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Clean Coal Energy Technologies: Markets and Trends Worldwide
June 1, 2009
Introduction
Coal is the most abundant and economical fossil fuel in the world and over 6,400 million
tonnes of coal were produced globally in 2008. More than 80% of the world’s coal
reserves are located in the United States, China, India, Russia, Australia, and South
Africa. Coal is primarily used for the generation of electricity, with smaller volumes used
for industrial process heat and in steel production.
Coal is the currently the most frequently used fuel for electricity generation. Coal
produces about 42% of the world’s electricity. On a levelized cost of production basis,
the global market value of coal-fired electricity exceeded $400 billion in 2008.
Coal is an important fuel source and will likely remain so due to its low cost and
abundance. However, the use of coal in combustion to generate electricity leads to
various environmental challenges. The coal industry continues to develop various clean
coal technologies to address these challenges. In 2008, global generation of electricity
using clean coal technologies is currently valued at over $61 billion.
Clean Coal Energy Technologies: Markets and Trends Worldwide includes a broad
review of the market for clean coal technologies for coal-fired electricity generation. The
report provides a discussion of several of the technologies employed or in development
to address the environmental impact of coal. The market demand for coal, electricity,
and clean coal-fired electricity is quantified and projections for growth in demand are
provided, along with the key factors influencing this growth. The report also provides
profiles of 14 companies active in clean coal.
Report Methodology
The information in Clean Coal Energy Technologies: Markets and Trends Worldwide is
based on primary and secondary research. Primary research entailed in-depth
interviews with firms involved in the development of clean coal technologies and coal-
fired electricity generation to obtain information on the developing market and factors
shaping the industry. Secondary research entailed data gathering from relevant

2. sources, including government and industry publications, company literature and
corporate annual reports.
What You’ll Get in This Report
Clean Coal Energy Technologies: Markets and Trends Worldwide contains important
insights and projections regarding the future of this market around the world. No other
market research report provides both the comprehensive analysis and data that Clean
Coal Energy Technologies: Markets and Trends Worldwide offers. Subscribers will
benefit from extensive data, presented in easy-to-read and practical charts, tables and
graphs.
How You’ll Benefit from This Report
If your company is already doing business in the market for clean coal technologies for
coal-fired power generation, or is considering entering the marketplace, you will find this
report invaluable. It provides a comprehensive package of information and insight not
offered in any other single source. You will gain a thorough understanding of the current
global market for clean coal technologies for coal-fired power generation, as well as
projected markets and trends through 2013.
This report will help:
Marketing managers understand the market forces shaping the market for clean
coal technologies and identify market opportunities.
Research and development professionals stay on top of competitor initiatives
and explore demand for clean coal technologies.
Business development executives understand the dynamics of the market and
identify possible partnerships.
Information and research center librarians provide market researchers,
product managers, and other colleagues with the vital information they need to
do their jobs more effectively.
Additional Information
Market Insights: A Selection From The Report
Coal is an important fuel source and will likely remain so due to its low cost and
abundance. However, the use of coal in combustion to generate electricity leads to
various environmental challenges. Clean coal is a term used to describe a collection of
technologies either in use or in development to reduce the environmental impact of coal

3. utilized in electricity production. Global generation of electricity using clean coal
technologies is currently valued at over $61 billion.
Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Coal consumption for electricity conversion is expected to increase by 3.9% per year
between 2009 and 2013. Simultaneously, countries around the world have initiated
significant effort and regulation to reduce the anthropogenic contribution to global
climate change by legislating caps or reductions on allowable greenhouse gas
emissions.
With nearly 2,250 pounds of carbon dioxide emitted per megawatt hour electricity
produced from an average coal plant in the United States, the volume of carbon dioxide
far outpaces other pollutants emitted from coal combustion. Therefore, an important
component of the coal industry’s research and development will increasingly become
the level to which carbon dioxide emissions associated with coal-fired power conversion
can be reduced. Improvements in conversion efficiency levels, previously discussed in
this chapter, have lead to moderate carbon dioxide reductions from coal-fired power
plants. However, the most promising option for significant carbon emissions reductions
for the future is carbon capture and sequestration (CCS).
Carbon capture and sequestration technologies involve the removal, or capture, of
carbon dioxide emissions from the exhaust stream from coal combustion or gasification
processes and the subsequent disposal, or sequestration, of these emissions in such a
way that they do not enter the atmosphere. As a result, carbon capture and
sequestration has the potential to provide near-elimination of carbon dioxide emissions
from fossil fuel combustion.
Carbon Capture
Carbon dioxide capture accounts for nearly 80% of the cost of the carbon capture and
storage process. Carbon capture involves the removal and concentration of the gas in
flue gas streams by physical and/or chemical processes. The processes involve altering
the pressure and temperature of the flue gas stream to produce pure carbon dioxide,
which is then compressed and transported for long-term storage.
In the News
Coal Goes Green with Worldwide Investment in Clean Coal Technologies
New York, May 13, 2009 - Coal has gained a new shade of “green” thanks to
substantial global investments being made in clean coal technologies that mitigate the
harmful environmental effects of conventional coal, an abundant and well-distributed
fossil fuel.

