Mustard is a cool season crop native to temperate regions of Europe. It has perfect flowers with four sepals, four petals, and six stamens. The fruit is a seed pod containing small round seeds. Major growing areas include Nepal, Canada, Myanmar, China, and the United States. Mustard is used as a condiment and in cosmetics and agrochemical production. It requires fertile, well-drained soil and adequate moisture. Pests include diamondback moth and mustard sawfly, while diseases include alternaria blight and downy mildew. Mustard is harvested when pods are mature and seeds are dried before processing.

1. MUSTARD
Brassica juncea L.
Group No: 04

2. INTRODUCTION
• Native to temperate regions of Europe
• More than 350 genera
• One of the first domesticated crops
• Major cultivating countries are Nepal, Canada,
Myanmar, China & United State

3. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Brassica

4. MORPHOLOGY
Flowers
• Mostly perfect flowers
• Actinomorphic
• Four sepals & four petals
• Six stamens
• Ovary superior
• Mostly two fused carpel
• One to many ovules
• One pistil

5. Leaves
• Opposite
• No stipules
• Net venation

6. Fruit
• Seed pods
• Many are slender and long
Seed
• Small round seeds
• Usually about 1 or 2 mm in diameter
• May be colored from yellowish white to black

9. MAJOR GROWING AREAS
• Remained as a subsidiary crop in the wet, and
intermediate zones of SL,& also in some areas of
dry zone
• Mainly cultivated districts are;
⁻ Badulla
⁻ Puttalam
⁻ Anuradhapura
⁻ Rathnapura
⁻ Nuwara Eliya
⁻ Kurunegala
⁻ Matale

10. FORMS OF MUSTARD & USES
• Mustard oil
• Mustard powder
• Mustard cream
• Mature seeds

11. • Culinary uses
Used as a condiment, as an ingredient in mayonnaise, vinaigrette,
marinades, and barbecue sauce, a popular accompaniment to hot
dogs, pretzels, and bratwurst
• Medicinal uses
Sore Throat Relief, Chest Decongestant, Muscle Relaxing Bath,
Relief for Tired Feet ,Backache-Treating Bath
• Cosmetics production
• Agrochemical production

12. ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS

13. Climate
• Mustard is a cool season crop that can be
grown in a short growing season
• Seedlings are usually somewhat tolerant to
mild frosts after emergence, but severe frosts
can destroy the crop
• Moisture stress caused by hot, dry conditions
during the flowering period frequently causes
lower yields

14. Soil
• Mustard can be raised on variable soil types
with ;
⁻ Fertile
⁻ Well-drained
⁻ Loamy soils
• Soils prone to crusting prior to seedling
emergence can cause problems

15. • Crop will not tolerate waterlogged soils since
growth will be stunted
• Dry sand and dry sandy loam soils should also be
avoided
• Seedlings are usually somewhat tolerant to mild
frosts after emergence, but severe frosts can
destroy the crop
• Seed will germinate at a soil temperature as low
as 40°F

16. CROP ESTABLISHMENT
AND
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

17. • Propagation
• Crop Rotation
• Seed Bed preparation
• Fertilization
• Irrigation
• Weeding
• Pest & Disease Management
• Harvesting & Processing

18. PROPAGATION
• Propagation- through seeds
• Seeds can be sown directly into the ground
• Germination will take place within 10 days

19. SEED BED PREPARATION
• seedbed should be;
- firm
- moist
-Uniform
- free of weeds and previous crop residue
- close to the surface
• Seedbed preparation depends on the
production system

20. CROP ROTATION
• Three important considerations with respect
to mustard in a crop rotation are;
1. Disease control
2. Protect soil
3. Moisture management

21. Seeding Date
• Planting should occur as early in the season as
the environmental conditions allow
• An earlier seeding date is allowed;
o To benefit from the moisture in establishing a
good canopy before weeds emerge
o To avoid heat stress during summer that causes
flower or pod abortion
o To reduces the risk of damage from fall frosts
that can reduce crop yields and quality

22. Seeding Rate
•For brown and oriental mustard : 4.5 - 6.7 kg/ha
and for yellow mustard : 7.8 - 11.2 kg/ha
•Do not seed mustard deeper than 37 – 50 mm (1
½ - 2 inch) deep

