kimia polimer

1. POLYMER
CHEMISTRY
Introduction

2. Polymer : A large molecule (macromolecule)
built up by repetitive bonding
(covalent) of smaller molecules
(monomers)
What is the difference between
macromolecule & polymer ?
A polymer is made up of smaller repeating
units called a monomer.
A macromolecule is a large molecule that typically
does not have any repeating units.

7. Contoh-
contoh
polimer

11. Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylene
low density
(LDPE)
–(CH2-CH2)n–
ethylene
CH2=CH2
soft, waxy solid
film wrap,
plastic bags
Polyethylene
high density
(HDPE)
–(CH2-CH2)n–
ethylene
CH2=CH2
rigid, translucent
solid
electrical
insulation
bottles, toys
Polypropylene
(PP) different
grades
–[CH2-CH(CH3)]n–
propylene
CH2=CHCH3
atactic: soft,
elastic solid
isotactic: hard,
strong solid
similar to LDPE
carpet,
upholstery
Poly(vinyl
chloride)
(PVC)
–(CH2-CHCl)n–
vinyl chloride
CH2=CHCl
strong rigid solid
pipes, siding,
flooring
Poly(vinylidene
chloride)
(Saran A)
–(CH2-CCl2)n–
vinylidene
chloride
CH2=CCl2
dense, high-
melting solid
seat covers, films
Polystyrene
(PS)
–[CH2-
CH(C6H5)]n–
styrene
CH2=CHC6H5
hard, rigid,
clear solid
soluble in organic
solvents
toys, cabinets
packaging
(foamed)

12. Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyacrylonitrile
(PAN, Orlon,
Acrilan)
–(CH2-CHCN)n–
acrylonitrile
CH2=CHCN
high-melting
solid
soluble in
organic solvents
rugs, blankets
clothing
Polytetrafluoro-
ethylene
(PTFE, Teflon)
–(CF2-CF2)n–
tetrafluoroethyle
ne
CF2=CF2
resistant, smooth
solid
non-stick
surfaces
electrical
insulation
Poly(methyl
methacrylate)
(PMMA, Lucite,
Plexiglas)
–[CH2-
C(CH3)CO2CH3]n–
methyl
methacrylate
CH2=C(CH3)CO2C
H3
hard, transparent
solid
lighting covers,
signs
skylights
Poly(vinyl
acetate)
(PVAc)
–(CH2-
CHOCOCH3)n–
vinyl acetate
CH2=CHOCOCH3
soft, sticky solid
latex paints,
adhesives
cis-Polyisoprene
natural rubber
–[CH2-
CH=C(CH3)-
CH2]n–
isoprene
CH2=CH-
C(CH3)=CH2
soft, sticky solid
requires
vulcanization
for practical use
Polychloroprene
(cis + trans)
(Neoprene)
–[CH2-CH=CCl-
CH2]n–
chloroprene
CH2=CH-CCl=CH2
tough, rubbery
solid
synthetic rubber
oil resistant

13. One of the first humans to discover,
and make, an artificial polymer,
was the German chemist Hans von
Pechmann. It was probably an
accident. In 1899 he found a
suspicious, sticky, white substance
at the bottom of a flask in which he
had been trying to decompose
diazomethane. He had no idea
what he had made, so he turned
the analysis of the material over to
Eugen Bamberger and Friedrich
Tschirner, who found long chains of
-CH2-, which they called
"polymethylene".
Some years later (1935) in England, Eric
Fawcett and Reginald Gibson had a similar
experience. They were trying very hard to
make an explosive gas (ethylene) react
with a much larger molecule
(benzaldehyde), by forcing them together
under high pressure. What they got was a
useless, (so they thought!), white, waxy
solid that couldn't be used for anything
interesting or practical. How wrong they
were, but nothing much more was done
with this "polyethylene" until the start of
the Second World War.
History

14. Suddenly there was a need for a flexible,
non-reactive insulator to go around the
cables of a new invention - radar. The
British firm Imperial Chemical Industries re-
discovered polyethylene and put it into
production in 1939.
Small molecules of the odorless gas
ethylene were then, and now, transformed
into a polymer called polyethylene by
uniting the ethylene monomers into a long
chain. Some of these chains can be as
long as 10,000 units. In some forms these
chains branch, and they all coil and fold.
Modern manufacturing methods start with
ethylene gas which is heated under very
high pressure until it becomes what is
known as low-density polyethylene.
This material is a crystalline,
transluscent thermoplastic which
softens when heated. Today,
consumers buy and use
polyethylene in a huge number of
ways, everything from packaging,
garbage bags, soda bottles and
containers, around wires (it's
original use), and in almost every
toy or house ware product on the
market. Modern humans are very,
very dependent on this particular
artificial polymer.

15. Prior to the early 1920's, chemists doubted the existence
of molecules having molecular weights greater than a
few thousand. This limiting view was challenged by
Hermann Staudinger, a German chemist with experience
in studying natural compounds such as rubber and
cellulose. In contrast to the prevailing rationalization of
these substances as aggregates of small molecules,
Staudinger proposed they were made up of
macromolecules composed of 10,000 or more atoms.
He formulated a polymeric structure for rubber, based
on a repeating isoprene unit (referred to as a monomer).
For his contributions to chemistry, Staudinger received
the 1953 Nobel Prize.

