A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
3. Humans as micro biomes:-
- 100 trillion microbes in human intestine.
- 3 million genes (100X).
- 2 kg weight.
- 300-1000 species of bacteria.
- control almost all body functions.
10. NUTRITION
• 30% more calories.
• Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
• SACCHAROLYTIC FERMENTATION
• Acetic acid, Propionic acid and
Butyric acid.
• SCFAs in the caecum. Intestinal
SCFAs directly provide energy to
colonocytes, absorption into the
portal circulation, stimulates
adipogenesis.
• PROTEOLYTIC FERMENTATION
• Collagen and Elastin
• Toxins, Carcinogens, SCFAs
11. TROPHIC EFFECTS
• Growth of intestinal epithelial cells, lymphoid tissue
and control their proliferation and differentiation
• Sodium/Glucose transporters
12. METABOLISM
• Positively control the intestinal epithelial cell
differentiation , proliferation by production of Short-Chain
Fatty Acids.
• Syntheses of vitamins like Biotin and Folic Acid
• Absorption of ions including Magnesium, Calcium and Iron.
• Metabolize dietary carcinogens - Micro components &
Macro components
• Micro - Genotoxic , Heterocyclic Amines (HCAs)
• Macro - Excessive intake of Fat and Sodium Chloride
14. PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS
• Competitive Exclusion by BARRIER EFFECT
• Bacteriocins
• produces lactic acid and fatty acids, serves to
lower the pH in the colon
• In alergic patients, C. difficile and S. aureus are
higher and lower prevalence of Bacteroides and
Bifidobacteria
• Prevention of IBD
17. OBESITY
• fewer Bacteroidetes and more Firmicutes
• differences in the energy-reabsorbing potential
• Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
• Results in significant weight loss improvements
in conditions like Type 2 diabetes.
• 29% of their body weight within 3 weeks, despite
no change in net food intake.
19. CANCER
• Bacteroides and Clostridium
• Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria
TRANSLOCATION
• Too much growth of bacteria in the small intestine
• Reduced immunity of the host
• Increased gut lining permeability in diseases like cirrhosis
20. MENTAL HEALTH
• kids with autism were twice as likely as children with
other types of disorders to have frequent diarrhoea or
colitis
• mice with autism-like symptoms were given a diet with
Bacillus fragilis
• Probiotics have been used to treat Obsessive–Compulsive
Disorder (OCD) and Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder ADHD.
• Anxiety often causes nausea and diarrhoea, and
depression can change appetite.
• sociability and risk taking
23. ANTIBIOTICS
• Antibiotic-Associated
Diarrhoea (AAD)
• Antibiotic-Resistant bacteria.
• C. difficile and Salmonella
kedougou
• Selective Digestive Tract
Decontamination (SDD)
• Children who were given
antibiotics during the first 6
months of life were more
likely to have a higher body
mass
24. PHARMABIOTICS
• Probiotic bacteria
• Probiotic-derived biologically active metabolites
• Prebiotics
• Synbiotics or genetically modified commensal
bacteria
• IBD, Atopy, Infection, Diarrhoea, Cancer & Arthritis
27. CULTURE DEPENDENT TECHNIQUES
• cost-effective and reproducible.
• strict anaerobes, and it is estimated that >80% of
the gut micro biota cannot be cultivated under
standard laboratory conditions.