4. DEFINITION
“Memory is the mental capacity to store, recall or
recognize the events that were previously
experienced.”
Remembring
Retaining experiences or recalling them.
5. ACCORDING TO COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGISTS
• Mental system that receives, encodes, modifies or retrieves
information.
According to BEHAVIOURISTS:
• We should be unaware of our own likes and dislikes.
(Vorauel and Ross’1993)
• We would have no idea of who we are in any
meaningful sense.
(Khilstrom, 1993)
6. Selective perception
Memory is selective like perception. People retain a great deal
of information. They also lose a great deal.
Importance
• Define ourselves.
• Library of our personal experiences.
• Prepare a meaningful future.
Factors Affecting Memory
Physical health ❖ Attention ❖ Emotion ❖ Prejudice etc
7. HUMAN MEMORY VS COMPUTER
Human memory
Storage capability but not
permanent deletion.
Types
1. Sensory memory
2. 2. Short term memory
3. 3. Long term memory
Computer memory
Storage capability and have
permanent deletion.
Types
1. RAM
2. 2. ROM
9. DEFINITION
Process of maintaining information overtime.
Stages
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
• Memory Encoding:
Information is converted for storage.
Example:
• Currency change
• A word in book
10. Ways in which info. Is stored:
1. Visual (picture)
2. Acoustic (sound)
3. Semantic (meaning)
Memory Storage:
Information Is retained in memory.
3. Memory Retrieval:
Information is retrieved from memory.
12. DEFINITION
Memory is the faculty of the brain by which information is
encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory
• Short-Term Memory
• Long-Term Memory
13. SENSORY MEMORY
The part of memory where any information is first
registered is called Sensory Memory.
Example:
Looking at an item and remembering it.
Types:
Iconic memory
▪ Echoic Memory
▪ Haptic Memory
14. Short-Term Memory
It’s a primary or active memory that is capable of holding small
amount of information for a brief period of time.
Example:
Memorizing a phone number.
Long-Term memory
This form of memory is a memory store capable of storing large quantities
of information for potentially unlimited duration.
Example:
What happened last week, Where and how?
15. Types
Long-term memory is usually divided into two types:
1. Explicit or Declarative Memory
▪ Episodic Memory
▪ Semantic Memory
▪ Autobiographical Memory
▪ Visual Memory
2. Implicit or Non-Declarative Memory
▪ Procedural Memory
▪ Priming Memory
17. DEFINITION
Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory. Part of memory
where any information is first registered. Has large capacity.
Example:
Trying to remember an object with just a second of observation or
memorization.
Characteristics
• Storage of information is irrelevant of attention to the
stimulus.
• Information in SM is stored in specific modality.
• Info. is detail oriented.
• Different SM store might have different durations
18. HOW DOES SENSORY MEMORY WORKS:
During every moment of your existence, your senses are constantly
taking in an enormous amount of information about what you see,
feel, hear, and taste.
sensory memory creates something of a quick "snapshot" of the
world around you, allowing you to briefly focus your attention on
relevant details.
Types
1. Iconic memory
2. Echoic memory
3. Haptic memory
19. ICONIC MEMORY
Sensory input to the visual system goes into iconic memory.
Echoic memory:
Echoic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the
auditory system.
Haptic memory:
Haptic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the
sense of touch.
21. DEFINITION:
Short term memory takes over when the information in our
sensory memory is transferred to our consciousness or our
awareness.
This is the information that is current active such as reading this
page, talking to a friend or writing a paper.
Example:
It used to remember a phone number that has just been
recited.
• Ghajini
22. Characteristics:
• Short term memory can definitely last longer than sensory
memory (up to 30 seconds or so).
• Also known as working memory.
• Intermediate memory.
Displacement:
Means that new information will push out part of the old
information.
23. FUNCTIONS:
It has two major functions:
• It allows us to construct a continually updated working model of the
world.
• Second it makes possible to think and solve problems.
Theories and applications:
• Primary Effect
• Receny Effect
• Distinctiveness
• Frequency Effect
• Association
• Reconstruction
25. DEFINITION
The long-term memory refers to unlimited capacity memory
store that hold information over lengthy periods of time.
By saying “lengthy period of time” we mean that it is possible
for memories in LTM to remain there for an entire lifetime.
Example:
Like we can recall some specific past events very easily such as
how many marks I got in 1st grade class or how I first rode my
bike.
26. SIGNIFICANCE
Imagine how difficult it would be to forget the day you
graduated. Now think about how easy it is to forget
information that has no significance, the color of the car you
parked next to at the store or which shirt you wore last
Thursday.
