6. passive
In Japanese, there are mainly 2 types
of passive form.
First is the same as a use in English
ぼくは父におこられました。
I was told off by my dad
In this use, にcould be replaced by から
ぼくは父からおこられました。
7. Passive
If a sentence is something you make or break historical
fact/social events, に can be replaced with によって(by,
depending on, owing to, by means of)
この絵はゴッホによってかかれました。
This painting was painted by Gogh.
Usually によって is used under strong focus
When you don’t need to mention the person who is doing
the action, you can use the passive form.→object
becomes a subject
エジプトで新しいピラミッドが発見されました。
New pyramid was discovered in Egypt.
日本の車は世界中へ輸出されています。
Japanese cars are exported all over the world.
次のオリンピックは日本で行われます。
Next Olympic is held in Japan.
8. Passive
Second passive form is the one you don’t have
in English. We often call this ‘suffering passive’.
When you make passive form with intransitive
verbs, this imply trouble, annoying or suffering
in most cases.
私は、弟にパソコンを壊されました。
I had my computer broken by my younger brother.
ぼくは、彼女に逃げられました。
I was ran away by my girlfriend (and I am not happy
about it)
My girlfriend ran off from me (and I am annoyed)
9. How to form
Group 1 verbs
Take ます off
Change the last letter to ‘a’ sound
Add れます・れる(plain)
書きます 書き 書か 書かれます
会います 会い 会わ 会われます
10. How to form
Group 2 verbs
Take ます off
Add られます・られる(plain)
食べます 食べ 食べられます
考えます 考え 考えられます
Group 3 verbs
します される
来ます 来られる (こ)
Same form as
Group 2
potential form.
来られるis also
same as the
potential form.
21. Change the sentence to passive
みんなが私を笑いました。
私はみんなに笑われました。
Everyone laughed at me
I was laughed by everyone.
22. Change the sentence to passive
朝早く友達が私を電話で起こしました。
私は朝早く友達に電話で起こされました。
Early in the morning, my friend
woke me up on the phone.
Early in the morning, I was woken up
by friend on the phone.
23. Change the sentence to passive
子供が私のめがねをこわしました。
私は子供にめがねをこわされました。
A child broke my glasses.
I got my glasses broken by a child.
24. Change the sentence to passive
レオナルドダヴィンチが「モナリザ」
をかきました。
「モナリザ」はレオナルドダヴィンチ
によってかかれました。
Leonard Da Vinci drew ‘Mona Lisa’
‘Mona Lisa’ was drawn by Leonard Da
Vinci
25. Change the sentence to passive
コロンブスがアメリカを発見しました。
アメリカはコロンブスによって発見され
ました。
Columbus discovered America.
America was discovered by Columbus.
26. Change the sentence to passive
その話をよく知っています。
その話はよく知られています。
Everyone knows that story well.
That story is well known (by everyone).
Tangible/intangible
subject/topic
44. トム:Do you know that the Olympic will be held in Japan next time?
りさ:Yes, of course I know. Because of that (so), new logo was designed, you know.
トム:That’s right. But that logo is a bit plain (じみ).
りさ:Yes, it is… But it is similar to a design from Japanese old kimono or
something, so I think it is not that bad.
トム:Is it? Well, there is a time when logos abroad is a little too colourful.
りさ:I think that a goodness of Japan is coming across(でる) and the
more you see the logo, the more you understand the goodness.
トム:You are right. Japan will get busier from now on. A new stadium
will probably be built and will probably invite gorgeous guest from
all over the world so it will be tough.
りさ:Yes, it will. But I am little worried because there are many world
heritage in Japan so they may be broken and be made dirty.
トム:It should be fine. Everyone will surely pay attention to something
important.
りさ:By the way, are you go and see Olympic, Tom?
トム:Yes, of course! It is an event once in 4 years!
りさ:Yes, of course but I don’t know what I should do…I wouldn’t like being
stepped on my foot by someone or queuing up for shops for long time…
トム:You are a little pessimistic(ひかんてき), aren’t you, Lisa? Surely you
will be fine.
りさ:Do you think so….?