Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction

710th ASMC

Presented by: 3rd Squad, Treatment Platoon

REFERENCES
• DA Pamphlet 350-38 – STRAC (TY-2004)
• FM 3-22.9 – Rifle Marksmanship M16 Rifle / M4 Carbine
• FM 3-23.35 – Combat Training with Pistols, M9
• STP 21-1-SMCT – Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks (SL1)
• STP 21-24-SMCT – Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks (SL2-4)
• TM 9-1005-249-10 – Operators Manual, M16/M16A1 Rifle
• TM 9-1005-317-10 – Operators Manual, M9 Pistol
• TM 9-1005-319-10 – Operators Manual, M16A2/3/4 Rifle & M4 Carbine

Training Plan Concept
w/ EST
EST 2000 Weapons
(Practice Fire)
(M16/M4/M9)
PMI
M16/M4
• M16/M4/M9 (Range 14)
• Classroom
• Hands-On M9
• Evaluation (Range 5)

LMTS
(M16/M4)
(Zero)
w/ Assigned
Weapon

M16 Series Rifle
& M4 Carbine

M9 Pistol

* Select Desired Training Presentation

WORDS OF WISDOM
"This Is My Rifle"

THIS IS MY RIFLE. There are many like it, but this one is mine.
My rifle is my best friend. It is my life. I must master it as I master my life.
My rifle, without me is useless. Without my rifle, I am useless.
I must fire my rifle true. I must shoot straighter than my enemy who is trying to kill me.
I must shoot him before he shoots me. I will....
My rifle and myself know that what counts in this war is not the rounds we fire, the noise of our burst, nor the smoke
we make. We know that it is the hits that count. We will hit...
My rifle is human, even as I, because it is my life. Thus I will learn it as a brother.
I will learn its weakness, its strength, its parts, its accessories, its sights, and its barrel.
I will ever guard it against the ravages of weather and damage.
I will keep my rifle clean and ready, even as I am clean and ready.
We will become part of each other. We will...
Before God I swear this creed. My rifle and myself are the defenders of my country.
We are the masters of our enemy. We are the saviors of my life.
So be it, until there is no enemy, but Peace!

THE CREED OF THE U.S.M.C.

M16 Series Rifle / M4 Carbine

• Introduction to Basic Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training
• Marksmanship Fundamentals I
• Marksmanship Fundamentals II


Tasks:
• Weapon Characteristics / Components / Ammunition Identification
• Clearing Procedures
• Disassembly
• Maintenance of Weapon and Magazines
• Assembly
• Cycles of Functioning
• Function Check
• Magazine Loading & Unloading
• Weapon Loading and Unloading
• Troubleshooting Malfunctions & Stoppages
Classroom / Hands-On
• Zeroing

M16A1 Rifle

The M16-series/M4 Carbine weapons are 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-
operated, air-cooled, shoulder-fired weapons. The M16A1 can be fired in
either the semiautomatic or automatic fire mode by rotating the selector lever
to the desired mode: (SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO).

M16/M16A1 Rifle

Caliber ............................................. 5.56 mm
Weight............................................. w/30 (loaded) round mag approx 7.06 lbs
Length ............................................. w/compensator 39 in

Mechanical Features ....................... Rifling (RH 1/12 twist)

Firing Characteristics:
Muzzle Velocity ............................ 3250 fps
Chamber Pressure ....................... 52,000 psi
Cyclic Rate of Fire ........................ 700-800 rpm (approx.)

Max Effective Rates of Fire:
Semi-............................................. 45-65 rpm
Auto..................................... 150-200 rpm
Sustained Rate of Fire.................. 12/15 rpm
Max Effective Range ....................... 460 m
Max Range.. .................................... 2653 m
Fire Selector.................................... SAFE-SEMI-AUTO

M16A1 Rifle

Right Side Left Side

REAR SIGHT (1) - zeros weapon and engages targers to 460 SHOULDER GUN STOCK ASSEMBLY (9) - stabilizes rifle.
meters. CHARGING HANDLE ASSEMBLY (10) - cocks weapon when
HAND GUARD SLIP RING (2) - keeps hand grards in place. preparing to fire or clearing weapon.
FLASH SUPPRESSOR (3)- reduces the amount of flash from FRONT SIGHT POST (11) - adjustable for elevatlon
muzzle when weapon is fired. CARRYING HANDLE ASSEMBLY (12) - provides the means
EJECTION PORT COVER (4) - protects upper receiver from for hand-carrying the rifle,
foreign matter when weapon IS not in use. Keep SELECTOR LEVER (13) - arms the rifle in SEMI or AUTO or
port cover closed when not used. safes the rifle.
CARTRIDGE MAGAZINE (5) - supplies 30 rounds of TRIGGER (14) - controls the firing of the weapon
ammunition to the weapon. SMALL ARMS SLING (15) - provides the means for shoulder-
MAGZINE CATCH BUTTON (6) - releases cartridge magazine carrying the weapon,
(5) from weapon when pushed. BOLT CATCH (16) - moves the key and bolt carrier assembly
LOWER RECEIVER AND EXTENSION ASSEMBLY (7)- forward when depressed,
provides firing control for the weapon and provides BAYONET STUD (17) - holds bayonet in place
storage for basic cleaning materials. UPPER RECEIVER AND BARREL ASSEMBLY (18) - directs
FORWARD ASSIST ASSEMBLY (M16A1 ONLY) (8) - ensures the projectile upon firing.
that bolt is fully forward
and locked.

M16A2/A3 Rifle

The M16A2/A3 rifle features several improvements over the M16A1. It
is designed to fire either semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use
of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and BURST). The M16A3 has the same
characteristics as the M16A2 with the exception of the selector lever
(SAFE, SEMI and AUTO). This weapon fires full automatic.

M16A2/A3 Rifle

Caliber ............................................. 5.56 mm
Weight............................................. w/30 (loaded) round mag approx 8.79 lbs
Length ............................................. w/compensator 39-5/8 in

Mechanical Features ....................... Rifling (RH 1/7 twist)

Muzzle Velocity ............................ 3100 fps
Chamber Pressure ....................... 52,000 psi
Cyclic Rate of Fire ........................ 700-900 rpm (approx.)

Max Effective Rates of Fire:
Semi-............................................. 45 rpm
Burst/Auto..................................... 90 rpm
Sustained Rate of Fire.................. 12/15 rpm
Max Effective Range ....................... 550 m (individual/point targets)
800 m (area targets)
Max Range.. .................................... 3600 m
Fire Selector.................................... SAFE-SEMI-BURST (M16A2)
SAFE-SEMI-AUTO (M16A3)

M16A4 Rifle

The M16A4 rifle features additional product improvements over the
M16A2 and M16A3. It is designed to fire either semiautomatic or a three-
round burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and
BURST). The only changes from the M16A1/A2/A3 are the addition of the
M5 rail adapter system and the detachable carrying handle.

M16A4 Rifle

Caliber.. ........................................... 5.56 mm
Weight.. ........................................... w/30 (loaded) round mag 8.79 Ibs
Length ............................................. 39-5/8 in

Mechanical Features:
Rifling ........................................... (RH 1/7 twist)
Detachable carrying handle w/integral accessory mounting rail

Muzzle Velocity ........................... 3100 fps
Chamber Pressure ...................... 52,000 psi
Cyclic Rate of Fire........................ 800 rpm (approx)
Fire Selector................................. SAFE-SEMI-BURST

Max Effective Rate of Fire:
Semi ............................................. 45 rpm
Burst ............................................. 90 rpm
Sustained rate of Fire ................... 12/15 rpm
Max Effective Range ....................... 550 meters (individual/point targets)
600 meters (area targets)
Max Range...................................... 3600 meters

M4 Carbine

The M4-series carbine features several modifications that make it an
ideal weapon for close combat operations. It is designed to fire either
semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector lever
(SAFE, SEMI, and BURST). The M4A1 is fully automatic. The M4-series
carbine buttstock has four positions: closed, 1/2 open, 3/4 open,
and full open. The M4 carbine becomes the M4 MWS when the M4 rail
adapter system is installed on it.

M4/M4A1 Carbine with standard handguards installed. M4 MWS

M4 Carbine

Caliber ................................. 5.56 mm
Weight ................................... w/30 (loaded) round mag 7.5 lb
Length ................................... Buttstock Closed 29.75 in
Buttstock Opened 33.0 in

Mechanical Features:
Riffling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (RH 1/7 twist)
Detachable carrying handle w/integral accessory mounting rail
Buttstock has four positions; closed, 1/2 open, 3/4 open, and fully Open.

Muzzle Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,970 fps
Chamber pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,000 psi
Cyclic Rate of Fire................. 700-970 rpm (approx.)
Fire Selector ............................ SAFE-SEMI-BURST (M4)
SAFE-SEMI-AUTO (M4A1)

Max Effective Rate of Fire:
Semi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45rpm
Burst/Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 rpm

M4 Carbine

• Same components as the M16 Series Rifle with the exception of the
Adjustable Buttstock shown below.