Types
• Declarative Memory
• Non-Declarative Memory
27. Declarative memory
Declarative memory consists of facts and events that can be
consciously recalled or "declared." Also known as Explicit
memory.
Example:
let's say that you know that your favorite restaurant is only
open until 6 PM on Sundays.
Types:
• Episodic memory
• Semantic memory.
28. NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY
• Implicit memory (also called "non declarative" memory) is a
type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit
memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought.
Example:
When a skilled typist is typing on a keyboard, she does not
need to look at each key. Instead, she is able to type without
recalling the placement of each key.
30. DEFINITION
• It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information,
previous experiences, and concepts.
• Requires conscious thought, unlike Implicit memory
Example:
you might hear an annoying pop song, Days later, you find yourself
still humming that same tune.
How are Explicit memories made?
Step 1: Encoding
Step 2: Storage
Step 3: Retrieval
31. EXPLICIT MEMORY VS IMPLICIT MEMORY
Implicit memory, sometimes called non-declarative memory,
involves the way experiences affect our behaviors. Unlike
explicit memory, which requires making a conscious effort to
recall information, implicit memory operates unconsciously.
Example:
Driving a car, you just do it. You can’t teach them hoe much
pressure to put on gas por break pedal.
33. EPISODIC MEMORY
• Episodic memory consists of the storage and recollection of
observational information attached to specific life-events.
Example:
• Remember the trip to London
• Recall a great dinner you had at your favorite restaurant
• Think about your high school graduation ceremony
34. SEMANTIC MEMORY
Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge (facts, ideas,
meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is independent
of personal experience.
Example:
• Know that the word “boat” refers to a watercraft of varying sizes
• Recall that Washington, D.C., is the capital of the U.S.
• Recognize the distinguishing features that classify an animal as a
dog
37. DEFINITION:
Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things
without thinking about them. It doesn’t require any conscious
thought.
Also known as Unconscious Memory or Automatic Memory.
Example:
• Keyboard typist
• Bike rider
• Singing ABC
• Cooking recipie
38. Types:
• Procedural memory
• Priming
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory and long
memory which aids the performance of particular type of
without conscious awareness of these previous experiences,
such as walking, talking and riding a bike.
40. PRIMING MEMORY
Priming is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a
stimulus influence responses to a later stimulus. It is a
technique in psychology used to train a person’s memory both
in positive and negative ways.
ASSOCIATING WORDS AND PICTURES:
In Priming there is no need for researchers to ask subjects to
memorize certain sequences of words because they take
advantage of word association when they “prime” subjects.
Example:
For example, “school” relates to “student” and “bus”.
41. POSITIVE PRIMING:
• Positive priming uses involves using sketches or words or other
stimuli to help an individual recognize another word or phrase in
the future.
Example:
Words “Sky” to remember Blue color.
NEGATIVE PRIMING
While positive priming speeds up the memory process, negative
priming naturally slows at down. The mind can be negatively primed
by exposing the person to various stimuli before ignoring these
stimuli completely.
42. •PERCEPTUAL VS. CONCEPTUAL
• Perceptual priming relates to the stimuli’s form and is
increased by matches between early and late stimuli, while
Conceptual priming on the other hand relies on the meaning
of stimuli.
• Example:
• Chair and table.
44. FOGETTING
• Inability to remember is called forgetting.
• An apparent loss or modification of information already
encoded and stored in an individual's long-term memory.
Causes of Forgetting:
• Forgetting memory process:
Sometimes we listen to many details but remember only a
portion in the form of gists.
1) Interference:
One important cause is interference of learnt materials.
45. Types of Interference
(a) Proactive interference:
(b) Retroactive interference:
Proactive interference:
• Earlier learning interferes with later learning and
inhibits recall of new material.
Retroactive interference:
• Inhibition of earlier learning and recall of later
learning.
47. INTELLIGENCE
“the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.
Human intelligence
Mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from
experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle
abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s
environment.
Cognitive processes:
Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive
processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning,
and problem solving.
50. RELAXATION:
Definition:
State of low tension in absence of arousal from sources like anger
and anxiety.
Relaxation techniques:
• Breath focus
• Body Scan
• Guided Imagery
• Mindfulness Meditation
• Yoga
• Repetitive Prayer
51. Benefits of relaxation
Hypnosis:
State of highly focused attention or concentration
Uses of hypnosis:
• Treatment of phobias
• Smoking Obsession
• A weight loss tool
• A Confidence Booster
• Anesthesiology for Surgery
