Water scarcity, its impacts and causes. Solutions

1. September
2019
WATER SCARCITY
AND
CONSERVATION
Presentation By
Mijul Saxena

2. STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
2
o Introduction
o Major Causes
o Impacts
o Solutions

3. WATER
SCARCITY
INTRODUCTION
• Water scarcity is lack of fresh
water or safe water.
• It affects almost every
continent.
• World Economic Forum in
2019, listed it as one of the
largest global risk.
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4. 4
Types
Physical or absolute water
scarcity
• Due to inadequate natural resources to
fulfil the demand of country.
Economic water scarcity
• Due to lack of investment in infrastructure
or technology to draw water from rivers,
lakes etc.

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Source: UN/World Water Development Report 4

6. How much water is there ?
All Earth's water, liquid fresh water,
and water in lakes and rivers, water in
the form glaciers, under ground water
etc.
71 % of Earth’s surface covered with
water.
Global estimation of water distribution
• Oceans holds about 96.5 % of all water
available on Earth.
• About 1.74 % of water available in the form of
ice caps, glaciers and permanent snow, which
varies depending on seasons.
• Ground water availability is about 1.69%.
• Soil moisture is about 0.001%.
• Ground ice and permafrost holds about 0.022%.
• Lakes contains 0.13% of Earth’s total water.
• 0.001% content of water present in Atmosphere.
• Swamp water is about 0.0008%.
• Rivers has 0.0002%.
• Biological water is about 0.0001%
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7. Water Sources Percentage of Fresh Water
Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permanent
Snow
68.7
Ground water 30.1
Soil Moisture 0.05
Ground Ice and Permafrost 0.86
Lakes 0.26
Atmosphere 0.04
Swamp Water 0.03
Rivers 0.006
Biological Water 0.003
Fresh
Water
Percentage
availability of safe or
drinkable water
7

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Image Credit: USGS-NASA Landsat satellites

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Source: https://envirobites.org/2019/03/25/how-the-driest-regions-on-the-planet-
add-to-sea-level-rise/

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Credit : Satellite image provided by Maxar Technologies shows Puzhal reservoir in
Chennai during drough

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Credit: NASA satellite images taken in 1991 and 2015
Changes in Lake Powell

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• Deforestation
• Water Pollution
• Climate Change
• Global Warming
• Inefficient use of water
• Poor water management and distribution system
• Population Growth
Major Causes

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Deforestation
 Global warming
and climate
change
 Rainwater are
becoming scare
Image: Center for International Forestry Research
(CIFOR)

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Water
Pollution
 Contaminate water
 Lack of access to
safe water
Image: Getty Images

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Climate change
and global
warming
impacts
 Disturb water cycle
 Drought
 Water resources
running dry
Image: The Daily Sentinel

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Inefficient
Use Of
Water
 Wastage of water
Image: World Wide Fund

17. 17
Population
 More population
more water
consumption
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countr
ies_and_dependencies_by_population

18. 18
Global
Freshwater
Distribution
Share of freshwater
withdrawals by sector in (%)
2014
Source: World Development indicators

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Total National Water Consumption

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• About 885 million people have not access to safe drinking water
• Reduction in agricultural yields
• Conflicts over water resources
• Death due to lack of water
• Waterborne diseases due to consuming unsafe water,
sometimes cause death.
Impacts

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• 4 billion people (two-third of the world’s population) facing water
scarcity at least 1 month of the year.
• Half a billion people are forced to live under condition of serve
water scarcity all year around.
• Half of the world’s largest cities experience water scarcity.
Global Experience

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Note: Data on water withdrawal, available water and groundwater are used to calculate baseline water stress.
Source: World Resources Institute’s Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas

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A 2006 UN report says that “There is enough water fore
everyone” and “Water insufficiency is often due to
mismanagement, corruption, lack of appropriate institutions,
bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both
human capacity and physical infrastructure.”
Report and Survey

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• Diseases which are caused by consuming unsafe water
• According to WHO, account for an estimated 3.6% of total
DALY (disability adjusted life year) global burden of disease and
is responsible for the deaths of 1.5 million people every year.
• It estimates that 58% of that burden or deaths of 842,000
people per year, is due to lake of safe water, sanitation and
hygiene.
Waterborne Diseases

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Number of confirmed and suspected cholera
cases in Kinshasa reported by week of admission
from 25 November 2017 through 23 February
2018
Source: World Health OrganizationImage: Centers for Control and Prevention

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Recent
Trends in
Waterborne
Disease
Outbreaks in
the US
By Fred Reiff,
P.E.

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• Proper water management and distribution system
• Do not waste water
• Plantation
• Regeneration of natural resources like ponds, lakes etc.
• Rain Water Harvesting
• Awareness
Solutions

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Reduce
RecycleReuse
SAVE
WATER

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Use bucket instead of shower.
Avoid running water by
collecting water into sink.
Collect the water condensate
from Air Conditioner
Collect water during taking
shower into tub or bucket and
use that water for other work.
Always remember to turn off
tap while shaving, brushing,
washing hands or any utensils.
Do not drain out water from tub
after bath, use that water in
flushing toilets, mopping, filling
air cooler water tank etc.
Tips For Conserving Water At Home

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Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater Harvesting is
the method to storing
rainwater for further use.

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Reverse Osmosis

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Utilisation Of Waste Water From
RO
Moppin
g
Waterin
g plants
Car
Washin
g
Flushin
g Toilets
Clean
Utensils
Air
Cooler
Water
Tank
Bathing Laundry

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• Trees are very essential for water cycle.
• Trees provide groundwater permeability.
• Shade provided by trees or plants helps in conserving soil
moisture.
• Leaves store water, part of which released into soil and
atmosphere.
• A tree can store gallons of water during rainy season.
Why Trees Are Important?

40. THANK YOU!