Many different types of standard military ammunition are used in the M16-series
weapons. Use only authorized ammunition manufactured to U.S. and NATO specifications.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M193. The M193 cartridge is a center-fire cartridge
with a 55-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy core bullet. The M193 round is
the standard cartridge for field use with the M16A1 rifle and has no identifying
marks.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M196. (Used in the M16A1 rifle) The M196
cartridge has a red or orange painted tip. Its main uses are for observation of
fire, incendiary effect, and signaling. Soldiers should avoid long-term use of 100
percent tracer rounds, which could cause deposits of incendiary material, or
chemical compounds that could damage the barrel. Therefore, when tracer rounds
are fired, they are mixed with ball ammunition in a ratio of no greater than one-to-
one with a preferred ratio of three or four ball rounds to one tracer round.


Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M855. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series
weapons.) The M855 cartridge has a 62-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy
core bullet with a steel penetrator. The primer and case are waterproof. This round
is also linked and used in the M249. It has a green tip. This ammunition should not
be used in the M16A1 except under emergency conditions, and only at targets less
than 90 meters in distance. (The twist of the M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to
stabilize the heavier projectile.)

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M856. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series
weapons.) The M856 tracer cartridge has characteristics similar to the M196 tracer
with a slightly longer tracer burnout distance. This cartridge has a 63.7-grain bullet.
The M856 does not have a steel penetrator. It has a red tip (orange when linked 4 to
1 for the M249). This ammunition should not be used in the M16A1 except under
emergency conditions, and only at targets less than 90 meters in distance. (The twist
of the M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to stabilize the projectile of the heavier
ammunition).


Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199. (Used in all rifles.) The M199 dummy
cartridge is used during dry firing and other training. This cartridge can be
identified by the six grooves along the sides of the case beginning about ½ inch
from its tip. It contains no propellant or primer. The primer well is open to
prevent damage to the firing pin.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200. (Used in all rifles.) The M200 blank
cartridge has no projectile. The case mouth is closed with a seven-petal rosette
crimp and shows a violet tip.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm Short-Range Training Ammunition (SRTA), M862.
(Used in all rifles.) The M862 SRTA is designed exclusively for training. It
can be used in lieu of service ammunition on indoor ranges and by units that
have a limited range fan that does not allow the firing of service ammunition.
SRTA ammunition must be used with the M2 training bolt.


MUST BE COMPLETED IN SEQUENCE !!!!

Step 1 - Place selector lever (1) on SAFE.

NOTE: If weapon is not cocked, lever cannot
be pointed toward SAFE.

Step 2 - Remove cartridge magazine (2) by
depressing magazine catch button (3) and
pulling cartridge magazine (2) down.


Step 3 - To lock bolt open, pull charging handle
assembly (4) rearward, press bottom of bolt
catch (5), and allow bolt to move forward
until it engages bolt catch. Return charging
handle assembly (4) forward.

NOTE: Ensure that selector lever (1) is on SAFE.

Step 4 - Check receiver and chamber (6) to ensure
these areas contain no ammunition.

WARNING: To avoid accidental firing, always
look into chamber after clearing weapon to
make sure it does not contain a round.


Step 5 - With selector lever (1) pointing toward
SAFE, allow bolt to go forward by pressing
upper portion of bolt catch (5).

NOTE: If weapon is to be stored, it should be dry
fired to release tension on hammer spring.

Step 6 - Place selector lever (1) on SEMI and
squeeze trigger to release tension on
hammer spring.


• Remove Sling
• Remove Handguards
• Separate Upper and Lower Receiver M4 Only
• Remove Charging Handle Assembly
& Bolt Carrier Assembly
• Remove Firing Pin Retaining Pin
• Remove Firing Pin
• Remove Bolt Cam Pin
• Remove Bolt Assembly
• Remove Extractor Retaining Pin &
Extractor
• Remove Buffer and Spring
• Remove Buttstock M4 ONLY


GENERAL
NOTE
Wherever the term CLP or the words lube or lubricant are cited in this TM, it is to be
interpreted to mean that CLP, LSA, or LAW can be utilized as applicable. DO NOT mix
lubricants on the same weapon. The weapon must be thoroughly cleaned during change from
one lubricant to another. Dry cleaning solvent (SD) is recommended for
cleaning during change from one lubricant to another.

1. With the weapon disassembled, thoroughly clean, inspect, and lube.

2. Always shake CLP before use.

3. After firing, clean your weapon according to instructions. Wipe dry and lube
according to lubrication instructions.

4. Cleaning materials (swabs, pipe cleaners, and CLP) are expendable items
that are available from supply.

CAUTION
Don't mix up the parts of your weapon with those of your buddy.

BORE

The bore of your weapon has lands and grooves called rifling. Rifling makes the
bullet spin very fast as it moves down the bore and down range. Because it twists so quickly,
it is difficult to push a new, stiff bore brush through the bore. You will find it easier to pull
your bore brush through the bore. Also, because the brush will clean better if the bristles
follow the grooves (called tracking), you want the bore brush to be allowed to turn as you
pull it through.

This is how you do it:

1. Attach three rod sections together.

2. Swab out the bore with a patch
moistened with CLP or rifle bore
cleaner (RBC).

3. Attach the bore brush. When using
bore brush, don’t reverse direction
while in bore.

BORE (Cont)

4. Point muzzle down. Hold the upper receiver in one
hand while inserting the end of the rod without the brush
into the chamber. Let the rod fall straight through the
bore. About 2-3 inches will be sticking out of the muzzle
at this point.

5. Attach the handle section of the cleaning rod to
the end of the rod sticking out of the muzzle.

6. Pull the brush through the bore and out the muzzle.

7. After one pull, take off the handle section and
repeat the process.

8. Send a patch through the bore once in a while to help clean out the crud
that the brush is getting loose. Replace the bore brush with the rod tip (patch
holder) and a wet patch. Drop it through. You won’t need to attach the
handle to pull only a patch through.


UPPER RECEIVER - Clean with CLP:

a. All areas of Powder
Fouling, Corrosion, Dirt, and Rust.

b. Bore and Chamber.

c. Locking Lugs

d. Gas Tube

e. Install chamber brush on cleaning rod. Dip in
CLP and insert in chamber and locking lugs.
Clean by pushing and twisting cleaning rod.


UPPER RECEIVER - (Cont)

NOTE
Gas tubes will discolor from heat. Do not attempt
to remove discoloration.

Use a worn out bore brush to perform the
following step. This procedure ruins the bore
brush.

f. Use a bore brush to clean outside surface of
protruding gas tube (get sides and bottom from
bottom of upper receiver).


BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY - Clean with CLP:

a. Clean carbon and oil from firing pin, firing pin
recess and all surfaces of bolt/bolt carrier with dry
swabs.

b. Clean bolt carrier key with worn brush.

c. Clean firing pin hole with pipe cleaner.

NOTE
Use well worn bore brush only.

d. Carbon deposits and dirt from locking lugs.

e. Areas behind bolt ring and under lip of
extractor.


LOWER RECEIVER AND BUTTSTOCK ASSEMBLY.

CAUTION
Do not use wire brush or any type of abrasive material
to clean aluminum surfaces.

a Wipe dirt from trigger with a swab.

b. Use a swab dipped in CLP and cleaning brush to
clean powder fouling, corrosion, and dirt from outside
parts of lower receiver and extension assembly.

c. Use pipe cleaner to clean buttstock screw drain hole.

d. Clean buffer assembly, spring, and inside lower
receiver and buffer tube with swab dipped in CLP. Wipe
dry.


EJECTOR

a. Place a few drops of CLP around the ejector to
form a puddle.

b. Take a fired or dummy case and place it under
the Iip of the tractor. With a rocking motion,
press the case down against the ejector. Since the
ejector is spring loaded, some resistance will be
felt. Press on the case until it stops against the
bolt face. Ease off with your thumb slightly and
press down again. Repeat several times. Replace
the CLP frequently. Once the spring action of the
ejector is smooth and strong, dry off any excess.


BUTTSTOCK AND PISTOL GRIP

NOTE
Buttstock may be used for
storage of cleaning gear.


INSPECT BEFORE LUBRICATING - WARNING
UPPER RECEIVER AND BARREL ASSEMBLY
DO NOT interchange bolts
1. Inspect handguards (1) for cracks, broken front or rear between weapons.
tabs and loose heat shields.

2. Inspect front sight post (2) for straightness and check
depression of the front detent.

3. Inspect compensator (3) for looseness.

4. Inspect barrel (4) for straightness, cracks or burrs.

5. Inspect charging handle (5) for cracks bends or breaks.

6. Inspect rear sight assembly (6) for the capability to
adjust windage and elevation and the spring should retain
the short range or long range sight in position.

