1. Case Study: Mumbai
Katy Donald & Thomas Mutell
UESM 634A – Climate Change and Cities
Spring 2013
2. Early History
Credit to foundation of
the city goes to Raja
Bhimdeva
Reigned from 1022 AD
to 1064 AD
http://www.mahim.com/et/epage1.htm
3. European Settlement
In 1534, the Portuguese
obtained the islands and
named it Bom Bahia,
meaning “the good bay”
The city became an
important trading place
for products such as
tobacco, onyx, rice, silk,
and cotton http://vasai.files.wordpress.com/2007/
06/madh-fort1.jpg
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html
4. British Control
1672, King Charles II of
England married
Catherine of Bragnaza
and received the city as
part of a dowry
He rented the city to the
East India Company for
10 pounds of gold a
year http://www.indoislamica.com/images/
PR000088.lg.jpg
By 1675, the population
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/t
grew from 60,000 from
rading/bombay/history.html
5. A Booming Commercial City
Bombay became the
commercial capital of
India
Provided goods in
several markets such as
jewelry, textiles, cotton,
and agriculture
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/tra http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/smitham/
ding/bombay/history.html smith300.jpg
6. Reclamation Process and
19th Century (Mahim, Worli, Parel,
The original seven islands
Mazagaon, Isle of Bombay, Little Colaba, and
Colaba) were filled in beginning in the early 1800s
1n 1853, the first Indian railway was created, and
went from Bombay to Thana
By 1864, there were over 800,000 people living in
the city
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html
7. Reclamation Process
The original Bombay 1893 Bombay 1924 Mumbai 2009
seven islands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay
9. Natural Environment
The city is mostly at sea level
Highest elevation is 1,450 feet
Three lakes within city limits: Tulsi Lake, Vihar Lake
and Powai Lake. Tulsi and Vihar provide drinking
water
Several bays, rivers, creeks, and mangrove swamps
Soil is sandy due to its proximity to the water
City in proximity of three fault lines, and can receive
earthquakes up to a 6.5 magnitude
http://www.mumbainet.com/template1.php?CID=15&SCID=3
10. The City
The largest city in India and the sixth largest city in
the world
Population over 18 million people
City is 233 sq miles
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo- http://www.bobzworldcity.com/wp-
s/01/36/90/fb/gate-way-of-india.jpg content/uploads/2011/07/City-of-Mumbai-
India.jpg
http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/357-mumbai-city.html
11. Built Environment
Huge size – high growth
rate (4% per year)
Urban Sprawl
Traffic congestion
Inadequate sanitation
Pollution
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-
s/01/36/90/fb/gate-way-of-india.jpg
12. Drainage
Often blocked by debris
Exacerbated flooding
India’s financial district is prone to flooding, built
on landfill area
http://crs-blog.org/wp-
content/uploads/2009/02/ind18
01.jpg
13. Squatter Communities
Half of Mumbai’s
population
Inadequate access to
potable water and
sanitation
Already frequently
flooded
Past resolution of http://www.myseveralworlds.com/20
09/04/05/slums-around-the-world/
problems: demolish and
relocate
14. Potable Water Capacity
Depend on rain-fed lakes
Increasing rainfall
variability causes worry
World Bank’s Bombay
Water Supply and
Sewage Disposal Projects
1975 to 1995
Brought water supply to
2,460 million liters per http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/06/bombay-
hand-drawn-water-tank-for.html
day; require about 8,000
15. Pollution
Air pollution equal to
smoking
Virtually untreated
sewage
http://wowpics.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/10-new-
delhi.jpg
18. Danger!
“Climate change and reckless development are
leaving Mumbai increasingly vulnerable to the
elements. A news report on an ongoing climate study
places India's financial capital sixth in a list of 20 port
cities worldwide at risk from severe storm-surge
flooding, damage from high storm winds and rising
seas. By 2070, according to the study, an estimated
11.4 million people and assets worth $1.3 trillion
would be at peril in Mumbai due to climatic
extremes.”
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-12/global-
warming/35067898_1_climate-change-mumbai-oecd-study
19. Monsoon Season
Normally starts in June and ends in September
Approximately 98 inches of the annual 106 inches of
precipitation occurs during this time
In July 2005, the city received 37 inches of rain in
one 24 hour period and killed more than 1,000
people
http://prattinfographicsworkshop.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/03-de-sherbinin-
vulnerability-of-global-cities.pdf
22. Vulnerability
Precipitation extremes,
more than a flooding
issue
Coastal, marine, low-
lying issues
Flat topography
Perilous building
conditions
Cyclones
http://www.asiadailywire.com/2012/09/india-vulnerable-
to-climate-change-report-says/ Earthquakes
23. Government Structure
1882 -Municipal
Corporation of Greater
Mumbai (MCGM)
Education, Public
Health, Art & Culture,
Heritage Conservation,
Urban Amenities
24. Disaster Management Act
2005
To substantially
increase public
awareness of disaster
risk so that the public
demands safer
communities in which to
live and work; and
To significantly reduce
the risks of loss of life,
injuries, economic
costs, and destruction of http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?
228280
25. Climate Change Action Plan
Prepared by the
Environmental
Department
Approved August 20,
2009
Sustainability science
and climate change are
still new areas of study
http://www.ekalavvya.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/08/NationalActionClimateChange.jpg
26. Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Environ
27. Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Enviro