VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION

1. Vehicle Electrification
Application Focus

2. ST is making Driving Greener 2
Vehicle Electrification
Electrification Technologies
Proces
Product
• Use of a range of technologies to use electric
power to replace some or all of the propulsion
requirements of a vehicle
What Electrification Means

3. Data Points - Electrification 3
The Need for Greener Driving
28%
Of global final
energy demand
Transportation represents
23%
of the total CO2
emissions from fuel
combustion
110000000000000000000
JOULES
of energy consumed per year for transport
Source: iiea.org

4. Data Points - Electrification 4
The Need for Greener Driving
8%
of total petrol
consumption
Vehicle emissions represent
10%
of the total CO2
generated by humans
200,000
early deaths per year
in the U.S.

5. Data Points - Electrification 5
Electrification : The Greener Vehicle
29
%
of electric
vehicle sales vs
total sales
in Norway
40-70
Million
Estimated Total EV’s in 2025
750,000
Electric Vehicles sold WW in 2016

6. Global Electric Vehicle Production 6
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Mild Hybrid Full Hybrid Plug-In Hybrid Battery Electric
Global Electric Vehicle Production Forecast
K Units
2018 2020 2022 2024
Source: Strategy Analytics Oct17

7. Battery cost is the main difference
between ICE and EVs
7
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Jun17
BEV and ICE pre-tax prices in U.S. for medium segment price, 2010-2030 (thousand 2016$ and %)

8. • Battery costs fall  EVs demand rise
• By 2025 EVs will cost same as internal combustion engine vehicles
Cost for Li-ion batteries* EV projected (cumulative) sales*
200
400
600
800
1000
$
per
kWh
Million
vehicles
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
100
200
300
400
500
Annual sales
Cumulative sales
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
EV market trends 8
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

9. Electric Vehicle Classification
• Electric Vehicles can be classified by the degree to which electricity is used to
power the vehicle
• There are many degrees and classifications possible
• Typical main ones are
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
• Others include
• Micro-Hybrids
• Mild-Hybids
9

10. Electric Vehicle Classification*
• Micro-Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Basic Start/Stop functionality, switches off the engine and restarts it using the battery
• Mild-Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Mild Hybrids use a motor starter/generator unit (MGU), connected to a battery. The MGU charges
the battery and assists in vehicle acceleration after Start/Stop.
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
• HEVs are powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor. Batteries are
charged via regenerative braking and optionally by a generator connected to the ICE.
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
• PHEVs are HEVs with an on-board charger (OBC) that allows the batteries to be charged from an
electric power source. ICE used only as a backup.
• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
• 100% use of electric power, no ICE. Batteries charged from electric power source and regenerative
braking.
10
*There are many varieties and topologies of all of the classifications listed. These are the most common definitions

11. Electrification: the 3 Degrees
Electric Vehicles Can Be Classified by the Degree to which Electricity is Used to Power the Vehicle
11
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEVs)
Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (PHEVs)
Battery Electric Vehicles
(BEVs)
HEVs are powered by an internal
combustion engine (ICE) and electric
power. Batteries are charged via
regenerative braking and optionally by
a generator connected to the ICE.
PHEVs are HEVs with an on-board
charger (OBC) that allows the batteries
to be charged from an electric power
source.
100% use of electric power. Batteries
charged from electric power source
and regenerative braking.
+ Extended Range, Lower emissions
than ICE only
+ Greater “Electric” range than HEV,
ICE used as backup only
+ Zero Emissions, Lower
maintenance
- Use of fossil fuels, complexity of the
solution
- Use of fossil fuels, complexity of the
solution
- Range/Cost of Battery
Examples: Toyota Prius, Ford Fusion
Hybrid
Examples: Chevrolet Volt, Mitsubishi
Outlander P-HEV
Examples: Tesla (all models), Nissan
Leaf
100
%

12. Electrification: the 3 Degrees 12
PHEV
HEV BEV
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Battery) Electric Vehicle
Electric Vehicles can be classified by the degree to which electricity is used to power the vehicle
100
%

13. Electrification Mild to Full BEV 13
Electric Vehicles can be classified by the degree to which electricity is used to power the vehicle
PHEV
HEV BEV
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Battery) Electric Vehicle
100
%
MHEV
Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle

14. Electric Vehicle Classification 14
+ Extended Range, Lower emissions
- Use of fossil fuels, solution complexity
- Use of fossil fuels, solution complexity
+ Greater “Electric” range than Full-Hybrid,
ICE as backup only, lower emissions
+ Zero Emissions, Lower maintenance
- Range/Battery Cost
+ Extended Range, Lower emissions, Simple
- Use of fossil fuels
+ Extended Range, Lower emissions, Simple
- Use of fossil fuels
Micro-Hybrid
LV 12V
Mild-Hybrid
LV 48V
Full-Hybrid
HV
Plug-in Hybrid
HV
Full BEV
HV
LV - Low Voltage <60V DC
HV - High voltage >60V DC