7. Inspect gas tube (7) for bends or retention to barrel.


INSPECT BEFORE LUBRlCATlNG -
BOLT AND BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY

1. Inspect bolt cam pin (1) for cracking or
chipping.

2. Inspect firing pin (2) for bends, cracks or
sharp or blunted tip.

3. Inspect for missing or broken gas rings (3).

4. lnspect bolt cam pin area (4) for cracking
or chipping.

5. Inspect locking lugs (5) for cracking or
chipping. Inspect bolt face (6) for excessive
pitting.


INSPECT BEFORE LUBRlCATlNG -
BOLT AND BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY
(Cont’d)

6. Inspect extractor assembly (7) for missing
extractor spring assembly with insert and for
chipped or broken edges on the lip which
engages the cartridge rim.

7. Inspect firing pin retaining pin (8) to
determine if bent or badly worn.

8. Inspect bolt carrier for loose bolt carrier
key (9).

9. Inspect for cracking or chipping in cam
pin hole area (10).


lNSPECT BEFORE LUBRICATING -
LOWER RECElVER AND BUTTSTOCK ASSEMBLY

1. Inspect buffer (1) for cracks or damage.

2. Inspect buffer spring (2) for kinks.

3. Inspect buttsock (3) for broken buttplate or cracks.

4. Inspect for bent or broken selector lever (4).

5. Inspect rifle grips (5) for cracks or damage.

6. Inspect for broken or bent trigger (6).

7. Visually inspect the inside parts of the lower receiver
(7) for broken or missing parts.


CLP - CLEANER, LUBRICANT AND PRESERVATIVE

Use CLP as follows:

a. Always shake bottle well before use.
b. Place a few drops on a patch or rag.
c. Clean your weapon with these patches and rags until they come out clean.
d. Take a patch or rag and apply a fresh, light coat.

NOTE
Don‟t „dry clean‟ your weapon. DO NOT use hot water or other solvents or you
will wash away the Teflon lubricant that has been building up as a result of your
using CLP. If CLP is not used, RBC may be used to remove carbon within the
bore. Dry cleaning solvent may be used to completely remove lubricants. For
example, when moving to extreme cold weather operations, to remove traces of
CLP before applying LAW.


LUBE GUIDE

Under all but the coldest Arctic conditions, CLP or LSA are the lubricants to use on your
weapon. Remember to remove excessive lubricant from the bore and chamber before firing.

CLP - Cleaner, lubricant, and perservative
LSA -Weapons lubricant oil, semifluid

BETWEEN 10 F (-12 C) and -10 F (-23 C) use
CLP, LSA or LAW. Below -10 F (-23 C) use only LAW.

LAW - Weapons lubricanting oil, arctic

* Lightly Lubed - A film of lubricant barely visible to the eye.

** Generously Lubed - Heavy enough so that it can be spread with the finger.


LUBRlCATlNG UPPER RECElVER

Lightly lube inside of upper receiver, bore and
chamber, outer surfaces of barrel and front sight,
and surfaces under handguard. Depress front sight
detent and apply one drop lube to front sight detent.
Depress several times to work lube into the spring.


LUBRlCATlNG PROCEDURES FOR M4, M4A1 AND M16A4
UPPER RECEIVER AND CARRYING HANDLE

1. Apply a drop or two of lubricant to both threaded studs.

2. Lightly lube the clamping bar and both round nuts.

3. Lightly lube the mating surfaces of the carrying handle assembly and
upper receiver.

NOTE
Do not switch carrying handles between weapons.
Switching handles may change your weapons zero.


BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY

Lightly lubricate firing pin and firing pin
recess in bolt.

1.Place one drop CLP in carrier key.

2. Generously lube outside of these parts.
Make certain to get cam pin area, bolt
rings, and outside of the bolt body. Put a light
coat on extractor and pin.

3. Lightly lube charging handle and inner and
outer surfaces of bolt carrier. Generously lube
slide and cam pin area of bolt carrier.


LUBRlCATlNG LOWER RECEIVER ASSEMBLY

1.Lightly lube inside buffer tube.

2. Generously lube takedown and pivot pins and
detents. Also lightly lube all moving parts inside lower
receiver and their pins.


ADJUSTABLE REAR SIGHT

NOTE
Make a note of how far you move the sight so it can be
returned to the original position at completion of this task.

1. Use one drop of lube and rotate these parts to ensure
lubricant is spread evenly above and below:

a. Windage knob
b. Windage screw
c. Detent holes
d. Elevation knob
e. Elevation screw shaft
f. Aperture (flip up and down)


ADJUSTABLE REAR SIGHT (Cont)

2. Elevation Screw Shaft. Also lube from inside the upper receiver as follows:

a. For M16A2 and M16A3 turn upper receiver upside down and remove charging handle.

b. For M4, M4A1 and M16A4, remove carrying handle.

c. Put two or three drops around the bottom edge of the elevation screw shaft and in
elevation detent spring hole.

d. Rotate the elevation dial as far as possible a few times while keeping upper receiver
upside down.


AFTER LUBING REAR SIGHT

1. Reset your correct zero windage and your battlesight zero.

2. Notice the rear sight comes down when the “3” is aligned with the mark on
the left side of the receiver.

3. You will feel a „click” when the “3” first lines up with the mark.

4. Carry your weapon with the “3” aligned with the mark

5. Keep the sight on 300 meters to keep dirt and water out of sight mechanism
and protect the sight from damage.


MAGAZINE DISASSEMBLY

WARNING
When disassembling, turn magazine away from
face, spring is under compression.

1. Release base catch with end of a cleaning rod.

2. Remove base.

3. Jiggle spring and follower to remove.

4. Inspect feeder lips for damage. If damaged or
bent, replace magazine.

NOTE
Do not remove follower from spring.


MAGAZINE REASSEMBLY

NOTE
If the spring comes loose from the follower, turn
in the pieces. DO NOT try to fix it yourself.

1. Clean and Lube. Wipe dirt from tube, spring,
and follower; then lightly lube spring.

2. Insert follower and jiggle spring to install.

* Make sure printing on base is on the outside.

3. Slide the base under all four tabs until base
catches.


HOT, DRY CLIMATE – DESERT

NOTE
Hot, dry climates are usually areas containing blowing sand and fine dust. Deserts can
be hot during daylight hours and freezing during hours of darkness. Consequently. this
harsh environment will severely tax your weapon as well as all other types of equipment.
Your weapons continued operation will depend on your detailed cleaning and lubricating
procedures.

1. Dust and sand will get into the weapon and magazines. This will cause malfunctions.
Give the inside areas and functional parts of the weapon a thorough cleaning every day
and after firing missions.

2. Corrosion is less likely to form on metal parts in a dry climate: therefore,
lubrication should be applied to the internal working surfaces and functional
parts only. Use light amounts of lubrication. Unload and dry ammo and
inside of magazines daily. Do not lube magazines.


HOT, DRY CLIMATE - DESERT (Cont)

3. The use of overall weapon protection cover, muzzle cap, and spare magazine
protective bags will help protect the weapon ammo from sand and dust. Use these items
when the tactical situation permits.

4. Keep the bolt and ejection port cover closed, a magazine installed in the
weapon, and muzzle cap on the muzzle to help keep out sand and dust.


GENERAL

To ensure the readiness of your weapon, perform the preventive maintenance
procedures in accordance with Table 1, prior to each mission. Preventive maintenance
procedures include inspection, cleaning, and performance of the checkout procedures.

EXPLANATION OF TABLE ENTRIES

Item Number Column. Numbers in this column are for references. When completing
Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet, include the item number for the
check/service indicating a fault. Item numbers also appear in the order that you must do
checks and services for the intervals listed.

Interval Column. This column tells you when you must do the procedure in the
procedure column. BEFORE (B) procedures must be done before you operate or use
the equipment for its intended mission. DURING (D) procedures must be done during
the time you are operating or using the equipment for its intended mission. AFTER (A)
procedures must be done immediately after you have operated or used the equipment.


Man-Hour Column. This column indicates the man-hours required to complete the
required procedure.

Item to be Checked or Service Column. This column provides the location and the
time to be checked or serviced. The item location is underlined.

Procedure Column. This column gives the procedure you must do to check or service
the item listed in the Check/Service column to know if the equipment is ready or
available for its intended mission or for operation. You must do the procedure at the
time stated in the interval column.

“Equipment Not Ready/Available If:" Column. Information in this column
tells you what faults will keep your equipment from being capable of performing
its primary mission. If you make check and service procedures that show faults
listed in this column, do not operate the equipment. Follow standard operating
procedures for maintaining the equipment or reporting equipment failure.


