Herbs as health foods

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MAWLANA BHASHANI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Santosh,Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
ASSIGNMENT NO : 02
Course Code : PHA-2201
Course title : Pharmacognosy-III.
Assignment title : Herbs as health foods.
Submission date: 25/04/2021
Submitted by :
Md Jahangir Alam
Student id : PHA-19001
Session : 2018-19
Submitted to:
Sayema Arefin
Lecturer
Department Of Pharmacy
Mawlana Bhashani Science
And Technology University.

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Herbs as Health Foods
Herb
A general term for a plant or part thereof that is used to produce a
medicine,which may include roots, bark, stems,leaves, flowers,fruit and
seeds.
Health Food
Health food is defined as a substancewhich can be considered a food or its
part which, in addition to its normalnutritional value provides health benefits
including prevention of disease or promotion of health.
Natural Food
Natural foods”are often assumed to be foods that are not processed,ordo not
contain any food additives, or do not contain particular additives such
as hormones, antibiotics, sweeteners, food colors, preservatives,
or flavorings that were not originally in the food.
Organic Food
Organic food is grown without theuse of synthetic chemicals, such as
human-made pesticides and fertilizers, and does not contain genetically
modified organisms (GMOs). Organic foodsincludefresh produce,
meats, and dairyproductsaswell as processed foods such as crackers,
drinks, and frozen meals.
Classification Of health foods or nutraceuticals
Depending upon various characteristics, nutraceuticals can be classified by
severalmethods.Their major classes are:
 Nutraceuticals fromfood source.
 Nutraceuticals indicating their action of mechanism.
 Nutraceuticals according to their chemical nature.
 Nutraceuticals according to their higher contents in specific foods items.
CHEMISRTY OF HEALTH FOODS :

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Health foods or nutraceuticals contain such kind of chemical constituent-
Uses Of Herbs as Health Foods :
Consuming herbs may help to prevent and manage heart disease,
cancer and diabetes.It may also help to reduce blood clots and provide
anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties.Researchis ongoing but
studies have shown that:
 Garlic, linseed, fenugreekand lemongrass may help lower
cholesterol.
 Garlic is useful for people with mildly elevated blood pressure.
 Fenugreekcan help control blood sugar and insulin activity (as can
linseed, flaxseed and cinnamon).
1. Phenolic compounds :
 Tannins
 Anthocyanins
 Isoflavones
 Flavanones
 Flavonols
 Coumarins
 Lignin
2. Proteinbased :
 Choline
 Isothiocyanates
 Capsaicinoids
 Amino acids
 Indoles
 Folate
 Allyl-thio compounds
Allyl thio compounds
3. Isoprenoids :
 Carotenoids
 Saponines
 Tocopherols
 Simple
terpenes
 Tocotrienols
5. Carbohydrate derivatives :
 Ascorbic acid,
 Oligo- saccharides
 Non-starch products
4. Lipidand fatty acid :
 CLA
 Sphingolipids
 Lecithin
 n 3 PUFA
 MUFA
6. Minerals :
 Ca
 Se
 K
 Cn
 Zn

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 Garlic, onions, chives, leeks, mint, basil, oregano, sage and many
other herbs can help protect against cancer.
 Herbs are rich in antioxidants, especiallycloves, cinnamon, sage,
oregano and thyme, by helping to reduce low-density lipoproteins
(‘bad’ cholesterol).
Fresh herbs often contain higher antioxidant levels compared to
processedor dried herbs but if you are using herbs in order to harness
their health-promoting aspects first and foremost,aim to add your fresh
herbs at the end of cooking or as you serve to preserve these properties.
Given bellow some herb as health foods :
Alfalfa
Common name : Lucerne, purple medic, Purple Medick,Buffalo Herb.
Botanical source :
It is the dried whole herb, including blossoms ofMedicago sativa.
Family : Leguminosae.
Geographical source:
Alfalfa is grown in many other parts of the world, from China to Spain, Sweden
to North Africa. Outside of cultivation alfalfa occurs as a weed throughout Asia,
Europe and America. The largest producerof alfalfa today is North America,
South America and Asia.

