chemistry investigatory project

1. CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION.
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT.
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS
PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE
For session 2015-2016
BY: -
M.SAI SANKARAN
CLASS: - XII-A
HTNO:

2. CERTIFICATE.
Certified by department of CHEMISTRY that this is
bondified project done by
M.SAI SANKARAN of class XII A during the
academic year 2015-2016 in practical fulfillment of
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
conducted by AISSCE
HTNO:
Signatureof Internal signatureof external
Examiner Examiner

3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am greatlyindebted towards the principalfor
givingme an opportunityin elaboratingmy knowledge
towardsthe subject(CHEMISTRY)by completingthis
Projectwork.
I expressmy heartiest gratitudeto my beloved
schoolfor the guidanceand providing the required
apparatus to perform my projectwork.
I wouldalsothankmy parentsand my chemistry
teacher (vijayalakshmi MADAM)for givingme their
co-operationin completingthis Project.

4. AIM:-
IDENTIFICATION
OF THE CATIONS
AND ANIONS IN
TOOTHPASTE

5. THEORY:-
EVERY TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS THE
FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS: BINDERS,
ABRASIVES, SUBSERS, HUMECTANTS,
FLAVOURS, SWEETNERS, FLUORIDES, TOOTH
WHITENERS, A PRESERVATIVE AND WATER.
BINDERS THICKENS TOOTHPASTE-THEY
PREVENT SEPARATION OF THE SOLID AND
LIQUID COMPONENT, ESPECIALLY STORAGE.
THEY ALSO AFFECT THE SPEED AND VOLUME
OF FOAM PRODUCTION, RATE OF FLAVOR
RELEASE AND PRODUCT DISPERSAL, THE
APEARANCE OF TOOTHPASTE RIBBON ON THE
TOOTHBRUSH.SOME BINDERS ARE GUM SOILD
ALIGNAT, METHYL CELLULOSE, CARRAGEEN
AND MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE.

6. CONTENTS:-
 IONIC LIQUIDS:-
 CATIONS &ANIONS.
 COMPONENTS ARE USED IN
TOOTHPASTE.
 SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS
EXPERIMENT
 INGREDIENTS:-
 ABRASIVES, FLUORIDES, SURFACTANTS.
 OTHER COMPONENTS:-
 ANTIBACERIAL AGENTS, FLAVORANTS,
REMINERALIZERS.
 MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS

7. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND
CATIONSPRESENT IN THE
TOOTHPASTE
ANIONS IN AN ATOM OR MOLECULE THAT
CARRIES AN ELECTRIC CHARGE. CATIONS ARE
POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE
LOSS OF ELECTRONS. ANIONS ARE NEGATIVELY
CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE GAIN OF
ELECTRONS. IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ALL IONS
EXHIBIT THEIR OWN UNIQUE, CHARACTERISTIC
BEHAVIORS.

8. TOOTHPASTE IS A PASTE OR GEL DENTIFRICE USED
WITH OA TOOTHBRUSH AS AN ACCESSORY TO CLEAN
AND MAINTAIN THE AESTHETICS AND HEALTH OF
TEETH.
TOOTHPASTE IS USED TO PROMOTE ORAL HYGIENE:
IT SERVES AS AN ABRASIVE THAT AIDS IN
REMOVINGTHE DENTAL PLAQUE AND FOOD FROM
THE TEETH, ASSISTS IN SUPPRESSING HALITOSIS, AND
DELIVERS ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (MOST COMMONLY
FLUORIDE) TO HELP PREVENT TOOTH AND DISEASE
(GINGIVITIS). MOST OF THE CLEANING IS ACHIEVED
BY THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE TOOTHBRUSH
AND NOT BY THE TOOTHPASTE. SALT AND SODIUM
BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA) ARE AMONG
MATERIALS THAT CAN BE SUBISTITUTED FOR
COMMERCIAL TOOTHPASTE. TOOTHPASTE IS NOT
INTENDED TO BE SWALLOWED DUE TO THE
FLOURIDE CONTENT, BUT IS GENERALLY NOT VERY
HARMFUL IF ACCIDENTLY SWALLOWED IN SMALL
AMOUNTS. HOWEVER ONE SHOULD SEEK MEDICAL
ATTENTION AFTER SWALOWING ABNORMALLY LARGE
AMOUNTS.

9. COMPONENTS ARE USED
IN TOOTHPASTE:-
 HClO4
 HBr
 HI
 H2SO4
 HClO3
 HCL
 HNO3

10. INGREDIENTS:-
IN ADDITION TO 20%-42% WATER, TOOTHPASTES
ARE DERIVED FROM A VARIETY OF
COMPONENTS, THE THREE MAIN ONES BEING
ABRASIVES, FLUORIDE, AND DETERGENTS.
ABRASIVES:-
ABRASIVES CONSTITE AT LEAST 50% OF TYPICAL
TOOTHPASTE. THESE INSOLUBLE PARTICLES
HELP REMOVE PLAQUE FROM THE TEETH. THE
REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND CALCULUS HELPS
MINIMIZE CAVITIES AND PERIDONTAL DISEASE.
REPRESENT ABRASIVES INCLUDE PARTICLES OF
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (AL(OH2)), CALCIUM
CARBONATE(CaCO3),VARIOUS CALCIUM
HYDROGEN PHOSPHATES, VARIOUS SILICAS AND
ZEOLITES, AND HYDROXYAPATITE (Ca5(PO4)3 OH).
ABRASIVES, LIKE THE DENTAL POLISHING
AGENTS USED IN DENTISTS’ OFFICES, ALSO