• Install Buttstick M4 ONLY
• Install Buffer and Spring
• Install Extractor Retaining Pin & M4 Only
Extractor
• Install Bolt Assembly
• Install Bolt Cam Pin
• Install Firing Pin
• Install Firing Pin Retaining Pin
• Install Charging Handle Assembly &
Bolt Carrier Assembly
• Attach Upper and Lower Receiver
• Install Handguards
• Install Sling


The Eight Cycles of Functioning:

• Feeding
• Chambering
• Locking
• Firing
• Unlocking
• Extracting
• Ejecting
• Cocking


FEEDING:
As the bolt carrier group moves
rearward, it engages the buffer assembly
and compresses the action spring into the
lower receiver extension. When the bolt
carrier group clears the top of the
magazine, the expansion of the magazine
spring forces the follower and a new round
up into the path of the forward movement
of the bolt. The expansion of the action
spring sends the buffer assembly and bolt
carrier group forward with enough force to
strip a new round from the magazine.


CHAMBERING:
As the bolt carrier group continues to
move forward, the face of the bolt thrusts
the new round into the chamber. At the
same time, the extractor claw grips the rim
of the cartridge, and the ejector is
compressed.


LOCKING:
As the bolt carrier group moves
forward, the bolt is kept in its
most forward position by the bolt cam pin
riding in the guide channel in the upper
receiver. Just before the bolt locking lugs
make contact with the barrel extension, the
bolt cam pin emerges from the guide
channel. The pressure exerted by the
contact of the bolt locking lugs
and barrel extension causes the bolt cam
pin to move along the cam track (located
in the bolt carrier) in a counterclockwise
direction, rotating the bolt locking lugs in
line behind the barrel extension locking
lugs. The rifle is ready to fire.


FIRING:
With a round in the chamber, the hammer cocked, and the selector on SEMI, the firer
squeezes the trigger. The trigger rotates on the trigger pin, depressing the nose of the
trigger, and disengaging the notch on the bottom of the hammer. The hammer spring
drives the hammer forward. The hammer strikes the head of the firing pin, driving the
firing pin through the bolt into the primer of the round. When the primer is struck by the
firing pin, it ignites and causes the powder in the cartridge to ignite. The gas generated by
the rapid burning of the powder forces the projectile from the cartridge and propels it
through the barrel. After the projectile has passed the gas port (located on the upper
surface of the barrel under the front sight) and before it leaves the barrel, some gas enters
the gas port and moves into the gas tube. The gas tube directs the gas into the bolt carrier.
It passes through the key downward into a space between the rear of the carrier‟s bolt
cavity and the rear of the bolt itself. The gas then expands. The bolt is locked into the
barrel extension and unable to move forward, and the carrier is thus forced to the
rear by the expanding gas.


FIRING:


UNLOCKING:
As the bolt carrier moves to the
rear, the bolt cam pin follows the path of
the cam track (located in the bolt carrier).
This action causes the cam pin and bolt
assembly to rotate simultaneously until the
locking lugs of the bolt are no longer in
line behind the locking lugs of the barrel
extension.


EXTRACTING:
The bolt carrier group continues to
move to the rear. The extractor (which is
attached to the bolt) grips the rim of the
cartridge case, holds it firmly against the
face of the bolt, and withdraws the
cartridge case from the chamber.


EJECTING:
With the base of a cartridge case firmly
against the face of the bolt, the ejector and
ejector spring are compressed into the bolt
body. As the rearward movement of the
bolt carrier group allows the nose of the
cartridge case to clear the front of the
ejection port, the cartridge is pushed out
by the action of the ejector and spring.


COCKING:
The rearward movement of the bolt
carrier overrides the hammer, forcing it
down into the receiver and compressing
the hammer spring, cocking the hammer in
the firing position. The action of the rifle
is much faster than human reaction;
therefore, the firer cannot release the
trigger fast enough to prevent multiple
firing.


WARNING
Before starting functional check, be sure to
clear the weapon. DO NOT squeeze the trigger
until the weapon has been cleared. Inspect the
chamber to ensure that it is empty and no
ammunition is in position to be chambered.

1. Remove Magazine and Check Chamber.

2. Perform Functional Check.

a. Place selector lever on SAFE:
Pull charging handle to rear and release.
Pull trigger. Hammer should not fall.

MUST BE COMPLETED IN SEQUENCE !!!!


NOTE
Slow is defined as 1/4 to 1/2 the normal rate of
bigger release.

b. SEMI: Place selector lever on SEMI.
Pull trigger. Hammer should fall.
Hold trigger to the rear and charge the
weapon.
Release the trigger with a slow, smooth
motion, until the trigger is fully forward
(an audible click should be heard).
Pull trigger. Hammer should fall.


c. BURST (M16A2, M16A4 and M4 Only):

Place selector lever on BURST.

Charge weapon and squeeze
trigger, hammer should fall.

Hold trigger to the rear, pull
charging handle to the rear and
release it three times.

Release trigger.

Squeeze trigger.

Hammer should fall.


d. AUTO (M16A3 and M4A1 Only):

Pull the charging handle to the
rear, charging the weapon.

Squeeze the trigger; hammer
should fall.

Hold the trigger to the rear and
cock the weapon again.

Fully release the trigger then
squeeze it again. The hammer
should not fall because it should
have fallen when the bolt was
allowed to move forward during
the chambering and locking
sequences.


LOADING MAGAZlNE

NOTE
The magazine may be loaded quickly using
ten-round stripper clips and the magazine
filler found in each bandoleer.

1. With the magazine filler in place, place a
ten-round stripper clip in position. Using
thumb pressure on the rear of the top
cartridge, press down firmly until all ten
rounds are below the feed lips of the
magazine.


LOADING MAGAZINE (Cont)

2. Remove the empty stripper dip while
holding the magazine filler in place.

3. Repeat until three ten round clips are
loaded.

4. Remove magazine filler and retain it
for future use.


1. Loading for Semiauto Fire and Chambering a Round.

a. With hammer cocked, place b. Open bolt and check chamber.
selector lever on SAFE. Make sure it is clear. Press
Point muzzle in safe direction. bottom of bolt catch and allow bolt
to move forward until it engages
bolt catch. Return charging
handle to full forward position.


c. Push upward until magazine d. Tap upward to make sure it is
catch engages and holds magazine. seated right.


WARNING
Your weapon is now loaded. Ensure it is
pointed in a SAFE direction.

e. Depress upper portion of bolt catch. f. Tap forward assist to ensure
Bolt should go forward. bolt is fully forward and locked.


• Refer to Chapter 3 of the appropriate Operator‟s Manual for Troubleshooting
Procedures Table.

• The table lists the common malfunctions which you may find during the operation
or maintenance of the rifle. You should perform the tests/inspections and corrective
actions in the order listed.

• The manual cannot list all malfunctions that may occur, nor all tests or inspections
and corrective actions. If a malfunction is not listed or is not corrected by listed
corrective actions, notify organizational maintenance.

Lists Malfunction Category directly under this heading.
Lists actions you (user) must verify or perform.
Lists suggestions to correct malfunctions.


• A stoppage is a failure of an automatic or semiautomatic firearm to complete the cycle
of operation. The firer can apply immediate or remedial action to clear the stoppage.
Some stoppages cannot be cleared by immediate or remedial action and may require
weapon repair to correct the problem.

• Immediate Action: Immediate action involves quickly applying a possible correction
to reduce a stoppage without performing troubleshooting procedures to determine the
actual cause. The key word SPORTS will help the firer remember the steps in order
during a live-fire exercise.

• Remedial Action: Remedial action is the continuing effort to determine the cause for
a stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the stoppage once it has been identified. To
apply the corrective steps for remedial action, first try to place the weapon on SAFE, then
remove the magazine, lock the bolt to the rear, and place the weapon on safe (if not
already done).


S - Slap upward on cartridge
magazine (1) to make sure it‟s
properly seated.

P - Pull charging handle
assembly (2) all the way back.

O- Observe ejection of case or
cartridge. Inspect chamber (3) and
check for obstruction. If chamber is
not clear, apply remedial action.


R - Release charging handle
assembly (2) to feed new round.
(Don‟t ride the charging handle
assembly (2)

T - Tap the forward assist
assembly to ensure bolt closure. (4)
(Ml6A1 only).

S- Squeeze the trigger and try to
fire the rifle.


INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP

ACTION: Perform a function check on an M16-/M4-series weapon.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16-/M4-series weapon.
STANDARDS: Perform a function check to ensure that the rifle operates properly
when the selector lever is placed in each position.

ACTION: Load and unload an M16/M4 magazine.
CONDITIONS: Given a 30-round magazine and five rounds of dummy ammunition.
STANDARDS: Load and unload the magazine properly.

ACTION: Load an M16-/M4-series weapon.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16-/M4-series weapon with a magazine loaded with
ammunition.
STANDARDS: Load the weapon in such a manner that proper chambering of a round
is accomplished.


INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP (Cont’d)

ACTION: Unload an M16-/M4-series weapon.
CONDITIONS: Given a loaded M16-/M4-series weapon.
STANDARDS: Clear the rifle in such a manner that no ammunition remains in the
rifle, and the rifle is on safe.

