1. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Erikson’s Theory of Piaget’s Theory of Kohlberg’s Theory of
Psychosexual Development Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Moral Development
Infants Oral Stage Trust vs. Mistrust Sensorimotor Stage
(birth to 1 year)
 Child explores the world by using  Psychosocial Virtue: Hope Neonatal Reflex (1 mo.)
mouth, especially the tongue  Fear: strangers, anxiety, loud  Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental
 Infants are interested in oral noises, falls, sudden images. Behavior entirely reflexive
stimulation movements in the Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.)
 Baby finds pleasure in the mouth environment  Hand-mouth & ear-eye coordination develops.
 Play: Solitary Reflect  Infant spends time looking at objects
 Learning confidence or  Toy: rattle or tape of parent’s voice
learning to love Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.)
 Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat
pleasurable experiences
 Infant anticipates familiar events
 Toy: peel-a-boo
Coordination of Secondary Reactions
(8-12 mos.)
 Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals.
 Discovers a sense of identity, that his activities
are separate from the activities of others.
 Toy: nesting toys; colored boxes
Toddler Anal Stage Autonmy vs. Shame Inventions of new means through mental Preconventional (Level I)
(1-3 y/o) combinations (1-2 y/o)
 Child learns to control urination and  Psychosocial Theme: “hold  Transitional phase Stage 1: (2-3y/o)
defecation on or  Uses memory and imitation to act  Punishment / obedience
 Toilet training let go”  Can solve basic problems, foresee maneuvers orientation
 It is a part of the toddler’s self-  Child learns to be that will succeed or fail  Heteronomous morality
discovery, a way of exerting independent and make  Toy: Blocks, colored plastic rings  Child does right because a
independence decisions for self parent tells him or her to and to
 Favorite word: “I”, “no” Preoperational Thought (2-7 y/o) avoid punishment
Preschooler Phallic Stage Initiative vs. Guilt  Thought becomes more symbolic Stage 2: (4-7 y/o)
(3-6y/o)  Can arrive at answers mentally  Individualism
 The genitals are the pleasure of the  Ability to try new things  Thinking is basically concrete and critical  Instrumental purpose and
child  Intensive activity and  Child is egocentric exchange
 Oedipus and Electra Complex consuming fantasies  Displays static thinking  Carries out actions to satisfy
 Child learns identity through  Interjects parent’s social  .Concept of time is now, and concept of own needs rather than society’s
awareness of genital area consciousness distance is only as far as he/she can see  Will do something for that person
 Masturbation is common during this  Child learns how to do things  No awareness of reversibility (for every action if that person does something for
phase and that doing things is there is an opposite action) the child
 Children may also show desirable
exhibitionism  Knows right or wrong Concrete Operational Thought (7-12 y/o) Conventional (Level II)
 Bogus playmates/imaginary  Systematic reasoning
 Fears: dark, being left alone,  Uses memory to learn broad concepts Stage 3: (7-10 y/o)
large animals, ghosts,  Classifications involve sorting objects accdg to  Orientation to interpersonal
body mutilation, pain & attributes relations of mutuality
objects  Child is aware of reversibility  Child follows rules because of a
School-Age Latent Stage / Latency Period Industry vs. Inferiority  Understands conservation, sees constancy need to be a “good” person in
(6-12 y/o) despite of transformation own eyes and eyes of others
 All the sexual desires arch  Makes things w/ others Stage 4: (10-12 y/o)
 Child’s personality development  Strives to achieve success Formal Operational Thought (12 yr)  Child finds following rules and
appears to be nonactive or dormant  Child learns how to do things  Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific authority
well reasoning  Child finds following rules
 Understands causality satisfying
 Can deal with the past, present & future  Follows rules of authority figures
 Adult or mature thought and parents in an effort to keep
the “system” working

2. Adolescent Genital Stage Identity vs. Role Confusion Operational Thought Postconventional (Level III)
(13-20 y/o)
 Conflict: Setting Rules  Determines own sense of self Stage 5: (Older than 12)
 Genitals become awakened  Development of who, what &  Capable of abstract thinking  Social contract, utilitarian law-
 Adolescent develops sexual where they are going making persectives
maturity and learns to establish  Become focus (self-concept)  Follows standards of society for
satisfactory relationships w/ the  Period of rebellion and the good of all people
opposite sex uncertainty Stage 6:
 Adjusting to a new body and  Universal ethical principle
seeking emancipation from orientation
parents, choosing a vocation  Follows internalized standards of
& determining a value system conduct.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Isolation
 Person makes commitments
to one another
 Isolation and self absorption if
unsuccessful
 Independent from parents,
possible marriage /
partnership
 Major goals to accomplish in
career and family
 Marrying age
 Fulfillment of career
Middle Adult Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood:
 Physical Changes: graying
hair, wrinkling skin, pain &  Settling down
muscle aches, menopausal  Find jobs
period  Start a family
 Psychosocial Virtue: Care
 Mature adult is concerned w/
establishing & guiding the
new generation or else feels Late Adulthood
personal impoverishment
 Relates to older & younger  Satisfaction w/ career
generations
 Become “Pillars of the
Community”
Older Adult Integrity vs. Despair
 Accomplishment of goals
 Achieves sense of
acceptance of own life
 Adapts to triumphs &
disappointment w/ a certain
ego integrity
 Accepts the inevitability of
death or else falls into despair
 Appraisal of life & changing
social roles
 Self-concerned & withdrawn