11. CAUSE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENAMEL EROSION
WHICH IS TERMED “POLISHING” ACTION. SOME
BRANDS CONTAIN POWDERED WHILE MICA,
WHICH ACTS AS A MILD ABRASIVE, AND ALSO
ADDSA COSMETICALLY PLESING GLITTERY
SHIMMER TO THE PASTE. THE POLISHING OF
TEETH REMOVES STAAINS FROM TOOTH
SURFACES, BUT HAS NOT BEEN SHOWN TO
IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH OVER AND ABOVE
THE EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND
CALCULS.
FLUORIDES:-
FLUORIDE IN VARIOUS FORMS IS THE MOST
POPULAR ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN TOOTHPASTE
TO PREVENT CAVITIES. FLUORIDES OCCUR IN
SMALL AMOUNT IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND SOME
NATURAL WATER SOURCES. THE ADDITIONAL
FLUORIDES IN TOOTHPASTE HAS BENEFICIAL
EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL
ENAMEL AND BONES. SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) IS

12. THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF FLUORIDE, BUT
STANNOUS FLUORIDE (SnF), OLAFLURS (AN
ORGANIC SALT OF FLUORIDE), AND SODIUM
MONOFLUROPHOSPHATE (Na2 PO3 F) ARE ALSO
USED. STANNOUS FLUROIDE HAS BEEN SHOWN
TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SODIUM
FLUROIDE IN REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF
DENTAL CAREIESAND CONTROLLING GINGIVITIS.
MUCH OF THE TOOTHPASTE SOLD IN
THE ‘UNITED STATES HAS 1000 TO 1100 PARTS
PER MILLON FLUROIDE. IN EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE UK OR GREECE, THE
FLUORIDE CONTENT IS OFTEN HIGHER; A NaF OF
0.312% W/W (1,450 PPM FLUORIDE) IS NOT
UNCOMMON.
SURFACANTS:-
MANY, ALTHOUGH NOT ALL, TOOOTHPASTE
CONTAIN SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (SLS) OR
RELATED SURFACTANTS (DETERGENTS). SLS IS
WELL, SUCH AS SHAMPOO, AND IS MAINLY A

13. FOAMING AGENTS, WHICH ENABLES UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTHPASTE, IMPROVING ITS
CLEANSING POWER.
OTHER COMPONENTS:-
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS:-
TRICLOSAN, AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT, IS A
COMMON TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM. TRICLOSAN OR ZINC
CHLORIDE PREVENT GINGIVITIS AND,
ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN DENTAL
ASSOCIATION, HELPS REDUCE TARTAR AND BAD
BREADTH. A 2006 REVIEW OF CLINICAL
RESEARCH CONCLUDED THERE WAS EVIDENCE
FOR PLAQUE AND GIGNIVITIS.
FLAVORANTS:-
TOOTHPASTE COMES IN A VARIETY OF COLOURS
AND FLAVORS INTENDED TO ENCOURAGE USE
OF THE PRODUCT. THREE MOST COMMON

14. FLAVORANTS ARE PEPPERMINT,SPEARMINT AND
WINTERGREEN. TOOTHPASTE FLAVORED WITH
PEPPERMINT-ANISE OIL IS POPULAR IN
MEDITERRANEANREGION. THESE FLOVORS ARE
PROVIDEED BY THE RESPECTIVE OILS, E.G.
PEPPERMINT OIL. MORE EXOTIC FLAVORS
INCLUDE, ANETHOLE ANISE, APRICOT,
BUBBLEGUM, CINNAMON, FENNNEL, LAVANDER,
NEEM, GINGER, VANILLA, LEMON, ORANGE AND
PINE. MORE UNUSUAL FLAVORS HAVE BEEN
USED, E.G. PEANUT BUTTER, ICED TEA, AND
EVEN WHISKY. UNFLAVORED TOOTHPASTES
EXIST.
REMINERALIZER:-
HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCRYSTALS AND CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE ARE INCLUDED IN SOME
FORULATIONS FOR REMINERALIZATION, I.E. THE
REFORMATION OF ENAMEL.

15. MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS:-
AGENTS ARE ADDED TO SUPPRESS THE
TENDENCY OF TOOTHPASTE TO DRY INTO A
POWDER. INCLUDED ARE VARIOUS SUGAR
ALCOHOLS , SUCH AS GLYCEROL, SORBITOL, OR
XYLITOL, OR RELATED DERIVATIVES,SUCH AS 1,2-
PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND
POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL STRONTIUM CHLORIDE
OR POTASSIUM NITRATE IS INCLUDED IN SOME
TOOTHPASTES TO REDUCES SENSITIVITY.
SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE IS ADDED TO
MINIMIZE THE FORMATION OF TARTAR.