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Figure : Alfalfa
Chemicalconstituent :
Alfalfa contain protein, minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Zn, Si), vitamins (A,
B, C, D, E, K, U), phytochemical substances (carotene, chlorophyll, coumarins,
isoflavones, alkaloids, saponins), contains secondarymetabolites of plants
(phytoestrogens: isoflavones and coumestrol), and antinutritional components
(phytates, L-canavanine, saponins).
Use :
Alfalfais used for kidneyconditions, bladderand prostate conditions,and
to increase urine flow.
It is also used for -
 High cholesterol,
 asthma,
 osteoarthritis,
 rheumatoid arthritis,
 diabetes,
 upsetstomach,and
 a bleedingdisordercalled thrombocytopenicpurpura.
Peoplealso take alfalfaas a source of vitamins A, C, E, and K4;and
minerals calcium,potassium,phosphorous,and iron.
Apricot pits

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Common name : Apricot, Apricot kernel oil Semen Armeniacae,
Vitamin B17,Armeniaca vulgaris.
Botanical source : Apricot It is the dried kernel of Prunus Armeniaca.
Family : Rosaceae.
Geographical source :
Although formerly supposed to comefromArmenia, where it was long cultivated,
hence the name Armeniaca, there is now little doubtthatits original habitat is
northern China, the Himalaya region and otherparts of temperate Asia. It is
cultivated generally throughout temperate regions. Introduced into England, from
Italy, in Henry VIII's reign.
Figure: Apricotpits
Chemicalconstituent :
Apricotcontains vitamin C, beta-carotene, thiamine, iron, fiber,
potassium,niacin, fruit acids, and a variety of sugars. It contains a
colourless,crystalline glycoside-Amygdalin. Volatile oil,Potassium,
vitamin A, fiber, Catechins, proanthocyanidins, Cholesterol,etc.

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All kernels were found to be high in fat (42.2-50.91%),protein (23.74-
25.70%)and fiber (15.08-18.02%).Phosphorus,calcium, and iron were
determined in all experimental samples.
Uses:
Apricot is used for asthma, cough, constipation, bleeding, infertility, eye
inflammation, spasm, and vaginal infections. In manufacturing, apricot oil is
used in cosmetics.Taking apricotkernelor amygdalin(laetrile),a chemical
called amygdalinin apricotkernel,by mouth doesnot seemto help treat
cancer.Theuse of apricotpits as an anticancerdrug must be considered
irrational. Its use should he avoided.
Arnica
Common name : Wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mountain tobacco
and mountain arnica.
Botanical source : An alcoholic extract or tincture of arnica, the dried
flowering heads of Arnica Montana Linne.
Family :Compostiae.
This Circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the
temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to
the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America.
Chemical constituent :
The main constituents of Arnica montana are essential oils, fatty acids, thymol,
pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones and flavanone glycosides.
Pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpenes constitute 0.2–0.8% of the flower head of
Arnica montana. They are the toxin helenalin and their fatty esters. 2,5-
Dimethoxy-p-cymene and thymol methyl ether are the primary components of
essential oils from boththe plant's roots and rhizomes.

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Figure : Arnica
Uses :
Arnica is used topically for a wide range of conditions, including
 bruises,
 sprains,
 muscle aches,
 wound healing,
 superficial phlebitis,
 joint pain,
 inflammation from insect bites,
 and swelling from broken bones.
 It can be used as a mouth wash and gargle when fighting inflammation of
the mucus membranes.
More recent studies suggest it may also be helpful in the treatment of burns.
Garlic
Common name : Stinking rose,poorman's treacle and heal-all,
Rashoon.Ajo,Allium.
Botanical source :