3. Havighurst’s Age Periods and Sullivan’s Theory of PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Developmental Task Interpersonal Relationships Mo. Gross Fine Motor Development Play
Yr. Motor Development
Infants  Largely reflex  The eyes is fixated on
(birth to 1 the person SOLITARY
Infancy Weight: 7 to 8 lbs
year) 0-1  Keeps hands fisted PLAY
Infancy and Early Childhood  Maternal anxiety Length: 19 to 21 in  Able to follow object to
midline
 Learning to walk Vital Signs:  Holds head up when  Development of social
prone smile
 Learning to take solid food Childhood 2  Responds to familiar
 Learning to talk  As the child grows he T – 37.5 C voices
 Learning to control the elimination of learns to interact P – 120 – 140 bpm  Holds head & chest  The baby knows how to
body wastes  Use one specific R – 30 – 60 /min up when prone cry
 Laughs aloud
 Learning sexual differences & sexual language at a time BP – 80/40 mmHg 3  Babbles and “coos”
modesty (language shock)  Follows object past
midline
 Achieving psychologic stability forming
simple concepts of social and physical  Grasp  Can raise head and
 Stepping chest
reality Juvenile  Tonic neck  Teething
 Learning to relate emotionally to  The child slowly 4  Reflexes are fading  Reach out to object
parents, siblings & other people learning accepts authority from
to distinguish right from wrong & his subordinates
developing a conscience  More concept of self,  Turns front to back  Roll over
 Has head lag when  Hold blocks at each
status, & role pulled upright hand
5  Bears partial weight
on feet when pulled
Middle Childhood upright
 Learning physical skills necessary for
ordinary games  Turns both ways  Doubles birth weight
 Moro reflex fading  Eruption of 1st tooth
 Building wholesome attitudes toward
 Sits w/ minimal support
oneself as a growing organism 6  Uses palmar grasp
 Learning to get along w/ age mates
 Reaches out in  “dada”, “mama”
 Learning an appropriate masculine and anticipation of being  Sleeps on prone
feminine social role picked up position
7  Sits unsteadily  Uses fingers to hold
 Developing fundamental skills in objects
reading, writing & calculating  Transfers objects hand
to hand
 Developing concept necessary for
everyday living  Sits securely w/o  Sits alone steadily for
support an indefinite period
 Developing conscience, morality &
8  Recognizes strangers
scale of values  Peek-a-boo (to test
memory)

4.  Achieving personal independence  Creeps or crawls  Can hold own bottle
 Starts to crawl
 Developing attitudes toward social
9  Understands simple
groups & institutions gestures
 Pulls self to standing  From crawling to
standing
10  Responds when called
by his/her name
 From crawling to  Walks with assistance
11 standing
 Stands alone  Triples birth weight
12  Some infants take 1st  Can say 2 syllable
step words
 Can walk w/ help
Toddler  A child gains about 5  Walks alone well  Puts small pellets into
(1-3 y/o) to 6 lb and 5 in a 15  Can seat self in chair small bottles PARALLEL
year during the  Can creep upstairs  Scribbles voluntarily w/ PLAY
toddler stage a pencil / crayon
 Head circumference  Holds a spoon
increases only about
2cm  Can run and jump in  No longer rotates a
 Prominent abdomen place spoon to bring it to
– pouchy belly 18  Can walk up and mouth
 Respirations slow down stairs w/
slightly assistance
 HR: 90 – 110 bpm
 BP: 99/64 mmHg  Walks up stairs  Can open doors by
 The brain develops 24 alone turning doorknobs
to about 90% of its  Unscrew lids
adult size
 Control of the urinary  Can jump down from  Makes simple lines or
and anal sphincters 30 chairs strokes or crosses w/ a
becomes possible pencil
 8 new teeth (canines
and molars) erupt
Preschooler  Ectomorphic (slim  Alternates feet  Undresses self
(3-6 y/o) body built) or 3  Runs  Stacks tower of blocks A
endomorphic (large y/o  Rides tricycle  Draws a cross S
body built) becomes  Stands on one foot S
apparent O
 PR: 85 bpm C
 BP: 100/60 mmHg  Constantly in motion  Can do simple buttons I
 Voiding is frequent 4  Jumps A
(about 9 to 10 times y/o  Skips T
a day) I
 The average child V
gains only about 4.5 E
lb a year.
 Height gain is also  Throws overhand  Draws a 6-part man &
minimal: 2 to 3.5  Can lace shoes
inches 5 Imaginative
 Generally have all 20 y/o PLAY
deciduous teeth by
age 3

