Microbiology

1. Emerging and Re-emerging
Diseases

2. Emerging, re-emerging Diseases
An emerging disease is one that has
appeared in a population for the
first time, or that may have
existed previously but is rapidly
increasing in incidence or
geographic range -WHO

3. The annual cause-specific mortality
estimates from the World Health
Organization (WHO)
Respiratory infections: 4.3 million deaths
Diarrheal diseases: 2.5 million deaths
HIV/AIDS: 1.8 million deaths
Tuberculosis: 1.3 million deaths
Malaria: 0.8 million deaths
Meningitis: 0.3 million deaths
Pertussis: 0.2 million deaths
Measles: 0.2 million deaths
Hepatitis B: 0.1 million deaths
Other infectious diseases: 1.2 million deaths

4. Examples of recent
emerging diseases

5. Factors Contributing To
Emergence
• Agent
• Host
• Environment

6. Examples of Emerging
Infectious Diseases
• Hepatitis C- First identified in 1989
In mid 1990s estimated global
prevalence 3%
• Hepatitis B- Identified several
decades earlier
Upward trend in all countries
Prevalence >90% in high-risk population

7. Examples of Emerging
Infectious Diseases
SARS: The First Emerging Infectious Disease Of
The 21st Century (China, 2003)

8. SARS Cases
19 February to 5 July 2003
China (5326)
Singapore (206)
Hong Kong (1755)
Viet Nam (63)
Europe:
10 countries (38)
Thailand (9)
Brazil (3)
Malaysia (5)
South Africa (
Canada (243)
USA (72)
Colombia (1)
Kuwait (1)
South Africa (1)
Korea Rep. (3)
Macao (1)
Philippines (14)
Indonesia (2)
Mongolia (9)
India (3)
Australia (5)
New Zealand (1)
Taiwan (698)
Mongolia (9)
Russian Fed. (1)
Total: 8,439 cases, 812 deaths,
30 countries in 7-8 months
Source: www.who.int.csr/sars

9. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
(vCJD)
• CJD is called a
human form of mad
cow disease (bovine
spongiform
encephalopathy or
BSE).

10. Dengue Fever

11. Leptospirosis

12. AIDS
• AIDS (Acquired immune
deficiency syndrome or
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome) is a disease
caused by a virus called
HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus).

13. Tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis, or TB,
is an infectious
bacterial disease
caused by
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, which
most commonly
affects the lungs.

14. Highly Pathogenic Avian
Influenza (H5N1)

15. Swine Flu
Influenza A (H1N1)

17. Pneumonic Plague
• in India (1994)

18. Bubonic Plague

19. Septicemic Plague

20. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
corona virus (MERS-CoV)
• This strain of
coronavirus that
causes MERS was
first identified in
2012 in Saudi
Arabia.

21. Meningococcemia

22. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Ebola (5 species)
• Sudan
• Zaire
• Ivory Coast
• Reston Agent
• Uganda
First appearance in 1976
Sporadic outbreaks

24. Country
Total Cases (Suspected,
Probable, and Confirmed) Laboratory-Confirmed Cases Total Deaths
Guinea 3175 2781 2101
Liberia 9265 3153 4057
Sierra Leone 11341 8308 3479
Total 23781 14242 9637
2014 Ebola Outbreak in West
Africa - Case Counts

25. Marburg
• Varying
pathogenicity
(mortality ranging
from 21-80%)
• Responsible for 1967
outbreak in Europe
• Outbreaks in 2000
in Democratic
Republic of the
Congo and 2005 in
Angola

28. Thank You!!!