3. Ground water drought
-reduction in ground water level, ground water
discharge, and ground water recharge.
Water scarcity
-over exploitation of water resources when demand
exceeds availability.
Ground water drought indexes
SPI,GRI,SGI,GWI
Water scarcity
DR
DAI
3
9. CONCEPTUAL MODFLOW MODEL
9028 uniform square mesh
Each of 1,000 x 1,000 m2
122 columns
74 rows
9
MODFLOW domain and
boundary conditions in
qazvin plain
10. Rivers defined as lines.
Inputs
◦ River surface water
head
◦ Elevation of the river
bed
◦ Hydraulic conductivity
Water head – Stage
discharge curves.
Hydraulic conductance
calibrated – Trial and
error method.
Unsteady condition
Simulation time step - 1
month
Simulation time unit – 1
day.
Input parameters – daily
average per month.
10
11. Calibration period
◦ October 2014 – September
2015
Hydraulic conductivity
◦ 0.1-32 m/day.
Transmissivity
◦ 200-12,200 m2/day
Specific yield
◦ 0.02-0.13
Percentage of precipitation
◦ 14%
Well water harvested
◦ 28%
Unregulated abstraction
◦ 16%
Hydraulic conductance
◦ 200- 6,000 m2/day.
Validation period
◦ October 2012 – September
2013
11
12. Calibrated MODFLOW model – run for different
conditions.
Inputs – Precipitation, Evapo-transpiration, stream
flow, abstraction, and initial ground water level.
Model was run 300 times.
Simulate ground water level at each bore hole.
Spatial average
12
13. Artificial Neural Network Model
ANN model was trained and tested
Similar input
Corresponding average ground water level- output
Abstraction – zero
Stream flow naturalization performed via regression
Two naturalized and de-trending approaches were
compared and graph is plotted.
13
14. Drought Indexes
Hydrological drought monitoring - Standardized
Hydrological Drought Index (SHDI).
Ground water drought – Standardized ground water
index (SGI).
14
16. Water Exploration Index (WEI)
Aquifer water scarcity index
Actual ground water abstraction
◦ Naturalized ground water level – observed ground water level.
16
nabstractioactual
nabstractioallowablenabstractioactual
.resourcerenewabletermlongTotal
nabstractiowaterfreshannualTotal
17. Allowable ground water abstraction
◦ Naturalized ground water level – safe ground water level.
Drought threshold level- To distinguish between the
effect of natural factors and human factors.
◦ Zero SGI
1
7
18. Coupled Ground water Drought water Scarcity
Index
Drought water scarcity index (DWS).
D*Sk
18
)S(logK)D(logDWS nn 21
19. Naturalized Ground water level
19
Observed and simulated average ground water level of
the study period
35. Changes in the DWS indexes corresponding to different volumes
of abstraction over the next 5 years.
35
36. Using a simple detrending technique leads to
significant error in ground water drought analysis.
Strongest relationship between the SGI and SPI
occurred for SPI48 with a lag period of 3 months.
SGI is strongly correlated with the SHDI than with the
SPI.
The negative impact of human causes on the
hydrological conditions is larger than that of natural
causes.
36
37. A new index, named DWS, was introduced to monitor
the compound effect of groundwater drought and water
scarcity.
The DWS index could be used to determine the safe
yield of the aquifer.
The state of groundwater corresponding to different
volumes of abstraction was determined for the next 5
years.
37
38. Hamid Sanginabadi; Bahram Saghafian; and Majid Delavar, Ph.D. (2019)
“Coupled Groundwater Drought and Water Scarcity Index for Intensively
Overdrafted Aquifers”.Journal of Hydrologic Engineering/ Volume 24
issue 4.
Eva W.Mooers, P.Eng.; Rob C. Jamieson, P.Eng; Jenny L. Hayward, P.Eng.;
John Drage; and Craig B Lake, P.Eng. (2018) “Low-Impact Development
Effect on Aquifer Recharge Using CoupledSurface and Groundwater
Models.”Journal of Hydrologic Engineering/ Volume 23 issue 9.
P. Marcos-Garcia , A. Lopez-Nicolas, M. Pulido-Velazquez.(2017)
“Combined use of relative drought indices to analyze climate change
impact on meteorological and hydrological droughts in a Mediterranean
basin.”Journal of Hydrologic Engineering/ Volume 554Pages 292-305.
Mohamed TaherKahil, Ariel Dinar, Jose Albiac .(2015)“Modeling water
scarcity and droughts for policy adaptation to climate change in arid and
semiarid regions.”Journal of Hydrologic Engineering/ Volume 552 Pages
95-109.
38