meaning of perception, definition, factors, perceptual errors, management, sensastion vs perception

1. MEANING, DEFINITION, STAGES

2. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE
ARE.”

3.  Perception is the process of organizing and
interpretation of sensory data in terms of one’s previous
experience and present needs.
 Perception is the sensory experience of the world. It
involves both recognizing environmental stimuli and
actions in response to these stimuli. Through the perceptual
process, we gain information about the properties and
elements of the environment that are critical to our
survival.

4.  The process by which people select, organize,
interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.
 Perceptions differ from person to person.
 Each individual perceives the same situation
differently.
 Individuals organize and interpret things based on
their past experiences and the important values they
consider important.
 Employees tend to behave and act on certain things on
the basis of their perception.

6.  STEPHEN ROBBINS
 “ Perception is a process by which individual’s organize and
interpret the sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment.”
FRED LUTHANS
 “Perception is an important mediating cognitive process
through which persons make interpretations of the stimulus or
situation they are forced with.”
In general, it can be defined as “ a process that involves seeing,
receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting and giving
meaning to the environment”.

7. 1. Perception is the process by which an individual gives meaning
to the environment.
2. It is a cognitive and psychological process.
3. People’s action, emotions, thoughts and feelings are triggered by
their perceptions.
4. Since perception refers to the acquisition of specific knowledge
about objects or events at any particular moment, it occurs
whenever stimuli activate the sense organs.

8. 5. Though perception has been defined in a variety of ways, it
basically refers to the manner in which a person experiences the
world.
6. Perception is an almost automatic process and works in much the
same way within each individual, yet typically yields different
perceptions.
7. A stimulus that is not perceived has no effect on behavior.
8.Perception is a process that operates constantly between us and
reality.

9. 9.Since perception is subjective process, different people
may perceive the same environment differently. So
perception is like beauty, that lies in the eyes of the beholder.
10. Perception involves the creation of gestalts.
11.Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation,
not an exact recording of the situation.
12.Perception is more complex and much broader than
sensation.

10.  Perception plays a very important role in shaping
the personality of an individual.
 Perception is central in interpreting the world around us.
 Perception affects the outcome of our behavior because we
act on the basis of what we see.
 Managers should be able to distinguish between a perceived
world and the reality.
 An understanding of perception is important to understand
and control the human behavior .

11. Characteristics of the perceiver.
Characteristics of the setting.
Characteristics of the perceived.

12.  Characteristics of the perceiver.
The perceptual process is influenced by the perceiver’s:
•Past experiences.
•Needs or motives.
•Personality.
•Values and attitudes.
 Characteristics of the setting.
The perceptual process is influenced by the setting’s:
•Physical context.
•Social context.
•Organizational context.
FACTORS……….

13. Characteristics of the perceived.
The perceptual process is influenced by
characteristics of
the perceived person, object, or event, such as:
•Contrast.
•Intensity.
•Figure-ground separation.
•Size.
•Motion.
•Repetition or novelty.
FACTORS……….

14. Factors in the perceiver
 Attitudes
 Motives
 Interests
 Experience
 Expectations
Perception
Factors in the perceived
 Motion
 Sounds
 Size
 Background
 Proximity
 Similarity
Factors in the situation
 Time
 Work Setting
 Social Setting

15. Perceptual throughputs
Receiving->Selecting->Organizing->Interpreting
Perceptual
Outputs
Actions
Perceptual
inputs
Stimuli
Simplified process of perception

16. Attention
Understanding
MemoryCognition
Stimulation

17. The different stages involved in perception are:
1. Sensation/Stimulation: It is meaningful awareness of
object
2. Attention: perceptual readiness (the process of focusing
upon certain phases or elements of experience and
neglecting others)
3. Understanding: the meaning of object and what the
object is
4. Relating to past experience: Relating the object to past
experience and present needs for comprehensive
usefulness of the object to give meaning
5. Cognition: Interpreting and perceiving the object

18.  Stereotypes or prototypes.
 Halo effects.
 Selective perception.
 Projection.
 Contrast effects.
 Self-fulfilling prophecy.

19.  Stereotypes or prototypes.
 Combines information based on the category or class to
which a person, situation, or object belongs
 Halo effects
 Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is
used to develop an overall impression of the individual
or situation.

21.  Selective perception.
 The tendency to single out those aspects of a
situation, person, or object that are consistent with
one’s needs, values, or attitudes.
 Projection.
 The assignment of one’s personal attributes to other
individuals.
 Projection can be controlled through a high degree of
self-awareness and empathy.

23.  Contrast effects.
 Occur when an individual is compared to other people
on the same characteristics on which the others rank
higher or lower.
 Self-fulfilling prophecy.
 The tendency to create or find in another situation or
individual that which one expected to find.
 Managers should adopt positive and optimistic
approaches to people at work.

25.  Impression management.
A person’s systematic attempt to behave in ways that
create and maintain desired impressions in others’ eyes.
Successful managers:
 Use impression management to enhance their own
images.
 Are sensitive to other people’s use of impression
management.

26.  Distortion management.
Managers should:
 Balance automatic and controlled information
processing at the attention and selection stage.
 Broaden their schemas at the organizing stage.
 Be attuned to attributions at the interpretation stage.