ACTION: Correct malfunction of an M16-/M4-series weapon.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16-/M4-series weapon that has a malfunction.
STANDARDS: Eliminate the malfunction using immediate action procedures in such a
manner that firing is resumed within three to five seconds.


Zeroing is the process of aligning the rifle sights with the barrel, while considering
ammunition ballistics, to achieve a bullet hit at the aiming point at a given range.

There are 3 primary types of zero’s.

• Mechanical Zeroing
• 25 Meter Zeroing
• Battlesight Zeroing


Mechanical Zeroing is the process of centering the rifle sights to establish an initial
sight setting to expedite the zeroing process.

Mechanically zeroing is ONLY necessary when the weapon zero is
questionable, the weapon is newly assigned to the unit, or the weapon sights have been
serviced.

NOTE: Different weapons have different Mechanical Zeroing procedures.

M16A1 Rifle

If necessary, the soldier should mechanically zero the weapon as follows:

(a) Adjust the front sight post (1) up or down until the base of the front sight post is
flush with the front sight post housing (2). Then adjust the front sight post 11 clicks
in the direction of UP.

(b) Adjust the rear sight windage drum (3) all the way left until it stops. Then turn the
windage drum back (right) 17 clicks so the rear sight is approximately centered.

M16A2/A3 Series Rifle


flush with the front sight post housing (2).

(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, as viewed from above, until the
rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the carrying handle and the 8/3 marking is
aligned with the index line on the left side of the carrying handle.

(c) Position the apertures (5) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter
aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (6) to align the index mark on the 0-200
meter aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.

M16A4 Rifle



(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until
the rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the carrying handle and the 6/3 marking is
aligned with the index line (5) on the left side of the carrying handle.

aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (7) to align the index mark on the 0-200
meter aperture with the long center index line (8) on the rear sight assembly.

M4/M4A1 Carbine



(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until
the rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the detachable carrying handle and the 6/3
marking is aligned with the index line (5) on the left side of the carrying handle.

aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (7) to align the index mark (8) on the 0-
200 meter aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.

25-Meter Zeroing

Use for Use for
M16A1 M16A2,
ONLY
M16A3,

M16A4
Series

NOTE: Ensure that the appropriate 25 Meter Zeroing Target is used !

25-Meter Zeroing

Use for
M4
Carbine
ONLY

NOTE: Ensure that the appropriate 25 Meter Zeroing Target is used !

25-Meter Zeroing

• The 25 meter target
should be centered
towards the bottom on
a “E” silhouette target.

• The “E” silhouette is
then placed 25 meters
from the firing line.

Grouping
• The first task of 25 Meter Zeroing is
Grouping procedures.

• Shot grouping is a form of practice
firing with two primary objectives: (1)
firing tight shot groups and (2)
consistently placing those groups in the 4 cm
same location.

• No sight adjustments should be
made to the sights until the firer can
shoot six consecutive shots (two shot
groups) inside a 4-centimeter circle.

• Once this is accomplished the
soldier is now ready to conduct zeroing
procedures.

Grouping
• The shooter fires two separate, three-
round shot groups and numbers them.

• Two consecutive shot groupings must
fall within a 4-centimeter circle at 25-
meters before the soldier should be
allowed to make any adjustments or to
start zeroing procedures.

• The ideal shot group will have all three
rounds within a 2-centimeter circle.

• Three rounds within a 4-cm circle is the
minimum standard.

NOTE: Location of the shot group on the 25-meter target is not important when conducting
a grouping exercise. The size of the shot groups and the dispersion of the shot groupings are
the main focus of this exercise.

Shot Group Evaluation

2-Centimeter Shot Groups. When firing a standard service rifle and standard
ammunition combination the dispersion pattern may be up to 2 centimeters apart without
human error. This dispersion pattern is not considered firer error. The targets shown
reflect possible 25-meter shot group performances by standard rifle-ammunition
combinations and proper soldier performance. The variances of the standard rifle and
standard ammunition must be considered during shot-group analysis and the instructor
trainer must ensure the soldier understands that his weapon or ammunition may not be
capable of placing three rounds within a 1-centimeter square.


3-Centimeter Shot Groups. The targets shown represent minimum acceptable firing
performances. A better firing performance should be expected, and the instructor-trainer
should ensure the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship fundamentals. He
should explain that this shot group size is not due to weapon or ammunition performance.
The placement of shots in these groups (about 3 centimeters apart on the target) reflects
minor shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a minor change in
sight picture, breathing, trigger squeeze, position or an erratic round.


4- to 5-Centimeter Shot Groups. The targets shown represent unacceptable firing
performance. A better firing performance should be expected, and the instructor-trainer
should explain that this shot group size is not due to weapon or ammunition performance.
The placement of shots in these groups (about 4 to 5 centimeters apart on the target)
reflects considerable shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a
change in position, sight picture, breathing, trigger squeeze or an erratic round.
Firers with these shot groups should receive dry-fire training to help correct firing
problems.


6-Centimeter or Larger Shot Groups. The targets shown represent unacceptable firing
performance. A better firing performance should be expected, and the instructor-trainer
should explain that group size is not due to weapon or ammunition performance. The
placement of shots in these groups (more than 6 centimeters apart on the target) reflects
major shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a change in
position, sight picture, breathing; or trigger squeeze, or the firer may be anticipating the
shot. Firers with these shot groups should receive extensive dry-fire training
to help correct firing problems.

Multiple Shot Group Evaluation

25-Meter Zeroing
10

• Determine center mass of
shot group.

• Determine necessary
adjustments to move the
2
strike of the round to
center mass of the target.

• Here the shooter needs to
move the strike of his
rounds down 2 clicks and
to the left 10 clicks.

25-Meter Zeroing

• Make the necessary
adjustments to the
weapon to move the
strike of the rounds
down 2 clicks and to
the left 10 clicks.

25-Meter Zeroing

• After making the correct sight changes,
the soldier fires two more separate
three-round shot groups to confirm the
adjustments have aligned the sights
with the center of the target, and the
bullets are in the 4-centimeter circle
• A proper 25 meter zero is achieved
when at least 5 out of the last 6 rounds
are in the 4cm circle
• If the soldier has not achieved a zero
within 18 rounds, the soldier should be
taken off the firing line for remedial
training.

Battlesight Zeroing

The purpose of battlesight zeroing is to align
the sights with the weapon‟s barrel given
standard issue ammunition. When this is
accomplished correctly, the point of aim and
point of impact are the same at a given range
such as 250 meters for the M16A1 and 300
meters for the M16A2/A3/A4 and M4-series
weapons. This sight setting provides the
highest hit probability for most combat targets
with minimum adjustment to the aiming point.

Battlesight Zeroing
25 Meter Zero is a process designed to achieve a battlesight zero or close to it
without actually firing at battlesight zero distances.

A standard E-type silhouette is 48.26 centimeters wide; a circle (angle) that is 48.26
centimeters at 300 meters is 4 centimeters at 25 meters. A soldier who can fire all
bullets in a 4-centimeter circle at 25-meters and adjusts the sights for zero will hit the
target at all ranges out to 300 meters.

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

Battlesight Zeroing
• In theory, when a 25 Meter Zero is achieved, the M16A2 will
closely have a battlesight zero of 300 meters and would
require only minor sight adjustments to achieve an actual
battlesight zero.

25-Meter Zero Battlesight Zero

25m Zero Target Front
Sight Post Alignment

Aiming Points
• With a Battlesight Zero at 300
meters, the aiming point is center
visible mass in order to achieve the
highest probability of hitting the • Because of the trajectory or
point marked with an “X”. ballistics of the projectile, in order
to hit a target at ranges less than the
battlesight zero range at the points
marked with an “X”, aiming point
adjustment is necessary.


Tasks:
• The Four Marksmanship Fundamentals
• Basic Firing Positions
• Training Devices and Exercises

Classroom / Hands-On


THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS

Soldiers must understand and apply the four key fundamentals before he approaches
the firing line. He must establish a steady position allowing observation of the target.
He must aim the rifle at the target by aligning the sight system, and fire the rifle
without disturbing this alignment by improper breathing or during trigger squeeze.

These skills are known collectively as the four fundamentals. Applying these four
fundamentals rapidly and consistently is the integrated act of firing.

The four fundamentals are:

• Steady Position
• Aiming
• Breathing
• Trigger Squeeze

Marksmanship Fundamentals

The Steady Position Elements are as follows:

(1) Nonfiring Handgrip. The rifle hand guard rests on the heel of the hand in the V
formed by the thumb and fingers. The grip of the non-firing hand is light.

(2) Rifle Butt Position. The butt of the rifle is placed in the pocket of the firing
shoulder. This reduces the effect of recoil and helps ensure a steady position.

(3) Firing Handgrip. The firing hand grasps the pistol grip so it fits the V formed by
the thumb and forefinger. The forefinger is placed on the trigger so the lay of the rifle is
not disturbed when the trigger is squeezed. A slight rearward pressure is exerted by the
remaining three fingers to ensure that the butt of the stock remains in the pocket of the
shoulder, minimizing the effect of recoil.