15. On the Road 15
2017 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, 2017 Renault Scenic,
2018 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid
2017 Ford Fusion Hybrid / Energi, 2017 Toyota Highlander Hybrid,
2017 Porsche Panamera Hybrid
2017 Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, BMW 330e iPerformance,
2017 Kia Optima Plug-In Hybrid, 2017 Volvo XC90 T8
Tesla – All models, Chevrolet Bolt, Renault Zoe,
Hyundai Ionic Electric, BMW i3
BMW 1/3 series, Fiat 500, Peugeot Citroen C3,
Mercedes-Benz A-class
Some* examples of the different electric vehicles in the market
*Other examples from other manufacturers are available
Micro-Hybrid
LV 12V
Mild-Hybrid
LV 48V
Full-Hybrid
HV
Plug-in Hybrid
HV
Full BEV
HV
LV - Low Voltage <60V DC
HV - High voltage >60V DC

16. ICE and EV Comparisons 16
PHEV BEV
HEV
ICE
Range
200-300miles 200-400miles
400-500miles
300-500miles
Exhaust emission*
100gr/mile 0 gr/mile
250gr/mile
400gr/mile
Cost per mile*
$8cents/mile GAS
$4cents/mile ELEC
$4cents/mile
$7cents/mile
$11cents/mile
Refuel time
10-600mins 40-1400mins
5-10mins
5-10mins
Source: US Dept. of Energy

17. ICE and EV Comparisons 17
PHEV BEV
HEV
ICE
Range
300-500km 300-500km
600-800km
500-800km
Exhaust emission*
60gr/km 0 gr/km
150gr/km
250gr/km
Cost per km*
$5cents/km Petrol
$2.5cents/km ELEC
$2.5cents/km
$4cents/km
$7cents/km
Refuel time
10-600mins 40-1400mins
5-10mins
5-10mins
Source: US Dept. of Energy

18. The Transition to Electric Will Take Time
ICE Opportunities for Greener Driving
18
Opportunities for
• Automotive MCUs
• Standard Low-side, High-side and Bridge Smart Power
Devices for driving solenoids, DC motors and stepper motors
• Dedicated ICs for actuator driving, charging and power
management
• Power MOSFETs and IGBTs
ST provides silicon solutions for a broad range of Engine Management Systems,
from motorbikes to multi-cylinder Gasoline Direct Injection and common-rail diesel
engines as well as transmission control and actuation

19. Electric Vehicle User Benefits
• Greener
• Less pollution: EV’s reduce harmful air pollution from exhaust
emissions. When running on electric power there are zero
exhaust emissions. EV’s are quieter and reduce noise
pollution
• Renewable energy: If renewable energy is accessible to
recharge the EV, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced
even further
• Eco-friendly materials: There is a trend towards more eco-
friendly production and materials especially for EVs. The Ford
Focus Electric is partly made from recycled materials
• Safer
• Many EV features can improve safety. The risk of fire is
reduced to non-inflammable fuel. EVs often have a lower
center of gravity that makes them less likely to roll over
19

20. Electric Vehicle User Benefits
• Cheaper to run and maintain
• Cost of Electricity is typically one third as much per
kilometer as buying petrol for the same vehicle
• State and local subsidies may reduce the cost of EV
purchase and usage
• A battery electric vehicle (BEV) has fewer moving
parts than a conventional petrol/diesel car and
relatively little servicing
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have petrol
engines that need regular servicing so cost more to
maintain. The shared electric power reduces petrol
engine maintenance costs.
• Battery technology is improving. Most car
manufacturers warrant EV batteries for around 8
years. (Source)
20

21. How Does it Work?
Key Elements in Electric Vehicles
21
Traction Inverter
• Converts DC Voltage into 3-phase AC
at up to 200kW for the electric motor
DC-DC HV
• Converts DC from the high voltage
batteries (400V-700V) to a DC voltage
required by the traction inverter
On-Board Charger (OBC)
• Converts AC from the Grid 95-265 Vac
and converts to a DC voltage required
for battery charging 400-800 V
DC-DC 48 V
• Converts HV DC from the HV batteries
to 48 V for use in vehicle subsystems
DC-DC 12 V
• Converts HV DC from the HV batteries
to 12 V for use in legacy vehicle
subsystems
Battery management Systems (BMS)
• Manages the batteries for longevity
and performance

22. How Does it Work?
Key Elements in Electric Vehicles
22
Traction
Inverter
DC-DC
HV
DC-DC
HV/12 V
DC-DC
HV/48 V
12 V
Systems
48 V
Systems
OBC
400-800 V
DC
400-800 V
DC
400-800 V
DC AC
48 V
DC
12 V
DC
48 V
DC
12 V
DC
95-265 V
AC

23. Getting Started - Mild Hybrids
• Mild Hybrids (typically) require a motor starter/generator unit
(MGU), a DC-DC converter and a 48V lithium-ion battery, they
provide a low-cost hybrid option
• Motor starter/generator unit (MGU)
• Is connected to the driveshaft and to the 48V battery
• Boosts the ICE during a start/stop event to improve acceleration
• Charges the 48V battery when the vehicle is running on ICE power and
slowing down using regenerative braking
• 48V battery also provides power to the high-current elements (fans,
pumps, AC etc.) and via a DC/DC converter provides power to a
small 12V battery for the 12V legacy system
23
MHEV
Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Mild Hybrid examples include the 2017 Renault Scenic, 2017 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, and 2017 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid
“Mild” hybrids are a low cost entry point for manufacturers and can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 20%