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It is the dried bulb of Allium Sativum Linne.
Family : Liliaceae.
Garlic is a native of WestAsiaand Mediterraneanarea. China, Korea,
India,USA, Spain, Argentinaand Egyptare the major garlic growing
countries.
Enzymes like-Allinase,peroxidases,myrosinase,catalases,superoxide
dismutases.arginases,lipases.Volatile oils-alliin, allicin, allylpropyl
disulfide,diallyldisulfide,diallyltrisulfide: atone and vinyldithiines;S-
allylmercaptocysteineand S-methylmercaptocysteine;terpenesinclude
citral, geraniol,linalool, a- and b-phellandrene.Besides,Proteins(e.g.
glutamyl peptides),amino acids (e.g.arginine, glutamic acid,asparagic
acid,methionine,threonine),minerals,vitamins, trace elements.lipids,
prostaglandins.
Figure: Garlic
Uses :
It is used -
 Lowercholesteroland triglycerides;
 Kill Worms,
 Roundworm,
 Hypertension,
 blood circulation,

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 Cancerprevention
 Diabetes
 Bronchitis.
 Asthma,
 Allergies,
 Antithrombotic,
 antimicrobial,
 fibrinolytic.
Onion
Common name :Piaz, oignon,Basal.
Botanical source :
The bulb of the Allium cepa Linne is used to make medicine.
Family : Liliaceae.
It is supposedto be from WestAsiaalthough it is possibleto find wild
ways in Iran, Afghanistanand Turkestan.
Principal constituentof onionis an essentialoilcontaining various sulphur
compoundssuchas mono-,di-, tri-, and tetra-sulphides.thiols and
thiophene derivatives:carbohydrates,proteins,amino acids,polyphenols,
quercetin,kaempferol,vitamin B and C, a saponin,B-amyrin, sterols,
phenolic acids and minerals.Besidesthese a large number of cyaniding
glycosidesProstaglandinshave beendetectedin the bulb and leaves of
onion. Dry brown outer scale contains quercetin,and otherflavanoid,
sterols and phenolic compounds.Scalesalso containcatecholand
protocatechuic acid.Diosgeninhas beenisolatedfrom flowers and bulb.

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Figure: Onion
Uses :
 Onion is used for treating loss of appetite, upset stomach,
and gallbladder disorders:
 Heart and blood vessel problems like angina and high
blood pressure; Atherosclerosis
 for treating sore mouth and throat, whooping cough,
bronchitis, asthma, dehydration, parasitic worms, and
diabetes.
Ginseng
Common name :
Acanthopanaxsenticosus,Devil'sShrub,Eleuthero,Hederasenticosa,
SiberianGinseng,Touch-Me-Not,WildPepper.

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Botanical source :
It is the dried rootof Eleutherococcus senticosus Linne.
Family: Araliaceae.
Geographical source : It is native to North-easternAsia.
The dried roots and rhizomes of ginseng(P. ginseng C.A. Meyer) contain
many physiologicallyimportant constituents.Theseinclude ginseng
saponins,ginsengoils and phytosterol,carbohydratesand sugars,organic
acids,nitrogenoussubstances,amino acids and peptides,vitamins and
minerals,and certain enzymes.
Figure: Ginseng
Uses :
 Extracts of the root have beenused fora wide variety of therapeutic
purposesand are said to have an adaptogeniceffect.
 It exhibits cardiovascularas well as mood-and energy-enhancing
effects.

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Ginkgo Biloba
Common name :
Ginkgo,Kew tree,Ginkyo, Yinhsing, (SilverApricot-Japanese)Maidenhair
tree,FossilTree,SalisburiaAdiantifolia.
Botanical source :
It is consistof leaves obtainedfromdioeceous tree Ginkgo biloba
Linne.(Maidenhairtree).
Family : Ginkgoaceae.
It is a native to China and Japan and cultivated ornamentallyin many
temperateregions.
Ginkgo biloba contains flavonol and flavone glycosides, lactone derivatives
(ginkgolides), bilobalide, ascorbic acid, catechin, iron-based superoxide, 6-
hydroxykinuretic acid, protocatechuic acid, shikimic acid, sterols and vanilic
acid.