5. School-Age  Average weight gain 6  A year of constant motion
(6-12 y/o) is 3 to lb y/o  Skipping is a new skill
 Increase in height is  First molars erupt
1 to 2 inches
 By age 10 brain 7  Central incisors erupt A
growth is complete y/o  Difference b/w sexes become apparent in play S
 Posture becomes  Spends time in quiet play S
more erect O
 PR: 70 – 80 bpm 8  Coordination definitely improved C
 BP: 112/60 mmHg y/o  Playing with gang becomes important I
 Development of  Eyes become fully developed A
Secondary Sex T
9
Characteristics I
y/o  All activities done w/ gang
 Sexual Maturation: V
10
Girls (12 – 18 y/o); E
y/o  Coordination improves
boys (14 - 20 y/o)
 Deciduous teeth are 11 PLAY
lost and permanent y/o  Active, but awkward and ungainly
teeth erupt 12
y/o  Coordination improves
Adolescent  Developing intellectual skills and  Onset of puberty SEXUAL MATURATION
(13-20 y/o)  Cessation of body Yr BOYS GIRLS
concepts necessary for civic
growth  Growth spurt  Pubic hair thick & curly,
competence  Most girls are 1 to 2 continuing triangular in distribution
 Desiring and achieving socially
inches taller than  Pubic hair  Breasts, areola & papilla
boys abundant & curly form secondary mound
responsible behavior  Boys grow about 4 to 13  Testes, penis, &  Menstruation is ovulatory,
12 inches in ht and to scrotum enlarging making pregnancy
 Acquiring a set of values & an ethical
gain 15 to 65 lb 15 further possible
system as a guide to behavior  Girls grow 2 to 8  Axillary hair
inches and gain 15 present
 Achieving emotional independence from
to 55 lb  Facial hair fine &
parents & other adults achieving  PR: 70 bpm downy
 RR: 20 breaths/min  Voice changes
assurance of economic independence
 BP: 120/70 mmHg happening w/
 Selecting and preparing for an  Gain 2nd molars by annoying freq.
age 13 and 3rd  Genitalia adult  Pubic hair curly &
occupation
molars b/w 18 and  Pubic hair abundant (adult); may
 Preparing for marriage and family life 21 y/o abundant & curly extend onto medial aspect
 Achieving a new and more mature 15  Scrotum dark & of thighs
to heavily rugated  Breast tissue adult &
relations w/ age mates of both sexes 16  Facial and body nipples protrude
 Achieving masculine or feminine social hair present  Areolas no longer project
 Sperm production as separate ridges from
role mature breasts
 Accepting ones physique & using the  May have some degree of
facial acne
body effectively  Pubic hair curly &
abundant (adult); END OF SKELETAL
may extend along GROWTH
16 medial aspect of
to thighs
17  Testes, scrotum &
penis adult in size
 May have some
degree of facial
acne
 Gynecomastia

6. 17
to END OF SKELETAL
18 GROWTH
 Selecting a mate
Young Adult /  Learning to live w/ a partner
Early  Starting a family
Adulthood  Rearing children
 Managing a home
 Getting started in an occupation
 Taking on civic responsibility
 Finding a congenital social group
Middle Adult  Achieving adult civic and social
responsibility
 Establishing and maintaining economic
standard of living
 Assisting teenage children to become
responsible and happy adult
 Developing adult-leisure time activities
 Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a
person
Older Adult /  Adjusting to decreasing physical
Late strength & health
Adulthood  Adjusting to retirement & reduced
income
 Adjusting to death of a spouse
 Establishing an explicit affiliation w/ one
age group
Terms:
INFANCY
Extrusion Reflex – food placed on an infant’s tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth.
Natal Teeth – teeth in newborns
Neonatal Teeth – teeth erupted in the first 4 weeks of life
Deciduous Teeth – temporary baby teeth
Gross Motor Devt – ability to accomplish large body movements
Fine Motor Devt – measured by observing or testing the prehensile ability (ability to coordinate
hand movements)
Ventral Suspension – refers to an infant’s appearance when held in midair on a horizontal plane,
supported by a hand under the abdomen
Landau Reflex – develops at 3 mos. When held in ventral suspension, an infant’s head, legs, and
spine extend. When the head is depressed, the hips, knees and elbows flex
Parachute Reaction – when infants are suddenly lowered toward an examining table from ventral
suspension, the arms extend as if to protect themselves from falling.
Neck-righting reflex – this reflex causes the baby to lose balance and roll sideways when lifting the
head up
Thumb opposition – ability to bring the thumb and fingers together (4 mos)
Pincer Grasp – ability to bring the thumb and 1st finger together. This enables the baby to pick up
small objects (10 mos)
Binocular vision – ability to fuse two images into one
Hand Regard – hold hands in front of face and study their fingers for long periods of time
Eight-Month Anxiety – the height of fear of strangers