2. TWO SIDES OF VULNERABILITY
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC
RISKS AND STRESSES
CONDITIONS
How and why people are What factors influence
exposed to negative capacity to respond?*
impacts of climate change
and disaster?
* KEYWORDS: “Adaptive capacity” / “Contextual conditions”
3. FOUR AREAS OF VULNERABILITY
Social Groups Systems / Sectors Spatial Areas
Infrastructure*
Age Communications Economic activities / Coastal areas
Gender Energy Livelihoods Steep slopes
Family structure Transportation Governance Density
Disabilities Water Areas of
Income Waste informal housing
Land tenure Areas lacking
basic services
Socially excluded
groups
Language
* KEYWORDS: “Critical Infrastructure” (NPCC): Diminished functioning would have
debilitating impact on public safety or economic security.
4. “BUNDLES OF STRESSES”
Across Multiple Coupling Causation /
scales sources Correlation
B A B
A C
A3
B
A2 B
A
A1 A C
D
5. SOURCES OF DATA
Quantitative Qualitative
Demographic data Structured and unstructured interviews
Survey data • Social networks • Economic activity
Geographic Information Systems • Family structure • Perceptions
• Topography • Hydrology Observational mapping
• Soils • Flood areas • Building materials • Social spaces
• Vegetative cover • Buildings • Mobility
Climate data (precipitation, sea-level, etc.)
7. WE BELIEVE IN ENABLING
CITIZENS AND GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS ALIKE TO UNDERSTAND
THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT SO THEY CAN
BETTER TAKE ON THE PROBLEMS
AND OPPORTUNITIES THAT COME
WITH RAMPANT URBANIZATION.
8. SKK TEAM
RIFAI IAN DINA
MICHAEL FOUNDER (SOLO) FACILITATOR (SOLO)
DESIGNER (UNS)
FOUNDER (NYC)
ALICE ALYKHAN JOHN
STEPHEN DESIGNER (MIT) BIMA PLANNER (GSD) FOUNDER
DESIGNER (MIT) DESIGNER (UNS) (JAKARTA)
9.
10. KOTA – CITY
Indonesia gov’t collects basic demographic data.
KECAMATAN – DISTRICT
No data collection.
KELURAHAN – NEIGHBORHOOD
Indonesia gov’t collects basic demographic data.
RT – RW
Social and physical indicators tracked by RT-leaders.
17. Purus
PADANG CITY
Indian Ocean
Parak Laweh
Pasa Gadang
Pangilun Hill
Indarung Hill
0 0.5 1 km.
18. The Recovery Cycle
Source: Adapted from Bill Morrish, “After the Storm”
EMERGENCY RESTORE REBUILD RECONSTRUCT
Emergency Over Lights On Back to Normal Resilient City
Coping Capacity
10 Days 1 Month 1 Year 10 Years
Length of Phase
19. What kind of housing?
What level of poverty?
How many dependents?
How close to the coast?
20. Purus Habitat Map Purus Circulation Diagram
Sources: BAPPEDA, Google Earth, Mercy Corps Survey, March 2010 Sources: BAPPEDA, Google Earth, Mercy Corps Survey, March 2010
Bandar Kanal Bandar Kanal
JL
JL
. IR
. IR
Danau Danau
.H
.H
Buatan Buatan
.J
.J
UA
UA
ND
ND
A
A
JL. PURUS 6 JL. PURUS 6
JL. PURUS 5
JL. PURUS 5
JL. PURUS 4 JL. PURUS 4
Indian Ocean Indian Ocean
JL. PURUS 3
JL. PURUS 3
JL. SAMUDRA
JL. SAMUDRA
JL. PURUS 2
JL. PURUS 2
JL. PURUS 1
JL. PURUS 1
JL. OLO LADANG JL. OLO LADANG
Neighborhood Center School Trees Connection to City Barrier Bridge
Masjid Hospital 0 100 200 m. Internal Street Isolated Area Dead-end 0 100 200 m.
