The document presents information on DNA and RNA structure. It discusses that Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to help visualize DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick originated the double-helix model of DNA. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases including adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The order of these bases determines genetic code. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is typically single-stranded.

1. Presentation on:
structure of DNA & RNA
Presented By:
MAYANK SETH
MCA/25002/18

2. Rosalind
Franklin used
X-ray
crystallography
to help
visualize the
structure of
DNA.

3. James D. Watson and Francis Crick, co-
originators of the double- helix model.

4. What is DNA?
 DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material
in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every
cell in a person’s body has the same DNA.
 DNA is made up of molecule called nucleotides. Each
nucleotides contain a phosphate group a sugar group,
and nitrogen base.
 The four type of nitrogen base adenine(A),
thmine(T),guanine(G), and cystosine(C).
 The order of these base is what determine the DNA
instruction or genetic code
 Human DNA around 3 billon base, and more than 99
percent of those base are same in all people..

5. Where is it located?
Most DNA is located in the cell
nucleus (where it is
called nuclear DNA), but a small
amount of DNA can
also be found in the mitochondria
(where it is called mitochondrial DNA
or mtDNA).

6. FUNCTION
 DNA stores an organism's genetic information and controls the
production of proteins and is thus responsible for the biochemistry of
an organism.
 A chromosomes consists of smaller segements called genes
 Each genes futher divivded into three nucleotides subsegements
called codons.

7. DNA STRUCTURE
• The structure of DNA is
illustrated by a right handed
double helix, with about 10
nucleotide pairs per helical
turn
• Each spiral strand, composed
of a sugar phosphate
backbone and attached
bases, is connected to a
complementary strand by
hydrogen bonding (non-
covalent) between paired
bases, adenine (A) with
thymine (T) and guanine
(G) with cytosine (C).

8. Adenine forms 2
bonds with
Thymine.
Guanine forms 3
bonds with
Cytosine.

9. What is RNA?
9
 RNA-stands for ribonucleic acid



is a polymeric molecule made up of one or more nucleotides.
A strand of RNA can be thought of as a chain with a nucleotide at
each chain link.
Each nucleotide is made up of a base (adenine, cytosine,
guanine, and uracil, typically abbreviated as A, C, G and U), a
ribose sugar, and a phosphate.



DNA and RNA form the fundamental building blocks of the universal
genetic code.
They can form complex structures which interact with proteins, other
nucleic acids, and even small regulatory molecules.
RNA can even play a role as an enzyme (so-called ribozymes) which
can directly catalyse chemical reactions and regulate genetic
expression.

10. Structure of RNA
10
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a biologically important
type of molecule that consists of a long chain of
nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a
nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.
 SUGAR
• Ribose
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogen containing base
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Uracil

11. Structure of RNA
 The structure of RNA nucleotides is
very similar to that of DNA nucleotides
 DNA and RNA play very different roles
from one another in modern cells.
11

12. THE NUCLEOTIDE: RNA
OH
O=P-O-5CH2 BASE
OH O
4C 1C
H H H H
3C 2C
OH 0H
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
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13. Shapes of RNA
RNA comes in a variety of different shapes as displayed below:
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14. Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries information from
DNA to the ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
involved in the process of translation
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
14
RNA Types

15. Difference Between DNA
15
and RNA
ribose sugar backbone in RNA has a hydroxyl (-
OH) group that DNA does not.
DNA uses the base thymine (T) in place of uracil
(U).
DNA is double-stranded, RNA is a single-
stranded molecule in most of its biological roles
and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides.
DNA contains ''deoxyribose'', RNA contains
''ribose'' (there is no hydroxyl group attached to
the pentose ring in the 2' position in DNA).

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