3. What’s an organic molecule??
•Compounds made up of hydrocarbons
•Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!!
•Living/once living (YOU are Organic!)
•(Not CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!)
4. There are four classes of biological
macromolecules we will be looking at:
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids (This will be last)
First – Let’s
Concentrate
on these
three!
14. Can you think of a polymer??
What monomers make it up??
15. ALL four can be found in
food!!
Think about it!!
16. Look at the label to the left. 3
of the 4 macromolecules are
labeled!!
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
19. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
They are the main source of energy for the body !
Simple sugars Monosaccharide
Glucose, for example (Yes it IS a monomer!!), is the main
product of photosynthesis!!
C6H12O6 Atoms: C, H, O
21. Starch Continued
Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) Tubers such
as potatoes are rich in starch.
22. Cellulose
** ALSO a glucose
polymer
**Offers the plant
support
** Energy storage
** Makes up cell wall
** Food source for
seeds and plant bulbs
23. Glycogen in Animals
**A branched
polymer made up of
numerous glucose
monomers
**Long-term energy
storage found in the
liver
** Quickly broken
down into glucose
for immediate
24. Complex Carbs and Energy
•Starches, Cellulose and Glycogen are broken
down by proteins called enzymes (remember
digestion in lysosomes!!??.....similar concept!)
•Broken down into their monomers Glucose
•Glucose is further broken down during cellular
respiration in the mitochondria for energy
•About 36 ATP molecules of energy per each
glucose molecule!!!
26. STORED ENERGY Broken down for energy
They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body
temperature and they
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Include waxes, Oils
include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex
hormones estrogen and testosterone
Anabolic steroids build muscle
They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits-
these are waxes!
THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion…
27. Remember the cell membrane?
PhosphoLIPID bilayer of the cell membrane? The
fatty acid tails are lipids!
It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain
molecules to diffuse across the membrane to
enter or exit the cell.
31. NOW ONTO PROTEINS
They are the major structural molecules in living things for
growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair,
skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in
them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones which
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-
steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”
34. Proteins
Aside from the protein found in
animal sources…protein can also
be found in fruits, vegetables,
grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino
acids)
37. Made up of Amino Acid Monomers!!!
**Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and
translation?
**A peptide bond bonds amino acids together
**Creates a polypeptide
38. The shapes of Proteins Determines
it’s Function
Amino
Acids !!!
40. Insulin
• Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas
• Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up
glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored
in the liver and muscles
• Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood
sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the
body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.
42. **Antibodies are part of the immune system.
**When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there,
like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves
onto it.
**White Blood cells destroy the invaders (hopefully)
43. Enzymes
•Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by
lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)
•Re-usable
•Molecule specific – like a lock and key
• -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It
will NEVER break down proteins
57. Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in
Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Translation?
*DNA
*mRNA
*At ribosome
*tRNA Brings in Amino
Acids
*Amino Acids form the
protein (a polypeptide)