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Figure : Gingko biloba
Uses :
 It is used as antiasthma-tic, bronchodilator and for the treatment of
chilblains (redness of skin due damaged capillaries on hands, ears and
feet).
 It is used in treatment for dementia and Alzheimer's disease
 Also used in Vertigo, Headache, Anxiety and Apathy.
 It's leaf extract used as Dietary supplement. It can enhance Cognitive
function.
Spirulina

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Common name : "Blue-green algae".
Botanical source :
Spirulina is a cyanobacterium that can be consumed by humans and other
animals and is made primarily from two species of cyanobacteria: Arthrospira
platensis and Arthrospira maxima Linne.
Family: Oscillatoriaceae
Spirulina is grown in Hawai, United States, India, Thailand, and Taiwan.
It contains -
 65% Protein and Amino Acids,
 20% Carbohydrates,
 7% Minerals,
 5% Fats,
 3% moisture.
Figure : Spirulina
Uses :
It has-
 Antioxidant,

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 Anticancer,
 Immunomodulation and
 Anti viral effects.
Sassafras
Common name : Ague Tree, Cinnamon Wood, Saloop.
Botanical source :
It is the dried inner root bark of Sassafras albidum Linne.
Family: Lauraceae.
Sassafras albidum is a species of Sassafras native to eastern North America, and
south to central Florida and eastern Texas.
Figure : Sassafras leaf
It contains Isoquinoline like Boldine, isoboldine, norboldine, cinnamolaurine,
norcinnamo laurine and reticuline; Volatile oils -Safrole as major component
and anethole, apiole, asarone.camphor, caryophyllene, coniferaldehyde,
copaene, elemicin, eugenol, 5-methoxy eugenol,menthone, myristicin, o-pinene,
a- and B-phellandrene, piperonylacrolein and thujone. Besides there are Gum,

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mucilage, lignans (sesamin, desmethoxyaschantin), resin, sitosterol, starch,
tannins and wax.
Uses :
 An essential oil was used as a fragrance in perfumes and soaps, food and
for aromatherapy.
 The smell of sassafras oil is said to make an excellent repellent for
mosquitoes and other insects. which makes it a nice garden plant.
 The essential oil was used as a pain killer as well as an antiseptic in
dentistry. The pith is used in the
 U.S. to soothe eye inflammation and ease catarrh..
Fenugreek
Common name :
Alholva, Bird's Foot, Bockshornklee, Bockshornsame, Chandrika,Egypt
Fenugreek, Fenogreco.
Botanical source : It is the dried seeds of Trigonella foenum Linne.
Family: Leguminoceae
Geographical Source :
Fenugreek is grown as a coolseasoncrop in India and the Mediterranean
region, both irrigated and as a rainfed crop.
It contains different Alkaloids- Gentianine, trigonelline (up to 0.13%),

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choline (0.05%); Proteins and amino acids containing high quantities of lysine
and tryptophan, free amino acids include 4-hydroxyisoleucine (0.09%),
histidine, lysine and arginine: Flavonoids-Flavone (apigenin, luteolin)
glycosides including orientin and vitexin, quercetin (flavonol); Saponins-0.6-
1.7%. Glycosides yielding steroidal sapogenins diosgenin and yamogenin
(major), with tigogenin, neotigogenin, gitogenin, neogitogenin, smilagenin,
sarsasapogenin, yuccagenin; fenugreekine, a sapogenin-peptide ester involving
diosgenin and yamogenin;trigofoenosides A-G (furostanol glycosides). It also
contains Coumarin, lipids, mucilaginous fibre.
Figure : Fenugreek
Uses:
 Fenugreek is used for digestive problems such as loss of appetite, upset
stomach, constipation, and gastritis.
 It is also used for conditions that affect heart health such as "hardening of
the arteries" (atherosclerosis) and for high blood levels of certain fats
including cholesterol and triglycerides.
 Fenugreek is used in beriberi, mouth ulcers, boils, bronchitis, infection of
the tissues beneath the surface of the skin (cellulitis), tuberculosis,
chronic coughs, chapped lips, baldness, cancer, and lowering blood sugar
in people with diabetes.
 Some men use fenugreek for hernia, erectile dysfunction (ED), and other
male problems.