(4) Firing Elbow Placement. The firing elbow is important in providing balance. Its
exact location depends on the firing/fighting position used. Placement should allow
shoulders to remain level.


(5) Nonfiring Elbow. The non-firing elbow is positioned firmly under the rifle to allow
a comfortable and stable position. When the soldier engages a wide sector of fire,
moving targets, and targets at various elevations, his non-firing elbow should remain free
from support.

(6) Cheek-to-Stock Weld. The stock weld should provide a natural line of sight through
the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight post and on to the target. The firer‟s
neck should be relaxed, allowing his cheek to fall naturally onto the stock. Through dry-
fire training, the soldier practices this position until he assumes the same cheek-to-stock
weld each time he assumes a given position, which provides consistency in aiming.
Proper eye relief is obtained when a soldier establishes a good cheek-to-stock weld. A
small change in eye relief normally occurs each time that the firer assumes a different
firing position. The soldier should begin by trying to touch the charging handle with his
nose when assuming a firing position. This will aid the soldier in maintaining the same
cheek-to-stock weld hold each time the weapon is aimed. The soldier should be mindful
of how the nose touches the charging handle and should be consistent when doing so.
This should be critiqued and reinforced during dry-fire training.


(7) Support. When artificial support (sandbags, logs, stumps) is available, it should be
used to steady the position and support the rifle. If it is not available, then the bones, not
the muscles, in the firer‟s upper body must support the rifle.

(8) Muscle Relaxation. If support is used properly, the soldier should be able to relax
most of his muscles. Using artificial support or bones in the upper body as support
allows him to relax and settle into position. Using muscles to support the rifle can cause
it to move due to muscle fatigue.


(9) Natural Point of Aim. When the soldier first assumes his firing position, he orients
his rifle in the general direction of his target. Then he adjusts his body to bring the rifle
and sights exactly in line with the desired aiming point. When using proper support and
consistent cheek to stock weld the soldier should have his rifle and sights aligned
naturally on the target. When correct body-rifle-target alignment is achieved, the front
sight post must be held on target, using muscular support and effort. As the rifle
fires, muscles tend to relax, causing the front sight to move away from the target toward
the natural point of aim. Adjusting this point to the desired point of aim eliminates this
movement. When multiple target exposures are expected (or a sector of fire must be
covered), the soldier adjusts his natural point of aim to the center of the expected target
exposure area (or center of sector).


Aiming. Having mastered the task of holding the rifle steady, the soldier must align
the rifle with the target in exactly the same way for each firing. The firer is the final
judge as to where his eye is focused. The instructor or trainer emphasizes this point by
having the firer focus on the target and then focus back on the front sight post. He
checks the position of the firing eye to ensure it is in line with the rear sight aperture.

(1) Rifle Sight Alignment. Alignment of the rifle with the target is critical. It involves
placing the tip of the front sight post in the center of the rear sight aperture. Any
alignment error between the front and rear sights repeats itself for every 1/2 meter the
bullet travels. For example, at the 25-meter line, any error in rifle alignment is
multiplied 50 times. If the bullet is misaligned by 1/10 inch, it causes a target at 300
meters to be missed by 5 feet.


(2) Focus of the Eye. A proper firing position places the eye directly in line with the
center of the rear sight aperture. When the eye is focused on the front sight post, the
natural ability of the eye to center objects in a circle and to seek the point of greatest light
(center of the aperture) aid in providing correct sight alignment. For the average soldier
firing at combat-type targets, the natural ability of the eye can accurately align the sights.
Therefore, the firer can place the tip of the front sight post on the aiming point, but the
eye must be focused on the tip of the front sight post. This causes the target to appear
blurry, while the front sight post is seen clearly. Two reasons for focusing on the front
sight post are:

(a) Only a minor aiming error should occur since the error reflects only as much as the
soldier fails to determine the target center. A greater aiming error can result if the front
sight post is blurry due to focusing on the target or other objects.

(b) Focusing on the tip of the front sight post aids the firer in maintaining proper sight
alignment.


(3) Sight Picture. Once the soldier can correctly align his sights, he can obtain a sight
picture. A correct sight picture has the target, front sight post, and rear sight aligned.
The sight picture includes two basic elements: sight alignment and placement of the
aiming point.

(a) Placement of the aiming point varies, depending on the engagement range. For
example, the figure shows a silhouette at 300 meters where the aiming point is the center
of mass, and the sights are aligned for a correct sight picture.


(b) A technique to obtain a good sight picture is the side aiming technique. It involves
positioning the front sight post to the side of the target in line with the vertical center of
mass, keeping the sights aligned. The front sight post is moved horizontally until the
target is directly centered on the front sight post.


(4) Front Sight. The front sight post is vital to proper firing and should be replaced
when damaged. The post should be blackened anytime it is shiny since precise
focusing on the tip of the front sight post cannot be done otherwise.

(5) Aiming Practice. Aiming practice is conducted before firing live rounds. During
day firing, the soldier should practice sight alignment and placement of the aiming
point. Using training aids such as the M15A1 aiming card can do this.


Aiming. Wearing a protective mask may force firers to rotate (cant) the rifle to see through the
rear aperture. The weapon should be rotated the least amount possible to see through and line
up the sights. The center tip of the front sight post should be placed on the ideal aiming point.
This ideal aiming procedure (Figure 7-18) should be the initial procedure taught and practiced.

(a) If this cannot be achieved, a canted sight picture may be practiced. The normal
amount of cant needed by most firers to properly see through the sights has a limited influence
on rounds fired at ranges between 75 meters or less.

(b) Rifle ballistics causes the strike of the bullet to impact low in the direction of the
cant (when a cant is used) at longer ranges. Due to this shift in bullet strike and the many
individual differences in sight alignment when wearing a protective mask, it is important to
conduct downrange feedback training at ranges beyond 75 meters on known-distance ranges.
This allows soldiers to determine what aiming adjustments are needed to achieve center target
hits. Figure 7-19, shows what might be expected for a right-handed firer engaging a target at
175 meters with no cant and a certain amount of cant, and the adjustment in point of aim
needed to move the bullet strike to the center of the target. Figure 7-20, shows what might be
expected for a right-handed firer engaging a 300-meter target. The adjustments in point of aim
for left-handed firers are the opposite of those shown in Figures 7-19 and 7-20.


(c) Although bullet strike is displaced when using a cant, individual differences are
such that center-of-mass aiming should be used until the individual knows what aiming
adjustment is needed. When distant targets are missed, a right-handed firer should usually
adjust his point of aim to the right and high; a left-handed firer should adjust to the left and
high. Then, the aiming rules are clear.

(d) All targets should initially be engaged by aiming center mass, regardless of
cant. When targets are missed while using a cant, firers should adjust the point of aim higher
and opposite the direction of the cant. Actual displacement of the aiming point must be
determined by using downrange feedback targets at ranges beyond 75 meters.


Aiming. Modifications to the aiming process vary. When firing unassisted, the firer‟s
off-center vision is used instead of pinpoint focus. Both eyes are open to gather the
maximum available light, and are focused down range.

Off-Center Vision. During the daytime when an individual looks at an object, he
looks directly at it. However, if he did this at night he would only see the object for a
few seconds. In order to see this object for any length of time, he must look 6 to 10
degrees from this object (Figures 7-23 and 7-24) while concentrating his attention on
the object. This allows the light sensitive area of the eye, which can detect faint light
sources or reflection, to be used.


Breath Control. As the firer‟s skills improve and as timed or
multiple targets are presented, he must learn to control his breath at
any part of the breathing cycle. Two types of breath control
techniques are practiced during dry fire. The coach/trainer ensures
that the firer uses two breathing techniques and understands them by
instructing him to exaggerate his breathing. The firer must be aware
of the rifle‟s movement (while sighted on a target) as a result of
breathing.


(1) The first technique is used during zeroing (and when time is available to fire a
shot). There is a moment of natural respiratory pause while breathing when most of
the air has been exhaled from the lungs and before inhaling. Breathing should stop
after most of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle. The shot
must be fired before the soldier feels any discomfort.


(2) The second breath control technique is employed during rapid fire (short-exposure
targets). Using this technique, the soldier stops his breath when he is about to squeeze
the trigger.


Trigger Squeeze. A novice firer can learn to place the rifle in a steady position and
to correctly aim at the target if he follows the basic principles. If the trigger is not
properly squeezed, the rifle will be misaligned with the target at the moment of firing.

(1) Rifle Movement. Trigger squeeze is important for two reasons: First, any sudden
movement of the finger on the trigger can disturb the lay of the rifle and cause the shot
to miss the target. Second, the precise instant of firing should be a surprise to the
soldier. The soldier‟s natural reflex to compensate for the noise and slight punch in the
shoulder can cause him to miss the target if he knows the exact instant the rifle will fire.
The soldier usually tenses his shoulders when expecting the rifle to fire. It is difficult to
detect since he does not realize he is flinching. When the hammer drops on a dummy
round and does not fire, the soldier‟s natural reflexes demonstrate that he is improperly
squeezing the trigger.


