Bilingualism refers to using two languages fluently like a native speaker. There are different types of bilingualism including additive bilingualism which occurs when a second language is learned in addition to the first, and subtractive bilingualism where the first language is replaced by the second. Early bilingualism can be simultaneous, where two languages are learned from birth, or successive where a second language is learned after partially acquiring the first language in early childhood. Late bilingualism refers to learning a second language after age 6 or 7, especially in adolescence or adulthood. Passive bilingualism means understanding a second language without speaking it. Learning a second language provides cognitive benefits for children and promotes empathy, cultural understanding,

2. Bilingualism
According to Webster's dictionary (1961) bilingual
is defined as 'having or using two languages
especially as spoken with the fluency
charactenstic of a native speaker; a person using
two languages especially habitually and with
control like that of a native speaker' and
bilingualism as 'the constant oral use of two
languages'.

5. Types of Bilingualism

8. Additive bilingualism and
subtractive bilingualism
• Coordinate bilingualism is also called as subtractive
bilingualism and Compound bilingualism is called as
Additive bilingualism

9. Early bilingualism
• Simultaneous early bilingualism refers to a child who learns
two languages at the same time, from birth. This generally
produces a strong bilingualism, called additive bilingualism.
This also implies that the child's language development is
bilingual.
• Successive early bilingualism refers to a child who has
already partially acquired a first language and then learns a
second language early in childhood (for example, when a child
moves to an environment where the dominant language is not
his native language). This generally produces a strong
bilingualism (or additive bilingualism), but the child must be
given time to learn the second language, because the second
language is learned at the same time as the child learns to
speak. This implies that the language development of the child
is partly bilingual.

10. Late bilingualism
• refers to bilingualism when the second
language is learned after the age of 6 or 7;
especially when it is learned in adolescence or
adulthood. Late bilingualism is a consecutive
bilingualism which occurs after the acquisition of
the first language (after the childhood language
development period). This is what also
distinguishes it from early bilingualism. With the
first language already acquired, the late bilingual
uses their experience to learn the second
language.

11. Passive bilingualism
• refers to being able to understand a
second language without being able to
speak it. Children who respond in a
relevant way in English when they are
addressed in French could become
passive bilinguals, as their mastery of oral
expression in French decreases.

12. Causes of Bilingualism
Top 5 reasons monolinguals should
consider using a language in their
environment to promote bilingualism for
their children.

13. Reason 1:
• The experience of acquiring a second
language has great knock-on effects for
children. Studies have looked at areas as
far-ranging as maths and creativity, and
found that either bilinguals come out
ahead of monolinguals, or they are the
same – no negative effects from properly
introduced bilingualism.

14. Reason 2:
• Learning another language makes you
more empathetic to others who are
struggling to speak your language. And we
can all use a little more empathy in our
world.

15. Reason 3:
• Especially for expats: Having your kids
learn some (or a lot) of the local language
helps them feel more at home in the place
they live, and they can take a little bit of it
with them when you move on.

16. Reason 4:
• Acquiring a additional language at a young
age (any language!) has the potential to
turn your kids into better learners of other
languages later on in life.

17. Reason 5:
• New research has found that active
bilinguals do better in terms of aging – on
average, they develop age-related
memory diseases (Alzheimer’s) up to five
years later than monolinguals. Managing
more than one language is gymnastics for
the brain, and keeps it healthy longer.

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