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 Women who are breast-feeding sometimes use fenugreek to promote milk
flow.
 Fenugreek is sometimes used as a poultice and applied directly to the skin
to treat local pain and swelling (inflammation), muscle pain, pain and
swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenitis), pain in the toes (gout),
wounds,leg ulcers, and eczema.
 It is used to mask the taste of medicines.
 In foods, fenugreek is included as an ingredient in spice blends.
 In manufacturing, fenugreek extracts are used in soaps and cosmetics.
Honey
Common name : Madhu. Madh. Mel.
Biological source :
Honey is a viscid and sweet secretion stored in the honey com Apis dorsata,
Apis florea, Apis indica, Apis mellifica Linne.
Family: Apideae.
Honey is available in abundance in Africa, India, Jamaica. Australia, California.
Chili. Great Britain and New Zealand.
The average composition of honey rangles as follows:
 Moisture 14-24%.
 Dextrose 23-36%.
 Levulose (Fructose) 30-47%.
 Sucrose0.4-6%.
 Dextrin and Gums 0-7% and

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 Ash 0.1-0.8%.
Besides, it is found to contain small amounts of essential oil, beeswax, pollen
grains, formic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, maltose, dextrin, colouring
pigments, vitamins and an admixture of enzymes e.g.; diastase, invertase and
inulase.
Uses :
 It is used as a sweetening agent in confectionaries.
 Being a demulcent, it helps to relieve dryness and is, therefore,
recommended for coughs, colds, sore-throats and constipation.
 Because of its natural content of easily assimilable simple
sugars, it is globally employed as a good source of nutrient for
infants, elderly persons and convalescing patients.
Glycyrrhiza

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Common name :
Liquorice, Sweet Wood, Regolizia (Italian), Jeshtamadh, Yastimadhu.
Botanical source :
It is obtained from the dried, unpeeled, roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra
Linne.
Family: Leguminosae
England, France, Germany, USA, Italy, India, Russia, Spain. commercially
cultivated in Spain, and England.
Figure : Glycyrrhiza

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Glycyrrhizecontains severalorganic acids, liquirtin, rhamnoliquirilin,
liquiritigenin, prenyllicoflavone A, glucoliquiritin apioside, 1-metho-
xyphaseolin, shinpterocarpin, shinflavanone, licopyranocoumarin, glisoflavone,
licoarylcoumarin, glycyrrhizin, isoangustoneA, semilicoisoflavoneB,
licoriphenone, and 1-methoxyficifolinol, kanzonolR and several volatile
components.
Uses :
Itused to treat many diseases, such as -
 respiratory disorders,
 hyperdipsia,
 epilepsy,
 fever,
 sexual debility,
 paralysis,
 stomach ulcers,
 rheumatism,
 skin diseases,
 haemorrhagic diseases and
 jaundice.
 Rule of medicinal plant in public health :
Medicinal Plant
A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs,
contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which
are precursors for thesynthesis of usefuldrugs.
Why medicinal plant is important?

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Medicinal plants provide major source of molecules with medicinal
properties due to presence of natural compounds.Medicinal plants
are useful for curing human diseasesand play an important role in
healing due to presence ofphyto chemical constituents. The
natural and unique medicinal plants are used for curing various
diseases/ailments and income generation. Ayurveda and other
Indian literature have mentioned the use of plants in treatment of
various human ailments. Medicinal plants are important source to
combatthe serious diseases in all over the world. The present
study focuseson the knowledge on medicinal uses of plants and
the scientific investigation to confirm their medicinal values and the
role, contributions and usefulness of medicinal plants in tackling
the diseases of public health importance.
Rule in Public Health
Plant is an important source of medicine and plays a key role in
world health. Medicinal herbs or plants have beenknown to be an
important potential source of therapeutics or curative aids. The use
of medicinal plants has attained a commanding role in health
system all over the world. This involves the use of medicinal plants
not only for the treatment of diseasesbut also as potential material
for maintaining good health and conditions.Many countries in the
world, that is, two-third of the world’s population dependson herbal
medicine for primary health care. The reasons for this is because
of their better cultural acceptability, better compatibility and
adaptability with the human bodyand pose lesserside effects.
Some of the drugs believed to be obtained from plants are –
 aspirin,
 atropine,
 artimesinin,
 colchicine,
 digoxin,
 ephedrine,
 morphine,
 physostigmine,
 pilocarpine,