16. Perkembangan sains
polimer
 Polimer dg kestabilan termal & oksidasi yg
istimewa : utk aplikasi aerospace kinerja tinggi
 Plastik-plastik teknik : polimer yg dirancang
menggantikan logam
If polypropylene car parts
replaced traditional steel,
cars would be lighter
overall and consume less
fuel, for example. And
because the material is
cheap, plastic could
provide a much more
affordable manufacturing
alternative

17.  Serat aromatik berkekuatan tinggi, berdsrkan
teknologi kristal cair : utk aplikasi platform
pemboran minyak lepas pantai
 Polimer degradable : utk pengendalian limbah,
biomedis dan pertanian
 Polimer untuk aplikasi medis :
untuk jahitan bedah sampai
organ buatan
hybrid composites: thermoplastic
pipes reinforced with GRE
composite and RTP (reinforced
thermoplastic pipe) thermoplastic
pipes reinforced with glass,
aramid or carbon fibers.
polyvinylidene
difluoride

18.  Polimer konduktif : untuk aplikasi electrical
device, batteries, solar cells, electrochemical
sensors
 Electro-active polymers : able to transduce
electrical to mechanical energy, flexible capacitor
 Polimer sebagai zat bantu tak larut untuk katalis
atau untuk sintesis protein dan asam nukleat

19.  Polimer magnetik : utk MRI
(magnetic resonance
imaging), bioseparation
 Polimer thermoresponsive :
nanotechnological and
biomedical applications
poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM)

21. Classification of
polymers
Main classifications of the polymers:
• by origin
• by monomer composition
• by chain structure
• by thermal behaviour
• by kinetics or mechanism
• by application

23. Biopolymer

29. fiber
elastomer
plastic
POLYMER
 Linear polymer
 High intermolecular forces
(that result usually from the
presence of polar groups) :
hydrogen bonds or dipole-
dipole interaction
 Less elasticity
 High modulus, high tensile
strength
 Moderate extensibility (less
than 20%)
can be molded or
shaped (such as blowing
to form a film), greater
stiffness and lack
reversible elasticity
 Irregular molecular
structure
 Weak intermolecular
forces
 Very flexible
 Low initial modulus in
tension
 Very high extensibility
(up to 1000%)

31. Polymers arranged in fibers
like this can be spun into
threads and used as textiles.
The clothes you're wearing are
made out of polymeric fibers.
So is carpet. So is rope. Here
are some of the polymers
which can be drawn into
fibers: polyethylene, Kevlar,
Nylon, polyester, cellulose,
polyurethanes,
polyacrylonitrile
Fibers are always made
of polymers which are
arranged into crystals.
They have to be able to
pack into a regular
arrangement in order to
line up as fibers.

34. bahan alami :
 pati jagung
 pati singkong
 pati beras
 pati kentang
bahan terbarukan
(disintesis secara
mikrobiologi) :
 Polylactic acid
(PLA)
 Polyhydroxy
alkanoate (PHA)
PLA : dari esterifikasi asam
laktat (fermentasi hasil
samping produk pertanian)
PLA memiliki sifat tahan
panas, kuat, dan elastis
Biodegradable
plastic

37. Homopolymer
or
heteropolymer ?

38. Heteropolymer

39. Nomenclature of polymer
1- Nomenclature Based on monomer source
The addition polymer is often named according to the monomer that was
used to form it
Example : poly(vinyl chloride) PVC is made from vinyl chloride
-CH2-CH(Cl)-
If “ X “ is a single word the name of polymer is written out
directly
ex. polystyrene -CH2-CH(Ph)-
Poly-X
If “ X “ consists of two or more words parentheses should be
used
ex , poly(vinyl acetate) -CH2-CH(OCOCH3)-
2- Based on polymer structure
The most common method for condensation polymers since the polymer
contains different functional groups than the monomer

40. Copolymer Names (Systematic vs. Concise
names)
1) Poly[styrene-co-ethylene] or Copoly(styrene/ethylene)
2) Poly[styrene-alt-ethylene] or Alt-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
3) Poly[styrene-block-ethylene] or Block-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
4) Poly[styrene-graft-ethylene] or Graft-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
polyethylene grafted onto polystyrene main chain
5) Poly[styrene-co-ethylene-co-propylene] or
Copoly(styrene/ethylene/propylene)

41. IUPAC Names
Use Poly as a prefix and in the brackets list the monomer
structure with numbers indicating the attachment of side
chains
Diene Names :
Use cis- and trans- to indicate geometric isomer
1,2- and 1,4- to indicate positions of free double bonds
derived from olefin polymerization
Examples
1,2-poly(1,3-butadiene)
cis-1,4-poly(1,3-butadiene)
trans-1,4-poly(1,3-isoprene) (natural rubber)

42. Problems
Gambarkan struktur untuk setiap kopolimer berikut :
• Poli[stirena-alt-(anhidrida maleat)-blok-(vinil klorida)]
• Blok-kopoli[butadiena/cangkok-ko(stirena/akrilonitril)]
• Polistirena-blok-poli[butadiena-alt-(vinil asetat)]
• Blok-kopoli[cangkok-ko-(etilena/stirena)/-metilstirena]

43. Jika A = akrilonitril, B = butadiena, M = metil
metakrilat, S = stirena, V = vinil asetat, tuliskan nama
setiap kopolimer berikut :
MMMMMMMMMMMSVSVSVSVSV
S
S
S
S
S
SSSSSSSSSSVVVVVVVVVMMMMMMMM
Poli[(metil metakrilat)-cangkok-
stirena]-blok-poli[stirena-alt-(vinil
asetat)]
Poli[stirena-blok-(vinil asetat) -blok-(metil metakrilat)]

44. BBBBBBBBBBBVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
M M
M M
M M
M M
B B
B B
B B
B B
MBMMBVBVVMBBMMVBBMV
Polibutadiena-blok-poli[(vinil
asetat)-cangkok-[(metil
metakrilat)-blok-butadiena]
Poli[(metil metakrilat)-ko-butadiena-ko-(vinil asetat)]