16. COLOUR OOF THE TOOTHPASTE: - WHITE
EXPEERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE APART OF
THE SOLUTION AND
ADD MgSO4
SOLUTION.
FORMATION
WHITE OF PPT
CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE(1-2ML)
FORMATION
OF WHITE PPT
Ca2+
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIUM
MIXTURE
(MIXTURE OF NH4Cl
AND NH4OH)
FORMATION
OF WHITE PPT
PO4
2-
CONFRIMED.
ACIDIFY A PORTION
OF AQUEOUS
SOLUTION WITH
DILUTE HNO3. BOIL
AND COOL AND ADD
AgNO3
A YELLOW PPT
IS FORMED
WHICH IS IN
SOLUBLE IN
NH4OH
I-
IS
CONFRIMED
TAKE SMALL
QUANTITY OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
OXALIC ACID
SMELLS LIKE
THAT OF
VINEGAR
CH3COO-

17. PREPARE THE PASTE
OF IT WITH A FEW
DROPS OF WATER
RUB AND SMELL
TO ONE PART OF
SOLUTION ADD KI
NO REACTION Pb ABSENT
TO ONE PART OF THE
SOLUTION ADD
SOLID NH4OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS AND
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE
A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED
Mg PRESENT
CHEMICAL REACTION:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4
2-
(WHITE PPT)
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(MgCl4)2C2O4→2CHCOONa+
Ca2O4
 NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl
+H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT).

18.  (COOH)2+2CH3COONA→ NO REACTION
 Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
 MgCl2+ NH4OH(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+ 2NH4
+H2O
TESTON COLGATE COLOUR OF PASTE: -
WHITE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE A PART OF
THE SOLUTION AND
ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
CO3
2-
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE.
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
Ca2+
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIA
MIXTURE(MIXTURE
OF NH4OH) AND
ALLOW TO STAND
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
PO4
CONFRIMED
ACIDIFY A PORTION
OF AQUEOUS
SOLUTION WITH
A YELLOW PPT
IS FORMED
WHICH IS
I-
CONFRIMED

19. DILUTE HCL.BOIL
AND COOL AND
ADD AgNO3
INSOLUBLE IN
NH4OH
TAKE A SMALL
QUANTITY OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
OXALIC ACID
SMELL LIKE
THAT OF
VIEGAR
CH3COO
ABSENT
PREPARE THE
PASTE OF IT WITH
FEW DROPS OF
WATER RUB AND
SMELL
TAKE ONE PART OF
SOLUTION ADD KI
NO REACTION PB ABSENT
TO ONE PART OF
THE SOLUTION ADD
SOLID NH4
OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED.
Mg PRESENT
IONS PRESENT:-Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4
2-

20.  CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
 (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
 NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
 (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
 Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
 MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H
2O
TESTON CLOSEUP.
COLOUROF THE PASTE: - RED GEL
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE A PART OF
THE SOLUTION AND
ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
CO3
2-
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
AMMONIUM OXALIC
(1-2ML) AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE.
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
Ca2+
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIA
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
PO4
CONFRIMED

21. MIXTURE(MIXTURE
OF NH4OH) AND
ALLOW TO STAND
ACIDIFY A PORTION
OF AQUEOUS
SOLUTION WITH
DILUTE HNO3.BOIL
AND COOL AND
ADD AgNO3
FORMATION
WHITE PPT
I-
CONFRIMED
TAKE A SMALL
QUANTITY OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
KI
FORMATION
WHITE PPT
CH3COO
PRESENT
TAKE ONE PART OF
SOLUTION ADD KI
FORMATION
WHITE PPT
PB ABSENT
TO ONE PART OF
THE SOLUTION ADD
SOLID NH4
OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED.
Mg PRESENT

22. IONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3, CH3COO
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4(WHITE PPT)
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
 (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
 NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
 (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
 Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
 MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+
H2O
CONCLUSION:-
HENCE AFTER TESTING DIFFERENTSAMPLES
OF TOOTHPASTE, WE FIND THAT COLGATE
HAS ALL NECESSARY FOR STRONGER AND
WHITER TEETH.

23. ANIONS:- CATIONS:-
OH-
SO4
2-
CO3
2-
CL-
Br -
I -
NO3
-
H+
Ca2+
Cu2+
Fe3+
Fe2+
NH4
+
SAFETYTIPS WHILE DOINGTHIS
EXPERIMENT:-
 WEAR EYE PROTECTION. AMMONIA SOLUTION
CAUSES BURNS AND GIVES OFF AMMONIA
VAPOURS WHICH IRRITATES THE EYES,
LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAN CAUSE BURNS AND
IS DANGEROUS TO THE EYES.
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID CAN CAUSE BURNS.
 BARIUM CHLORIDE IS HARMFUL BY
INHALATION AN IF SWALLOWED.
 NITRIC ACID CAUSES BURNS.

24. Bibliography:-
1. PRADEEP’S CHEMISTRY
2. BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA
3. NCERT CHEMISTRY
4. GOOGLE
5. CHEMISTRY TODAY