23. Irrigation
• The mustard crops are usually grown on
conserved moisture received during monsoon
rain-fed crops
• Adequate soil moisture & aeration are
important for both seed germination &
nematode hatching

24. • The soil is usually very dry and irrigation is required
immediately after crop is planted
• For sprinkler irrigation systems, water can be applied
immediately after planting to promote rapid
germination

25. • Under gravity irrigation systems, furrows should be
put into the field shortly after planting
• After the plants emerge, an additional two to three
irrigations may be necessary to provide adequate
plant growth and to stimulate nematode egg
hatching

26. FERTILIZATION
• Adequate nutrient supply increases the seed and oil
yields by improving the setting pattern on branches,
number of siliquae/plant, and other yield attributes
• Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) for different
zones changes with climate, soil type, time, and type
of cropping system followed

27. • Chemical fertilization
• Organic fertilization
• Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

28. WEED MANAGEMENT
• Decline in crop production ranging 15–
from 30%
• Critical period is 15–40 days
• Hand weeding

29. PESTS AND DISEASES OF
MUSTARD

30. IMPORTANT PESTS OF MUSTARD
• Diamondback moth
• Leaf Webber
• Mustard saw fly
• Leaf miner
• Mustard aphid
• Painted bug

31. Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella
Symptoms of damage
• Whitish patches due to scrapping of epidermal leaf tissues by
young larvae
• In later stages larvae bore holes in the leaves
• Leaves may be eaten up completely
• It also bores into pods and feeds developing seed
Management
• Installing pheromone trap
• Collection and careful destruction of the larvae
• For control of grown up larvae apply 5% malathion dust

32. Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalis
Symptoms of damage
• Newly hatched larvae feed ;
-initially on the chlorophyll of young leaves
-later on older leaves, buds and pods,
make webbings and live within
• Severely attacked plants are defoliated
• Seeds in the pods are eaten away
Management
• Spray any one of the insecticides
- phosalone ,fenvalerate

33. Mustard saw fly: Athalia lugens proxima
Symptoms of damage
• Initially the larva nibbles leaves, later it feeds from the
margins towards the midrib
• The grubs cause numerous shot holes and even riddled
the entire leaves
• They consume the epidermis of the shoot
Management
• Early sowing should be done
• Maintain clean cultivation
• Severe cold reduces pest load
• Collection and destruction of grubs of saw fly
• Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as on anti- feedant

34. IMPORTANT DISEASES OF MUSTARD
• Alternaria blight
• Bacterial rot
• Bacterial stalk rot
• Broomrape
• Club root
• Downy mildew
• Mosaic
• Phyllody
• Powdery Mildew
• Sclerotinia stem rot
• White rust

35. Alternaria blight
Symptoms
• Brown coloured rounded spots appear on all the
parts of plant with black outer ring
Management
• Spraying of dithane M – 45
• Grow disease resistant varieties
• Use healthy certified seeds

36. Bacterial rot
Symptoms
• Dark colour streaks on stem from the ground level
• Gradually these streaks enlarge and girdle the stem
• Stem become hollow due to internal rotting
• browning of veins and withering of leaves are
observed
Management
• Rotating the mustard crop
• Follow complete crop and field sanitation
• Spray Streptocycline or Copper oxychloride

37. Downy mildew
Symptoms
• Grayish white irregular necrotic patches develop on
the lower surface of leaves
• The affected inflorescence does not produce any
siliqua or seed
Management
• Varieties of Brassica napus group are resistant to this
disease
• Destroy the diseased crop debris

38. HARVESTING & PROCESSING

39. • The normal maturation of the crop, wind, and
rain do not cause shattering before cutting
• great shattering losses when the plants are
overripe
• Yellow mustard does not shatter readily and
can be straight combined if the crop has
matured uniformly (10% moisture) and is free
of green weeds
• Plants should be cut just beneath the height
of the lowest seed pods

40. • Brown and oriental varieties will shatter more
readily when ripe and should be swathed
• The swathing should begin after the general
leaf drop and when the overall field color has
changed from green to yellow or brown

41. • About 75% of the seeds may have reached the
mature color of yellow or brown
• The remaining green seeds will mature in the
swath before combining

42. GROUP MEMBERS
• U.M.C.S Udagedara UWU/EAG/11/0018
• Premasinghe Y.H.G.D.B. UWU/EAG/11/0023
• G.Y.A.D.D Perera UWU/EAG/11/0025

43. Thank you