21. Confined Masonry Semi- and Non-Permanent Load Bearing “Rumah Toko”
23. TOP OCCUPATIONS % HH in POVERTY POPULATION DENSITY
(People per Hectare)
Laborers Private Company 2 – 25% 50 – 75% 60 – 150 250 – 350
Employees
Fishermen 25 – 50% 150 – 250 350 – 438
24. 202
1,453
PURUS CHILDREN Laborers
% OUT SCHOOL = 14%
28
160
LABORER CHILDREN
% OUT SCHOOL = 18%
Fishermen
75
395
% OUT OF SCHOOL
0 – 14% 25 – 45%
FISHERMEN CHILDREN
14 – 25%
% OUT SCHOOL = 19%
25. Areas at Risk of Flooding
Sources: BAPPEDA, Google Earth, Mercy Corps Survey, March 2010
Bandar Kanal
JL
. IR
Danau
.H
Buatan
.J
UA
RD
A
JL. PURUS 6
JL. PURUS 5
JL. PURUS 4
Indian Ocean
JL. PURUS 3
JL. SANNDRA
JL. PURUS 2
JL. PURUS 1
JL. OLO LADANG
15 m. Buffer House at Risk of Flooding
0 100 200 m.
34. Unur Area
UNUR AREA
Gandan
Monastery
1 km
+4 km
PEACE AVENUE Sukhbaatar
Square
Tuul River
Floodplain
35. Areas of Flooding
(since 1990)
Central Ger Areas
Middle Ger Areas
Peri-urban Ger Areas
Major Road
(Source: CCCI Scoping Team)
UNUR AREA
36. Unur Area Boundary
Khoroo Boundary
Ger
Unur Area
Khashaas Fence Boundary
Building in Ger-area
Building
Container
Unpaved Road Khoroo 12
Paved Road
Gulley / Drainage Canal
Formal Open Space
Khoroo 14
Khoroo 16
Khoroo 13
Khoroo 17 Khoroo 15
ARD AYUSH AVENUE
Khoroo 16
Drainage
Canal
ZALUUS STRE
BARILGACHIN
ET
STREET
UE
PEACE AVEN
UNUR AREA SITE PLAN
Source: Google Earth, December 2010 0 100 200 m.
N
40. Unur Area Boundary
Khoroo Boundary
Gulley / Drainage Canal
Unur Area
Flood Area Identified by Boundary
Community Members
Khoroo 12
Khoroo 14
Khoroo 16
Khoroo 13
Khoroo 17 Khoroo 15
ARD AYUSH AVENUE
Khoroo 16
Drainage
Canal
ZALUUS STRE
BARILGACHIN
ET
STREET
UE
PEACE AVEN
FLOOD AREA COMMUNITY MAPPING
Source: CCCI Scoping Study Team GIS, Workshop Participant Input 0 100 200 m.
N
41. Catchment Area Boundary Flood water in gully
Terrain Contour Storm water run-off
SLOW LANES FAST LANES
Before there was development in Unur, Today, there is less vegetation to absorb water,
vegetation on the ground absorbed storm so more storm water reaches the gully. Since
water before it reached the gully. 50% of the catchment area is developed with
khashaas, run-off has increased by 5% to 10%.
42.
43.
44.
45. A
Section A – Steep slope
B
Extended Plot
Section B – Flat area
N
0 25 50 m. 0 5 10 m.
WHY SOME AREAS FLOOD
Where the gully is narrow and the slopes steep, the gully has enough space to carry
flood water, but where the gully is wide and flat, the flood water spreads out. These flat
areas are usually where khashaas owners have extended their plots.
47. DO # 1 –
Do allow water to absorb into the ground at the khashaas
level by creating a trench filled with boulders and pebbles.
48. MIMIC ROLE OF VEGETATION ON KHASHAAS PLOT
By digging a trench and filling it with boulders, pebbles, or other course
materials, khashaas owners can capture as much storm water on the plot as
would be retained by vegetation if the ground were in a natural condition.
49. DOS # 2 & 3 –
Do make storm drains along roads with repaving.
Do make culverts at places where road crosses storm water
drainage and at khashaas entrances.
50. GABION WALL
Stone and tires can be used
MANY RESOURCES
for gabion walls, but khashaas
owners may be unwilling to
give up land and the working
season is very short.
NATURAL EDGE HOUSING SETBACK
Creating “green gullies” can reduce The high level of community organization
stormwater and also improve the image will help to enforce a housing setback,
of the community, but residents are but first people have to understand the
unsure about the costs of maintaining benefits of adjusting their khashaas.
vegetation in the gullies.
EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
Everyone has mobile phones, so an STREET DRAINS
early warning system can easily provide Residents have man power and
information to residents, but residents are skills to construct street drains,
unsure about the costs of the system. but the costs are very high for
coordinating this with street paving.
LOW PRIORITY HIGH PRIORITY
HOME ELEVATION
Stones and tires available in the
PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN khoroos could also be used to elevate
Residents think that many of the other tools will homes, but this may go against the
work only after the community understands the traditional mind-set of constructing gers
benefits, but they are unsure whether they have so residents may not understand the
resources to craft their own awareness campaign; benefits; also, elevating homes means
also, there are few recognized public spaces in the people may still live in vulnerable areas.
Unur area to distribute information.
RESETTLEMENT
There already is a municipal policy for
resettling residents away from vulnerable
FEW RESOURCES
areas, but the available land is far
from the city center and lacks basic
infrastructure, so the current policy
doesn’t work for residents.
HOW TO READ THIS MAP. . .
This map interprets and summarizes participants’ discussion of resources and barriers
for implementing the toolkit. Residents thought, for example, that they already possess
resources for the tools in the upper right quadrant, so these are the highest priorities.
This map can help evaluate solutions, but is not the only decision-making tool.
54. CAZENGA ATLAS
December 2012
INTRODUCTION 4 HOUSING 12
WATER 6 EDUCATION 14
FORUM CAZENGA
SANITATION 8 HEALTH 16
CAZENGA ATLAS – DECMEBER 2012
SOLID WASTE 10 HOW TO PARTICIPATE 18
55. Solid Waste: Waste collection ACCESS TO SANITITION BY PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS
comes to residents % HH with Weekly or Daily Rubbish Collection
98% of HH
PUBLIC SPACES FREE OF waste collection has CAZENGA
HOUSEHOLD WASTE especially benefitted LUANDA
0% 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
children who can now
81% of HH
Mecias is 23 years old and has a job driving play where there were
a tractor throughout to collect household rubbish piles blocking % HH that Think the Neighborhood is Dirty
waste with crews of municipal workers. roads and paths.
55% of HH
Mecias has lived his entire life in Cazenga “Instead of people
and recently started this job. “It’s my having to go to where
responsibility to my people. I’ve been sent the waste collection is, we go to the waste!” CAZENGA
0% 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
to the community to do my part,” he says. Mecias says.
He’s proud to make this contribution and
feels that by removing waste, his team is The waste collection program is being
making the bairro cleaner and healthier. piloted throughout Cazenga. Tractors are
essential for driving over Cazenga’s rugged,
“You can breathe pure air now,” one narrow lanes. CAZENGA IS DOING BETTER
of Mecia’s neighbors said. Household
THAN LUANDA AS A WHOLE
SOLUTION: RUBBISH COLLECTION
IN TERMS OF REGULAR
SOLID WASTE COLLECTION.
LOCAL WASTE COLLECTION IS A
MUNICIPAL SERVICE THAT AIMS TO
IMPROVE HEALTH CONDITIONS IN
CAZENGA BY REMOVING RUBBISH FROM
AREAS THAT ATTRACT RODENTS AND
INSECTS. THE PROGRAM ALSO FREES
BREAKING THE CYCLE OF
PUBLIC SPACES FROM WASTE, WHICH INDUSTRY WASTE IN THE PUBLIC REALM
IMPROVES MOBILITY.
Regular waste collection in Cazenga is
MARKET HOUSEHOLD helping to break the cycle of inadequate
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
RESIDENTS CAN PARTICIPATE IN waste disposal in public spaces, which
Sources of Waste creates health and safety risks. When
THE PROGRAM BY PUTTING WASTE
waste accumulates in public spaces, it
OUTSIDE OF THEIR HOUSE ON THE
creates health issues which also impact
NO WASTE WASTE
DESIGNATED DAYS OF THE WEEK. THE COLLECTION COLLECTION homes, work-places, and markets.