4. Coal is the single largest fuel source currently used and accounts for almost 42% of the
world’s electricity. According to Clean Coal Energy Technologies: Markets and Trends
Worldwide, the latest report from leading industrial market research publisher SBI, the
global market value of coal-fired electricity exceeded $400 billion on a levelized cost of
production basis in 2008. Global generation of electricity using clean coal technologies
is currently valued at more than $61 billion.
Clean coal technologies are generally segmented into three areas of focus: the
reduction or elimination of pollutant emissions such as particulates and sulfur and
nitrogen oxides; the improvement of conversion technologies to increase efficiency; and
the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions with the development of carbon
capture and storage. SBI projects that the deployment of clean coal technologies will
continue to expand internationally as coal-fired power generation increases to meet
escalating electricity demands worldwide.
“Several factors impact the global outlook for coal-fired power generation. In addition to
growth in the demand for electricity, the abundance of coal as a fuel source and its low
cost compared to alternative energy solutions favor the continued use of coal for power
generation around the world,” says Shelley Carr, associate publisher of SBI.
Clean Coal Energy Technologies: Markets and Trends Worldwide features a broad
review of the market for clean coal technologies for coal-fired electricity generation. The
report provides a discussion of several of the technologies employed or in development
to address the environmental impact of coal. The market demand for coal, electricity,
and clean coal-fired electricity is quantified and projections for growth in demand are
provided, along with the key factors influencing said growth. The report also provides
profiles of 14 companies active in clean coal, and contains projected markets and
trends through 2013.
About SBI
SBI (Specialists in Business Information) publishes research reports in the industrial,
energy, building/construction, automotive/transportation and packaging markets. SBI
also offers a full range of custom research services.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Executive Summary
Overview
Table 1-1: Environmental Challenges Presented by Various Coal Plant
Emissions, 2008
Pollutant Emission Reductions
Table 1-2: Comparison of Particulate Removal Systems, 2008
Conversion Efficiency Improvements

5. Table 1-3: Average Achievable Combustion Efficiency by Combustion
Technology, 2008
Pulverized Coal Combustion
Table 1-4: Pressure, Temperature, & Efficiency Comparison of PCC Steam
Units, 2008
Fluidized Bed Combustion
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Figure 1-1: Pathway to Zero Emissions Coal Combustion, 2008
Carbon Capture
Carbon Transportation
Carbon Sequestration
Global Electricity Demand
Figure 1-2: Global Electricity Generation, 2004-2008 (Billion kWh)
Coal Power Generation
Figure 1-3: Global Coal-Fired Electricity Generation Capacity, 2004-2008
(Gigawatt)
Global Electricity Demand Projections
Figure 1-4: Global Electricity Generation, 2009-2013 (Billion kWh)
Outlook for Coal Power
World Coal Reserves
Competing Traditional and Alternative Power Technologies
Clean Coal Outlook and Winning Technologies
Figure 1-5: Global CCT Electricity Volume and Value, 2009-2013 (Volume in
Terawatt hour; Value in $ M)
Figure 1-6: Clean Coal Electricity Generation by Technology, 2009-2013
(Terawatt hours)
Report Scope
Report Format
Report Methodology
Abbreviations
Table 1-5: Abbreviations Utilized in Report
Chapter 2: Technology Types
Overview
Coal
Table 2-1: Top Five Producers of World Hard Coal, 2008
Coal Extraction
Power Conversion
Table 2-2: World Electricity Generated from Coal, 2008
Environmental Impact
Table 2-3: Environmental Challenges Presented by Various Coal Plant
Emissions, 2008
Table 2-4: Average Emission Rates from Coal-Fired Electricity Generation, 2008
Table 2-5: Clean Coal Technologies and Emissions Addressed, 2008
Emissions
Pollutant Emission Reductions