(2) Trigger Finger. The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on the
trigger between the first joint and the tip of the finger (not the extreme end) and adjusted
depending on hand size, grip, and so on. The trigger finger must squeeze the trigger to
the rear so the hammer falls without disturbing the lay of the rifle. When a live round is
fired, it is difficult to see what effect trigger pull had on the lay of the rifle. It is
important to experiment with many finger positions during dry-fire training to ensure the
hammer is falling with little disturbance to the aiming process.

(a) As the firer‟s skills increase with practice, he needs less time spent on trigger
squeeze. Novice firers can take five seconds to perform an adequate trigger
squeeze, but, as skills improve, he can squeeze the trigger in a second or less. The proper
trigger squeeze should start with slight pressure on the trigger during the initial aiming
process. The firer applies more pressure after the front sight post is steady on the target
and he is holding his breath.


(b) The coach/trainer observes the trigger squeeze, emphasizes the correct procedure,
and checks the firer‟s applied pressure. He places his finger on the trigger and has the
firer squeeze the trigger by applying pressure to the coach/trainer‟s finger. The
coach/trainer ensures that the firer squeezes straight to the rear on the trigger avoiding a
left or right twisting movement. The coach/trainer observes that the firer follows through
and holds the trigger to the rear for approximately one second after the round has been
fired. A steady position reduces disturbance of the rifle during trigger squeeze.

(c) Wobble area is the movement of the front sight around the aiming point when the
rifle is in the steadiest position. From an unsupported position, the firer experiences a
greater wobble area than from a supported position. If the front sight strays from the
target during the firing process, pressure on the trigger should be held constant and
resumed as soon as sighting is corrected. The position must provide for the smallest
possible wobble area. From a supported position, there should be minimal wobble area
and little reason to detect movement. If movement of the rifle causes the front sight to
leave the target, more practice is needed. The firer should never try to quickly squeeze
the trigger while the sight is on the target. The best firing performance results when the
trigger is squeezed continuously, and the rifle is fired without disturbing its lay.


During preliminary marksmanship instruction only the
basic firing positions are taught. The other positions are
added later in training to support tactical conditions. The two
firing positions used during initial training are the individual
foxhole supported firing position and the basic prone
unsupported firing position. Both offer a stable platform for
firing the rifle. They are also the positions used during basic
record fire.


Individual Foxhole Supported Firing Position

This position provides the most stable platform for engaging targets. Upon entering
the position, the soldier adds or removes dirt, sandbags, or other supports to adjust for
his height. He then faces the target, executes a half-face to his firing side, and leans
forward until his chest is against the firing-hand corner of the position. He places the
rifle hand guard in a V formed by the thumb and fingers of his nonfiring hand, and rests
the nonfiring hand on the material (sandbags or berm) to the front of the position. The
soldier places the butt of the weapon in the pocket of his firing shoulder and rests his
firing elbow on the ground outside the position. Once the individual supported fighting
position has been mastered, the firer should practice various unsupported positions to
obtain the smallest possible wobble area during final aiming and hammer fall.


NOTE: The objective is to
establish a steady position
under various conditions. The
ultimate performance of this
task is combat. Although the
firer must be positioned high
enough to observe all
targets, he must remain as low
as possible to provide added
protection from enemy fire.

Individual Foxhole Supported Firing Position.


Basic Prone Unsupported Firing Position

This firing position offers another stable firing platform for engaging targets. To
assume this position, the soldier faces his target, spreads his feet a comfortable
distance apart, and drops to his knees. Using the butt of the rifle as a pivot, the firer
rolls onto his nonfiring side, placing the nonfiring elbow close to the side of the
magazine. He places the rifle butt in the pocket formed by the firing shoulder, grasps
the pistol grip with his firing hand, and lowers the firing elbow to the ground. The
rifle rests in the V formed by the thumb and fingers of the non-firing hand. The
soldier adjusts the position of his firing elbow until his shoulders are about level, and
pulls back firmly on the rifle with both hands. To complete the position, he obtains a
stock weld and relaxes, keeping his heels close to the ground.


Basic Prone Unsupported Firing Position


This exercise assists the coach and the firer in determining which eye the firer should
use when engaging targets. The firer‟s dominant eye should be identified early in the
training process to prevent unnecessary problems such as a blurred sight picture or the
inability to acquire a tight shot group during the grouping exercise.

(a) Cut a 1-inch circular hole in the center of an 8- by 10-inch piece of material (can be
anything from paper to plywood).

(b) The trainer positions himself approximately 5 feet in front of the soldier. The trainer
closes his nondominant eye and holds his finger up in front of and just below his dominant
eye to provide the soldier with an aiming point.

(c) The soldier holds the training aid with both hands at waist level and looks with both
eyes open at the trainer‟s open eye. With both eyes focused on the trainer‟s open eye and
arms fully extended, the soldier brings the training aid up between himself and the trainer
while continuing to look at the trainer‟s eye through the hole in the training aid. The
soldier‟s eye the trainer sees through the hole in the training aid is the soldier‟s dominant
eye.


Dime (Washer) Exercise. This dry-fire technique is used to teach or evaluate the skill
of trigger squeeze and is effective when conducted from an unsupported position. When
using the M16A1 rifle for this exercise, the soldier must cock the weapon, assume an
unsupported firing position, and aim at the target. An assistant places a dime (washer) on
the rifle‟s barrel between the flash suppressor and front sight post assembly. The soldier
then tries to squeeze the trigger naturally without causing the dime (washer) to fall off.
Several repetitions of this exercise must be conducted to determine if the soldier has
problems with trigger squeeze. The purpose of the exercise is for the firer to dry-fire six
of six consecutive shots without causing the dime or was her to fall. (Repeat this exercise
from the prone unsupported firing position.)

(a) If the dime (washer) is allowed to touch the sight assembly or flash suppressor, it
may fall off due to the jolt of the hammer. Also, the strength of the hammer spring on
some rifles can make this a difficult exercise to perform.

(b) When using the M16A2 rifle, the dime (washer) exercise is conducted the same
except that a locally fabricated device must be attached to the weapon. A piece of 3/4-
inch bonding material is folded into a clothes-pin shape and inserted in the flash
suppressor of the weapon so the dime (washer) can be placed on top of it.


The Weaponeer is an effective rifle marksmanship-training device that simulates
the live firing of the M16-series rifle. The system can be used for developing and
sustaining marksmanship skills, diagnosing and correcting problems, and assessing
basic skills.


The engagement skills trainer (EST) 2000 supports realistic and comprehensive
“gated” rifle marksmanship instruction, identifies soldiers needs by requiring them to
satisfy gate requirements in order to progress, and, when needed, facilitates remedial
training prior to qualification. The EST 2000 is designed to be used primarily as a
unit/institutional, indoor, multipurpose, multilane, small-arms, crew-served, and
individual antitank training simulator to:

• Train and evaluate individual marksmanship training for initial entry soldiers
(BCT/OSUT).
• Provide Active and Reserve Component unit sustainment training in preparation
for qualification on individual and crew small arms live-fire weapons.
• Provide unit collective tactical training for static dismounted infantry, scout,
engineer, military police squads, and combat support/combat service support
(CS/CSS) elements.


The BEAMHIT Laser Marksmanship Training System (LMTS) combines the
precision of eye safe lasers with the processing power of modern lap top computers into
a training solution that military personnel can use anywhere, anytime without the need
for ranges or special facilities of any kind. Using the LMTS, soldiers train with their
service weapons for increased realism. The LMTS supports training with all military
handguns, rifles, riot (shot) guns and machine guns. No weapon modifications are
required. LMTS hardware options include electronic targets for various training
objectives including teaching marksmanship fundamentals; shot group analysis, target
detection and transition and pre-qualification practice. The MP-400 Laser transmitter
projects the exact bullet point of impact for modern assault rifles out to ranges of 100m.
System accuracy lets personnel bore sight their weapons (i.e., day sights, enhanced
optics, night aiming systems, etc.) before firing a live round. The computer shot group
analysis (dispersion, center of mass, etc.) eliminates much of the guesswork seen on live
fire ranges, minimizes the live rounds required to confirm zero and enables units to
maintain weapon readiness at all times.


Refer to Appendix A, FM 3-22.9 for
additional Marksmanship Training Devices and
Exercises.


Tasks:
• Zeroing Procedures – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)
• Engage Single and Multiple Targets (Practice Fire) – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)
• Live Fire Exercises:
• M16/M4
• Zeroing
• Qualification
• NBC Fire
• Night Fire

Marksmanship Fundamentals II

PRACTICE RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16-/M4-series weapon on an EST 2000, 40
timed target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters. Engage 20 targets with
coaching allowed from the supported firing position and 20 targets from the
unsupported firing position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body
Armor.