PROGRAM ALSO CREATES EMPLOYMENT
Impacts on public
OPPORTUNITIES IN CAZENGA BY HIRING
spaces, health, and services
RESIDENTS TO WORK ON THE WASTE
COLLECTION TEAMS. PILES OF WASTE LANDFILL
CONTAMINATED INSECTS
WATER
OPEN FIRES RECYCLING
FORUM CAZENGA | 2012 ATLAS 11
10 FORUM CAZENGA | 2012 ATLAS
56. Housing: Incremental building OVERCROWDING NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER HOUSEHOLD
creates flexibility to save
STEP BY STEP CONSTRUCTION kids,” says Manuel. “It
wasn’t enough for the
Manuel Antonio is 32 years old. Even though three of us to live in one
he has lived in Cazenga his entire life, he has bedroom. So my wife
always been working on building his house. and I earned money Luanda = 7.5 People / HH Cazenga = 9.3 People / HH
and started to enlarge
“Construction of a house is a process. First the house.”
I built one room, after that I built a living PHYSICAL VULNERABILTY
room. Slowly but surely I’ve been adding Building houses over More residents are exposed to
more rooms,” Manuel says. Incremental time means families can be flexible about floods and other physical risks each
year as more people move into
construction is practiced by many in how they save money and how they invest
Cazenga, which creates pressure to
Cazenga because it allows people to build in their home. Staying in one place also build housing on land near streams
houses based on their needs and financial means they benefit in the long-term from and lagoons. In 2010, there were
resources – which are always changing. their family networks and proximity 13,600 residents in 1,950 houses
YEAR: 2001 YEAR: 2005 YEAR: 2011
living in vulnerable areas such as
to employment. this one in Hoji ya Henda.
“There was a need to enlarge the house
when I got married and started to have
ENCROACHMENT ON LAGOONS PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY OF HOUSING
SOLUTION: KIXICASA MICROFINANCE
“THE POPULATION HAS “THERE ARE ALWAYS
THE KIXICASA MICRO-FINANCE INCREASED, IT DOESN’T NEW PEOPLE.”
“EVERYONE STOP GROWING”
PROGRAM PROVIDES FAMILIES IN WANTS TO LIVE IN
A BETTER HOUSE.”
HUAMBO WITH THE OPPORTUNITY TO
ACCESS SMALL LOANS TO IMPROVE
THEIR HOUSES BY UTILIZING THE
“SOLIDARITY GROUP” LENDING METHOD. Housing Set-back
from Flooded Area
KIXICASA MAKES THESE LOANS
AVAILABLE TO ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE
POOR FAMILIES SO THAT THEY CAN
PURCHASE BRICKS, CONCRETE, AND
ROOF MATERIALS. THE LOANS HAVE A Housing Built in Lagoons
10-MONTH REPAYMENT PERIOD AND and Areas that Flood
ENABLE FAMILIES TO EXPAND AND
IMPROVE THEIR HOMES WHEN THEY
CAN AFFORD IT. The are 1,950 houses constructed
in or near streams, gullies, and
lagoons in Cazenga – that means
13,600 people are living in
vulnerable areas.
12 FORUM CAZENGA | 2012 ATLAS
FORUM CAZENGA | 2012 ATLAS 13
57. Viana
POPULATION GROWTH
Luanda Population
Cazenga
BETWEEN 2008 & 2010 1,355,256
Cazenga is growing everyday as people
move to Luanda and come to the area to Population Cacuaco
980,259
CAZENGA
Kilamba Kiaxi
1,042,120
find housing. The arrival of so many new Population estimates of 837,438
Samba
Atlas
Cazenga differ. For example, Maianga 698,419
TOTAL MUNICIPALITY
people influences what kinds of housing
POPULATION IN 2010
628,278
the official estimation of Sambizanga
are available, what streets are like, and Cazenga’s population is 668,000. Ingombota
353,195
434,510
whether people face physical risks. These differences have major Rangel
195,392
implications in regards to the
levels of basic services that need
to be provided.
8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
HEALTH
Cazenga has a “youth bulge” since 85 – 89
over one-third of residents are 80 – 84
THE CAZENGA MOSQUITO NET under the age of 24.