6. Coal Preparation
Flue Gas Cleanup Systems
Particulate Removal Systems
Table 2-6: Comparison of Particulate Removal Systems, 2008
Fabric Filters
Electrostatic Precipitators
Figure 2-1: Electrostatic Precipitator Overhead View, 2008
Wet Particulate Scrubbers
Flue Gas Desulfurization
Figure 2-2: Particulate and Sulfur Dioxide Removal in Pulverized Coal
Combustion Process, 2008
Table 2-7: Comparison of Flue Gas Desulphurization Systems, 2008
Wet Scrubbers
Dry Scrubbers
Circulating Fluid Bed Scrubbers
Moving Bed Dry Scrubbers
Spray Dry Scrubbers
Sorbent Injection Processes
Furnace Sorbent Injection Process
Economizer Sorbent Injection Process
Duct Sorbent Injection Process
Hybrid Sorbent Injection
Nitrogen Oxide Reduction Systems
Table 2-8: Comparison of Nitrogen Oxide-Reducing Flue Gas Systems, 2008
Selective Catalytic Reduction
Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction
Conversion Efficiency Improvements
Figure 2-3: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants at Various
Efficiencies, 2008 (tonnes/MWh)
Table 2-9: Average Achievable Combustion Efficiency by Combustion
Technology, 2008
Pulverized Coal Combustion Technologies
Figure 2-4: Pulverized Coal Combustion Process, 2008
Table 2-10: Pressure, Temperature, & Efficiency Comparison of PCC Steam
Units, 2008
Subcritical Pulverized Coal Combustion
Supercritical Pulverized Coal Combustion
Ultra-Supercritical Pulverized Coal Combustion
Fluidized Bed Combustion
Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion
Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion
Pressurized Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Figure 2-5: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Combustion Process, 2008
Carbon Capture and Sequestration

7. Figure 2-6: Pathway to Zero Emissions Coal Combustion, 2008
Carbon Capture
Figure 2-7: Carbon Capture Options in Development, 2008
Pre-Combustion Capture
Oxyfuel Combustion
Post Combustion Capture
Chemical Looping Combustion
Carbon Transportation
Carbon Sequestration
Figure 2-8: Carbon Sequestration Options, 2008
Geological Sequestration
Deep Saline Formations
Deep Coal Seams
Depleted Oil and Gas Fields
Other Geological Storage
Terrestrial Sequestration
Oceanic Sequestration
Chemical Conversion
Chapter 3: Market Size and Segmentation
Overview
Global Coal Production
Figure 3-1: Global Coal Productiona, 2004-2008 (Million Tonnes)
Global Coal Consumption
Figure 3-2: Global Coal Consumption, 2004-2008 (Quadrillion Btu)
Table 3-1: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Member
Nations, 2008
Coal Consumption by Sector
Figure 3-3: Global Coal Consumption by Sector, 2008 (percent)
Global Electricity Demand
Figure 3-4: Global Electricity Generation, 2004-2008 (Billion kWh)
Coal Power Generation
Figure 3-5: Global Coal-Fired Electricity Generation Capacity, 2004-2008
(Gigawatts)
Regional Coal Power Generation
Figure 3-6: Global Coal-Fired Electricity Generation by Region, 2008 (percent)
Figure 3-7: Coal Power Generation by Regiona, 2004-2009 (Billion kWh)
Clean Coal Technologies
Environmental Impact of Coal
Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Mercury
Lead
Particulates
Figure 3-8: Typical Sulfur Dioxide Emissions of Coal Power Technologies (mg/
m3)

