13. ANTAGONISM of insulin and other
hormones
Insulin is the only
hormone lowering glucose
in the blood
14. CALCITRIOL, GC, ANDROGENS, ESTROGENS,
HESTAGENS act through cellular receptor
Distinction between water- and fat-soluble hormones mechanism of action
30. VASOPRESSIN HYPERSECRETION
• PARHON syndrome leads to oedema, which
decreases electrolytes concentration in the
blood.
*Loose of feeling of thirst developes
*Urine density rises, urine becomes thick
31. VASOPRESSIN HYPOSECREHION
• At DIABETES INSIPIDUS urine density falls
below 1.008-1.001
*Diuresis icreases: hypostenuric polyuria
occurs.
*Blood osmotic pressure rises. It leads to
thirst and polydipsia.
39. GH stimulates the growth and development of
cells, tissues. Gigantism and dwarfism
40. Raise of GH after puberty.
Acromegaly: an enlargement of body parts
•
Lips gums tounge
The brow ridges, cheekbones, lower jaw, feet and hand increase in
size. Since the skeleton formation and bones calcification is over,
bones are strong and do not grow, therefore GH enlarges soft tissues,
62. Melatonin is made from serotonin. It is
an antagonist of pituitary hormones
63.
64. In the epiphysis are prodused:
• *SEROTONIN- synthesised from tryptophan, it is
5-hydroxytryptamine. Constricts arterioles and
rises BP. Promotes sensitivity to kinin-dependent
pain. Stimulates secretion of vasopressin into the
blood and causes antidiuretic effect.
*MELATONIN- darkness increases its synthesis,
while light reduces.
*ADRENOGLOMERULOTROPIN- stimulates
aldosteron secretion
*ANTY-HYPOTHALAMIC PEPTIDE
65. HYPERPINEALISM causes a
temporary inhibitory effect on
the pituitary and hypothalamus
HYPOPINEALISM in children:
*mental development is lagging
behind
*the limbs are short, the body is
relatively long
*the muscles are overdeveloped
71. Congenital aplasia of thymus - Di-
George disease
The loss of cell or humoral immunitet is
observed in hypo- and aplasia of thymus, cleft
nose and palate are just visible signs of illness
72. Synthesis of thyroid hormones occurs
in 4 steps:
1) iodine activation
2)Production of MIT and DIT
3) synthesis of T3 or T4
4) secretion
TSH rises:
- iodine penetration into thyrocytes,
- iodization of tyrosine
- secretion of Thyroxine
75. Graves disease: 1) Goiter (enlargement of thyroid
glands), 2)exophtalmos (protruding, bulging eyes
coming out of orbits), 3) palpitation – 3 main
signs. Temperature raises and patient is losing
weight
76. Mixoedema – hypothyroidism in adults:
swollen face (broad and puffy) and hands
They have a hoarse voice,
because their vocal cord glycoproteins are not updated.
ATP levels lowers along with temperature,
77. IN MYXOEDEMA:
• Temperature reduced as a result of basal
methabolism decrease
*Bradycardia occurs
*Subcutaneous adipose tissue accrues
*Absorption of glucose in intestine falls and
hypoglycemia occur.
* Catabolism of amino acids increased as they
supply energy instead of glucose
82. HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM and
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
When HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM , FIBROUS
OSTEO-CHONDRO-DYSTROPHY (
fragility of bones, fractures, false joints) occurs
When HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, SPASMOPHILIA
(LARYNGISM, ASPHYXIA) OCCURs IN the
CHILDREN.
Ca in blood decreases, but phosphates
increase.
87. insulin - glucagon
After food intake
To set point (3.3-5.5)
When glucose
levels in the blood
fall below set
point,
And glucose levels raise to set
point
95. DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF CELLS,
produced in, CYTOKINES SORT INTO:
INTERLEUKINS (IL):
-proinflammatory
-anty-inflammatory
-regulators of cellular and humoral immunity
MONOKINEs
CHEMOKINES
INTERFERONS
colony-stimulating factors