STANDARDS: With assistance from a coach, the soldier detects and engages targets
with the M16-/M4-series weapon, and achieves a minimum of 23 target hits out of 40
target exposures.


ZERO THE M16/M4 SERIES WEAPONS

ACTION: Conduct 25-meter zeroing.

CONDITIONS: On a 25-meter range, given an M16-/M4-series weapon, from the
supported firing position; 18 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition, 300-meter M16/M4
zero target placed on a standard E-type silhouette; sandbags for support; with Kevlar
helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: Each soldier must adjust the sights so five out of six rounds fired in
two consecutive shot-groups strike within the 4-centimeter circle on the 25-meter zero
targets.


RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16-/M4-series weapon on a record fire range, 40
timed target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters, and 40 rounds of
ammunition (two 20-round magazines). Engage 20 targets from the supported firing
position and 20 targets from the unsupported firing position while wearing a Kevlar
helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: Without assistance, the soldier detects and engages targets with the
M16-/M4-series weapon, and achieves a minimum of 23 target hits out of 40 target
exposures.


Conduct of Record Fire Range

The record fire course provides for the engagement of two-20 round exercises. Twenty single
or multiple targets are engaged from the foxhole supported fighting position. Twenty targets
are engaged from the prone unsupported position. Once firing begins, no cross loading is
allowed.

(1) Credit for targets hit should not be given when bullets are “saved” from difficult
targets to be used on easier targets for example. Not firing a 300-meter target so an additional
bullet can be fired at a 150-meter target. However, when double targets are exposed, the soldier
should fire two bullets. If the first target is missed, he may fire at that same target with the
second bullet.

(2) Engage the target that poses the greatest threat first (normally assumed to be the
closer target), no scoring distinction is made between near targets and far targets or the
sequence in which they are engaged. Credit is not given if unused ammunition from one 20-
round table is added to the magazine provided for the next table.


(3) Soldiers who fail to qualify on the first attempt should be given appropriate
remedial training and allowed to refire in a few days. When a soldier refires the course, he will
be unqualified if he hits 22 targets or less and will be rated as a marksman if he hits 23 to 40.
When automated scoring procedures are available that allow the performance of the soldier to
be stored and retrieved before the malfunction, his performance is added to the score of his first
attempt after weapons repair and refire. If a soldier’s weapon becomes inoperable and his
performance before the malfunction precludes qualification he is considered unqualified and
must refire.

(4) Alibi firing is reserved for those soldiers who have encountered a malfunctioning
target, ammunition, or rifle. A soldier will not be issued more than 20-rounds of ammunition
for each table. If he fires all 20 rounds despite a target malfunction, he will not be issued any
additional alibi rounds. There are no alibis for soldier-induced weapon malfunctions or for
targets missed during application of immediate action. The following are the procedures that
must be strictly adhered to when a malfunction occurs.

NOTE: The ammunition procedures, allocation, and alibi procedures for practice
record fire and record fire are conducted the same. The only exception is that
coaching is authorized for practice record fire.


(a) The soldier must apply immediate action and continue to fire the
exercise. After firing, the soldier notifies the NCOIC to determine if the ammunition was faulty
or if the target malfunctioned.

(b) The NCOIC verifies the malfunction. The soldier is permitted to fire
at that target(s)with the exact number of rounds equal to the target malfunctions. For
example, the soldier had two confirmed target malfunctions at 250 meters. Although he may
have had five rounds left from the overall exercise. The soldier would be given only two rounds
to engage the two 250-meter target exposures, if repaired, or the next closer target. He would
not be allowed to fire all remaining five rounds at the two 250-meter target exposures.

(c) The NCOIC or scorer monitoring the lane must verify the target
malfunction. The soldier continues to fire the exercise. On a computerized range, the tower
operator confirms which target and how many malfunctions occurred.

(d) Inoperable weapons are uncorrectable malfunctions such as a broken
firing pin, jam caused by double feed not caused by the soldier, failure to extract due to broken
extractor, or round in the bore. The soldier must apply correct immediate action to eliminate
the stoppages. If the stoppage is determined to be correctable for example, the soldier did not
apply correct immediate action and as a result the soldier did not engage the required number
of targets, he is at fault.


(e) Qualified weapons personnel or the NCOIC must verify weapon
malfunctions before the soldier can refire the course. Soldiers who erroneously claim a
malfunction on the firing line are considered unqualified and refire as a second-time firer.

(f) On-site observation, detailed analysis and evaluation of individual
results, and unit performance identify weaknesses. Training can then focus on combat
tasks, skills, or other factors that address these weaknesses. For example, rifles that are not
serviceable could be the cause of poor zeroes or failures to fire and, therefore, failures to qualify.
Some soldiers may not qualify because of a lack of understanding of immediate-action
procedures or maintenance of the rifle and magazine. Soldiers who miss targets are not
applying the four fundamentals or are not accurately zeroing the rifle. Soldiers who do not fire
at exposed targets during qualification may indicate:

• Failure to scan the designated area.
• Lack of ability to detect targets.
• Lack of ability to shift from one target to another.
• Failure to manage ammunition.
• A stoppage.


Standards:

To achieve the lowest possible individual qualification
rating, a soldier must achieve a minimum score of 23 target hits on a
standard record fire range.

The following are the qualification ratings:

Expert: Hits 36 to 40 targets.
Sharpshooter: Hits 30 to 35 targets.
Marksman: Hits 23 to 29 targets.


NBC PRACTICE & RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon while
wearing assigned M40/M42-series protective mask.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16/M4-series weapon on a record fire range, 20
50m target exposures, and 20 rounds of ball ammunition. Engage ten (10) 50 meter
F-type silhouette targets with one 10-round magazine while in the foxhole supported
firing position while in MOPP 4 and wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body
Armor. Engage ten (10) 50 meter F-type silhouette targets with one 10-round
magazine while in the prone unsupported position while in MOPP 4 and wearing a
Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

exposures.


Record Results of
NBC Record Fire


NIGHT UNASSISTED PRACTICE & RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon
without the aid of any night vision devices.

CONDITIONS: Night, given an M16/M4-series weapon on a record fire range, 30
50m target exposures, and 20 rounds of ball and 10 rounds of tracer ammunition.
Engage fifteen (15) 50 meter F-type silhouette targets with one 15-round
(10 Ball/5Tracer) magazine while in the foxhole supported firing position while
wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor. Engage fifteen (15) 50 meter
F-type silhouette targets with one 15-round (10 Ball/5 Tracer) magazine while in the
prone unsupported position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body
Armor.

exposures.


Record Results of
Night Unassisted
Record Fire


UNASSISTED NIGHT FIRE TARGET DETECTION

Trying to detect a target during the day is difficult enough but at night it becomes
even more so. In order for an individual to see targets at night, he must apply the three
principles of night vision.

a. Dark Adaptation. This process conditions the eyes to see under low levels of
illumination. The eyes of the average person take about 30 minutes to acquire 98 percent
night vision in a completely darkened area. Moving from illuminated to darker areas will
decrease night vision until the eyes have adjusted to the surrounding area again.

b. Off-Center Vision. During the daytime when an individual looks at an object, he
looks directly at it. However, if he did this at night he would only see the object for a few
seconds. In order to see this object for any length of time, he must look 6 to 10 degrees from
this object while concentrating his attention on the object. This allows the light sensitive area
of the eye, which can detect faint light sources or reflection, to be used.

c. Scanning. The act of scanning relates to the short, abrupt, irregular movement of
the firer’s eyes every 4 to 10 seconds around an object or area. Be aware that scanning ranges
vary according to levels of darkness.


EVENT BALL TRACER
• Zero 18
• Practice Fire (Iron Sights) NOTE 1
• Record Fire (Iron Sights) 40
• NBC Practice 20
• NBC Record 20
• Unassisted Night Practice NOTE 2 20 10
• Unassisted Night Record NOTE 2 20 10 NOTE 1 – Conducted on
EST 2000.

Per Weapon Totals: 138 20 NOTE 2 – All soldiers will
fire this event.

Summary

Tasks:

• Weapon Characteristics / Components / Ammunition Identification
• Clearing Procedures
• Disassembly
• Maintenance of Weapon and Magazines
• Assembly
• Cycles of Functioning
• Function Check
• Magazine Loading & Unloading
• Weapon Loading and Unloading
• Troubleshooting Malfunctions & Stoppages
• Zeroing

Summary

Tasks:
• The Four Marksmanship Fundamentals
• Basic Firing Positions
• Training Devices and Exercises

Tasks:
• Zeroing Procedures – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)
• Engage Single and Multiple Targets (Practice Fire) – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)
• Live Fire Exercises:
• M16/M4
• Zeroing
• Qualification
• NBC Fire
• Night Fire

Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction

Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction

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