8. Figure 3-9: Typical Nitrogen Oxides Emissions of Coal Power Technologies
(mg/m3)
Figure 3-10: Typical Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Coal Power Technologies
(g/kWh)
Figure 3-11: Global Clean Coal Technology Electricity Volume and Value, 2004-
2008 (Volume in Terawatt hour; Value in $ M)
Pulverized Coal Combustion
Subcritical Pulverized Coal Combustion
Figure 3-12: Global Coal-Fired Electricity Generation using Sub-Critical Plants,
2004-2008 (Terawatt hour)
Super and Ultra-Supercritical Pulverized Coal Combustion
Figure 3-13: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants at Various
Efficiencies, 2008 (tonnes/MWh)
Table 3-2 Recent Ultra Supercritical Plants in China
Figure 3-14: Global Coal-Fired Electricity Generation using Super/Ultra-Critical
Plants, 2004-2008 (Terawatt hour)
Fluidized Bed Combustion
Figure 3-15: Global Coal-Fired Electricity Generation Using FBC Plants, 2004-
2008 (Terawatt hour)
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Figure 3-16: Global Coal-Fired Electricity Generation using IGCC Plants, 2004-
2008 (Terawatt hour)
Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Figure 3-17: Carbon Sequestration Options, 2008
Chapter 4: Market Factors and Projections
Overview
Global Coal Supply Trends
Global Coal Demand Trends
Regional Coal Demand Trends
North America
Europe
Australasia
Global Electricity Demand Projections
Figure 4-1: Global Electricity Generation, 2009-2013 (Billion kWh)
Outlook for Coal Power
World Coal Reserves
Competing Traditional and Alternative Power Technologies
Natural Gas
Fuel Conversion
Electricity Generation and Sustainability
Table 4-1: World Electricity Generated from Natural Gas, 2008
Table 4-2: World’s Proved Reserves of Natural Gas, 2008
Environmental Impact
Nuclear
Fuel Conversion
Electricity Generation and Sustainability

9. Table 4-3: World Electricity Generated from Nuclear, 2008
Environmental Impact
Hydroelectric
Electricity Generation and Sustainability
Table 4-4: World Electricity Generated from Hydroelectric, 2008
Environmental Impact
Wind
Electricity Generation and Sustainability
Table 4-5: World Electricity Generated from Wind, 2008
Environmental Impact
Solar
Electricity Generation and Sustainability
Table 4-6: World Electricity Generated from Solar, 2008
Environmental Impact
Table 4-7: Cost and Sustainability of World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type,
2008
Figure 4-2: Coal Power Generation by Regiona, 2009- 2013 (Billion kWh)
Environmental Impact of Coal
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Initiatives
The Kyoto Protocol
Figure 4-3: Kyoto Protocol Ratifying Nations
Table 4-8: Kyoto Protocol Greenhouse Gas Emissions Targets (% change from
1990 level)
European Union Emissions Trading System
Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan
New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Initiatives in the United States
California Global Warming Solutions Act
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
Western Climate Initiative
Public Perception and Policy Debate in the United States
Proponents of Coal
Opponents of Coal
Current Status of United States Policy on Clean Coal
Clean Coal Outlook and Winning Technologies
China
United States
India
Japan
Europe
Australia
South Africa
Relative Performance and Cost of Clean Coal Technologies
Figure 4-4: Relative Total Capital Requirements for Clean Coal Technologies
(Dollars per kilowatt capacity)

10. Figure 4-5: Relative Levelized Cost of Electricity for Clean Coal Technologies
(Cents per kilowatt hour)
Clean Coal Forecast
Figure 4-6: Global Clean Coal Technology Electricity Volume and Value, 2009-
2013 (Volume in Terawatt hour; Value in $ M)
Figure 4-7: Clean Coal Electricity Generation by Technology, 2009-2013
(Terawatt hours)
Carbon Capture and Storage - Outlook
European Union Investment in Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Table 4-9: Carbon Capture and Sequestration Funding in the European Union,
2008
Australian Investment in Clean Coal Technologies
Chapter 5: Participant Profiles
Overview
Table 5-1: Description of Companies Profiled
Alstom
Table 5-2: Alstom Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
American Electric Power
Table 5-3: American Electric Power Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
BP
Table 5-4: BP Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Company News
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Citigroup
Table 5-5: Citigroup Profile
Corporate Background

11. Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
ConocoPhillips
Table 5-6: ConocoPhillips Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Duke Energy
Table 5-7: Duke Energy Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Foster Wheeler, Incorporated
Table 5-8: Foster Wheeler, Incorporated Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Company News
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
General Electric
Table 5-9: General Electric Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Merrill Lynch
Table 5-10: Merrill Lynch Profile
Corporate Background

12. Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Morgan Stanley
Table 5-11: Morgan Stanley Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Table 5-12: Morgan Stanley Product Mix, Pre and Post Smith Barney Merger,
2008 and 2008 pro forma (percent)
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Praxair, Incorporated
Table 5-13: Praxair, Incorporated Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Company News
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Royal Dutch Shell
Table 5-14: Royal Dutch Shell Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Siemens
Table 5-15: Siemens Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
Tampa Electric Company

13. Table 5-16: Tampa Electric Company Profile
Corporate Background
Product and Brand Portfolio
Table 5-17: Tampa Electric Power Plants, 2009
Performance
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Innovation
Outlook
Personnel Changes
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