“WE STILL NEED DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM LAUNCHED IN
75 – 79
BASIC SANITATION APRIL 2012. IT IS COORDINATED BY THE 70 – 74
AND WATER.” MINISTRY OF HEALTH WITH THE HELP OF 65 – 69
LOCAL HEALTH FACILITIES AND CRÈCHES.
60 – 64
SANITATION
55 – 59
LATRINES WERE INSTALLED BY LOCAL 50 – 54
GOVERNMENT AND NGOS ACROSS
CAZENGA FOR THE COMMUNITY LATRINE 45 – 49
PROGRAM BETWEEN 2004 AND 2006. 40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
“THERE ARE
20 – 24
ALWAYS NEW
15 – 19
EDUCATION PEOPLE.”
10 – 14
CRÈCHES ARE COMMUNITY-DRIVEN 5–9
EDUCATION PROGRAMS THAT PREPARE
CHILDREN TO QUALIFY FOR ENTRANCE TO 0–4
PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AT AGE SIX. Cazenga Age Pyramid Age
“EVERYONE WANTS
TO LIVE IN A BETTER
HOUSE.”
“IMPROVED! NOW WATER
IS NOT LACKING FROM THE
STANDPIPE LIKE BEFORE.”
“ITS BAD DUE TO THE POOR
DRAINAGE AND LACK OF
SANITATION.”
HOUSING
THE KIXICASA MICRO-FINANCE PROGRAM
PROVIDES FAMILIES IN HUAMBO WITH THE
OPPORTUNITY TO ACCESS SMALL LOANS
TO IMPROVE THEIR HOUSES.
WATER
SOLID WASTE AMOGECS ARE RESIDENT COMMITTEES
WHO VOLUNTEER TO SUPPORT WATER
Survey Results LOCAL WASTE COLLECTION IS A
MUNICIPAL SERVICE THAT AIMS TO
IMPROVE HEALTH CONDITIONS IN
DISTRIBUTION FOR THEIR BAIRROS.
In 2012, the Forum surveyed over 3,000 households about CAZENGA BY REMOVING RUBBISH WITH
basic services and conditions in Cazenga. The result of the TRACTORS OPERATED BY RESIDENTS.
survey are presented in the Cazenza Atlas along with other
data collected by Development Workshop. The atlas can be
downloaded at http://cazenga.forum.angonet.org.
Water Sanitation Solid Waste
Gaps in public services % HH without
Public Water Service Lack of sanitation facilities in Cazenga leads to More households report weekly rubbish collection in
result in high prices for high levels of waterborne disease. Only 21% of Cazenga than in Luanda as a whole.
water for residents. Only 14% households have a connection to a sewer system.
% HH with Weekly or Daily Rubbish Collection
14% of residents have SERVICE 98% of HH
public water service NO SERVICE % HH with Connection to
Sewer System (Cazenga)
% HH with Connection to
Sewer System (Luanda)
in Cazenga. 86% CAZENGA
LUANDA
0% 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
21 % 29 % 81% of HH
HH WITH SEWER CONNECTION
Price Paid per 20 Liter Container by Proportion of Population % HH that Think the Neighborhood is Dirty
HH WITHOUT SEWER CONNECTION
95% of HH 55% of HH
79 % 71 %
CAZENGA
0% 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
Kz. 0 10 20 30 40 50
Housing Education Health
As more people move to Cazenga, physical Inadequate provision of schools in Cazenga today There are only nine public health facilities in
vulnerabilities that result from overcrowding means that it will be even more challenging to meet Cazenga to serve over 1 million residents. This
in housing and living in areas near lagoons and the needs of future children. results in very high incidences of diseases, especially
gullies increases. among children.
% HH with Malaria % HH with Diarrhea % HH with Respitory
(Cazenga) (Cazenga) (Cazenga)
= 20,000 CHILDREN CHILDREN OF SCHOOL
GOING AGE (OFFICIAL)
CHILDREN OUT CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-
OF SCHOOL GOING AGE (SURVEY) 9% 5%
30 %
70 % 91 % 95 %
Luanda = 7.5 People / HH Luanda = 9.3 People / HH
CAZENGA
0 71,890 267,448 829,200
# Out of # School-going # School-going
School Age (Official) Age (Survey) AFFECTED NOT AFFECTED
CREATED BY THE CAZENGA FORUM
IN COLLABORATION WITH
