2. Outline
I. VACCINES
I. History
II. Principles and Effects of Vaccination
III. Types of Vaccines
IV. Development of New Vaccines
V. Safety of Vaccines
II. DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY
I. Immunologic-Based Diagnostic Test
II. Monoclonal Antibodies
III. Precipitation Reactions
IV. Agglutination Reactions
V. Neutralization Reactions
VI. Complement-Fixation Reaction
VII. Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques
VIII. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
3. VACCINES
• suspension of organisms or
part of organisms used to
induce immunity
•Immune response mimics
recovery from disease
9. TYPES OF VACCCINES
•LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
•Closely resemble actual infection
•Typical lifelong immunity
•Problem: live microbe can
mutate to virulent form
23. Monoclonal Antibodies
• Technique to make a single type of
antibody in unlimited amounts
• Fusion of an antibody producing B cell
with a myeloma cell – immortal antibody
producing cell
• HYBRIDOMA
• Hybridoma cells produce large quantities
of a specific antibody
24. Monoclonal Antibodies
Uses and Problems
• Uses
• Diagnostic
• Pregnancy tests
• Therapeutic
• Transplant rejection
• Cancer treatment – Herceptin
• Problems
• Antibodies are mouse protein and cause
reactions in the human body
26. Precipitin Reactions
• Reaction of soluble antigens with IgG
and IgM antibodies
• Form visible molecular aggregates
called LATTICES
• Precipitation only occurs where the
ratio of antigen to antibody is optimal
34. Neutralization Reactions
• Antigen-antibody reaction that can
block the harmful effects of toxins or
viruses
• Neutralizing substance is an antibody
produced by the host
• Called an ANTITOXIN
• Antitoxin combines with the toxin and
the toxin is neutralized
35.
36. Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques
• used to identify microorganisms in
clinical specimens or antibodies in
serum
• Combine antibodies with a
fluorescent dye
• Direct FA tests
•Microorganisms in clinical samples
• Indirect FA tests
•Detect antibodies in serum
37.
38. Enzyme –linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)
• Antigen- antibody reactions are detected
by enzyme activity.
• If the indicator enzyme is present in the
test well, an antigen- antibody reaction
has occurred.
39. Enzyme –linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)
• Direct ELISA
• Detects antigen
• Common use is in drug screening in
urine
• Indirect ELISA
• Detects antibodies in patient sample
• Common example is screening blood for
antibodies to HIV