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 quinine,
 quinidine,
 reserpine,
 taxol,
 tubocurarine,
 vincristine and
 vinblastine.
The use of plant-based drugs all over world is increasing.
Through recent researches on herbal plants or medicine,there
have beengreat developments inthe pharmacological
evaluation of various plants used in traditional systems of
medicine.Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of secondary
metabolites or compounds such as -
 Tannins,
 terpenoids,
 alkaloids,
 flavonoids
that dictates the therapeutic potencyof the plants most
especiallythe antimicrobial activities . The introduction of plant
derived drugs in modern medicine has been linked to the uses
of plant derived materials as an indigenous cure in traditional
system of medicine.
Some of the plants have beenfound to possess significant
 antibacterial,
 antifungal,
 anticancer,
 antidiuretic,
 anti-inflammatory and
 anti-diabetic properties .
Plant derived drugs are used to cure –
 mental illness,
 skin diseases,
 tuberculosis,
 diabetes,

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 jaundice,
 hypertension and
 cancer.
The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most
developing countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance
of good health, has been widely observed Oral diseases are
major health problems with dental caries and periodontal
diseases among the most prevalent, preventable global
infectious diseases.Oral health influences the general quality of
life and poor oral health is linked to chronic conditions and
systemic diseases.
 Rule in Economy
Medicinal plants still play an important role in emerging and
developing countries of Asia, both in preventive and curative
treatments, despite advances in modern Western medicine. They
also generate income to the people of many Asian countries, who
earn their livelihood from selling collected materials from the forest
or by cultivating on their farms. Thus, themedicinal plants constitute
a very important national resource. People in India and China are
known to have used plants in organized health care regime for over
5,000 years. European herbalmedicines blossomed in the Graeco-
Roman era and remained in mainstream until six decades ago. The
ancient civilization of India, China, Greece, Arab and other countries
of the world developed their own systems of medicine independent
of each other, but all of them werepredominantly plant based. But
the theoretical foundation and the in sights or in depth
understanding on the practice of medicine was much superior in
ayurveda among organized system of medicine. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% of the population of
developing countries relies on traditional medicines, mostly plant
drugs for their primary health care needs. Globally, different systems
of treatment exist such as Allopathic, Homeopathic, Ayurvedic,
Chinese system of treatment etc. The developed communities have
their own Materia Medica, compiling comprehensive information
about various plants used for therapeutic purposes. Theinternational

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herbal trade market is revolving around China and Indo-Pak while the
total global herbal market of plant-based drugs has been estimated as $
25-30 billion annually.
Economic Perspectives
on the face of global acceptance in all ages,
phytopharmaceuticals are portrayed as cornerstone in the world
trade and economics .The total global herbal market of
plantbased drugs has been estimated as $18 bilion in 2005.
Obviously, the international herbal trade market is revolving
around China and India. The annual herbal drugs export of
China is estimated over 120.000 tonnes followed by India with
approximately 32,000 tones In contrast Europe is the primary
importer of remedial plants and around 400,000 onnes are
imported each year by differentEuropean countries to meetthe
local demand of herbal formulations.
The report in the British parliament expressed the strong faith of
English community in natural remedies.British spent 126 million
£ in 2002 while visit to the clinics of 50,000 herbal practitioners
[15] The trend of herbal products usage enormously increasing
in United State [13] and the total herbal market was estimated
as $ 42 billion in 2001.
Reference :
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262798460_M
edicinal_Plants_Economic_Perspective_and_Recent_D
evelopments
 http://www.pharmacy180.com/article/role-of-medicinal-
plants-on-national-economy-62/
 https://www.imedpub.com/articles/role-of-medicinal-
plant-in-human-health-
disease.php?aid=34617#:~:text=Medicinal%20plants%2

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0provide%20major%20source,presence%20of%20phyt
o%20chemical%20constituents.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7175350
/
 https://www.britannica.com/plant/ginseng
aceae

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