition between companies to cycle to work the most days in May Results:35% more inclined to cycle10% each year are new cyclists (=10,000 people)Messenger Huge media coverage – people respond to seeing themselves featured in local mediaIncentives Participants receive a lottery ticket for every day they cycleNorms The campaign has run annually for 13 years for the month of MayDefaults Recognises that people stop cycling over winter so timed to fit with springSalience Employees form teams with their colleagues Each team gets their own webpage to track their progress and compare with othersPriming Visible signs of rewards for cyclists e..g handing out free breakfasts for cyclists on cycle pathsAffect Participants say they like the team spirit it builds with their colleaguesCommitment Participants pay small registration fee to participate Companies improve cycling facilities to reward cyclists e.g. Improve showers/bike storageEgo Companies give their participants rewards and prizes for participating.
- Plenty of other examples available, a national ‘Bike to school’ campaign, cycle lessons for kids, ‘cycling welcome packs’ for new immigrants,
- These cycle counters are big visible signs that draw people’s attention to how many cyclists there are. It is particularly useful for persuading non-cyclists who hold purse-strings that there is demand for investment in cycle infrastructure as they see them as they drive past.It motivates existing cyclists by giving them positive feedback.
- Good data collection via the annual ‘cycling account’ enables them to show the benefits of increasing levels of active travel
- This page from the cycle account 2010 shows that they are making sure that infrastructure continues to grow, that cyclists are still able to keep up good speeds, are cycling in larger numbers and longer distances year on year which helps draw further investment.It flags up oddities like the fact that in 2008 cyclists felt less safe than ever before despite evidence that they were safer than ever before. The next year they concentrated their efforts on finding out why cyclists didn’t feel safe and putting measures in place to address it. The main reason was that cycle lanes have become so congested with high demand so they are widening them to keep up with demand.