24. Why 48V?
• 48V electrical systems have advantages over current
12V systems, providing 4 times the power during
recuperation
• The improved power is ideal when powering fans,
pumps, electric power steering racks, and
compressors
• Higher voltages are more efficient, but automotive
regulations demand costly shielded cabling (galvanic
isolation) above 60V to protect occupants, so 48V
keeps the cost down
24
4
X
Power
$$$48V
48V Networks are being used across all EV Classifications

25. 48V Mild Hybrid Benefits
Mild Hybrids
Affordable solutions for entry level electrification
25
Up to 15% CO2 reduction due to lower power losses
(start-stop) and energy recuperation -15%CO2
Affordable Access to Electrification with significant
benefits
Enabling quicker engine start, sharper acceleration, and
higher performance in-car applications
0
3
6
9
12
15
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
x3
Mild Hybrid Vehicles [Mu]* Mild Hybrid Vehicles [Mu]
$$$48V
In 2025
~13
Vehicles
M
MHEV
Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Battery management
Systems (BMS)
SiC MOSFETS
IGBTs
DC-DC 48V/12V
SiC MOSFETS
IGBTs
AC-DC 48V
SiC MOSFETS
IGBTs
*Source: Average of estimations of IHS, Continental, IDTechEx, Bloomberg
Additional
Large range of
protection, filter and
companion ICs

26. ST working closely with OEMs
Battery Electric Vehicles
Disruptive market changing vehicles
26
Battery Electric Vehicles BEV ST Opportunities
(Battery) Electric Vehicle
BEV
Traction Inverter
SiC MOSFETS
Galvanic Drivers
Regulators
32-bit MCUs
DC-DC HV
SiC MOSFETS
IGBTs + copacked diodes
Galvanic Drivers
32-bit MCUs
Battery Management
System (BMS)
32-bit MCUs
DC-DC HV/48V/LV
Super Junction MOSFETs
Trench Gate MOSFETs
IGBTs
On-Board Charger
SiC MOSFETS
IGBTs
SCRs, Diodes
Galvanic Drivers
32-bit MCUs
Fast Charger
SiC MOSFETS
IGBTs
Additional
Large range of
protection, filter and
companion ICs
7x in Europe
4x in America
8x in China
3x in Japan
2x in Korea
Engaged with key players in Car Electrification
~85%
of the projects include SiC products
Supporting Car Makers
with power modules
on a worldwide basis

27. Car Electrification and Autonomous Driving enabled by Semiconductors
Power Challenges
Power Solutions from ST
27
Leading Edge Technologies and
Solutions
• Improved figure of merit (lower on losses),
higher dV/dt (lower switching losses)
• Working at higher PWM frequency &
temperature
• High density to realize enhanced features,
diagnostics, precision embedded
intelligence
• High integration (SoC, SiP solutions)
• Shrink path and package miniaturization
• Advanced functional safety development
flow (ISO26262)
• Advanced reliability and test methodologies
Vertical
Intelligent
Power
Silicon
Carbide
Bipolar
CMOS
DMOS

28. Higher Performance & Voltage Operation
• Extremely low power losses
• High efficiency at low current
• Intrinsic SiC body diode (4 quadrant operation)
Higher Operating Frequency
• Lower switching losses
• Excellent diode switching performance
Higher Operating Temperature
• Operating up to 200°C junction
28
Electrification - mileage extension, smaller
battery (or increased battery reliability), fast &
efficient charging
• From ~2% (high load) to ~8% (low load) efficiency
gain on average
• ~7x lower switching losses
• ~7x smaller chip size
• ~40% lower total loss (W)
• ~ 5 ..10 times higher switching frequency
Lower System Cost
• ~5x reduced form factor &
• ~50% cooling system downsizing
• simpler sub-systems like smaller passives, no
external freewheeling diode,…
SiC Advantages for Automotive
SiC Technological Benefits vs Conventional Silicon IGBT
Smart Power Technology SiC
Value Proposition

29. 29
BCD Advantages for Automotive
BCD Technological Benefits
Smart Power Technology BCD
Value Proposition
Higher Integration
• Integration of Bipolar, DMOS, CMOS & Memory
Higher Energy Efficiency
• Best in class specific Rds-ON for power DMOS
Wide voltage range components
• From 5V to 1200V, up to 6kV Galvanic Isolation
Deep trench isolation
• Improved latch-up, substrate noise immunity
and parasitic management
Thick copper metallization
• Improved current capability
Ni/Pd pad finishing
• Extended Temperature range up to 175°C
R&D leadership and automotive experience
• multiple process technology generations
• 30years+ automotive experience
Platform concept - multiple process options
• High voltage, SOI, advanced BCD, galvanic isolation
• embedded NVM option
Process customization to support specific
Automotive application requirements
Automotive quality and reliability
• Built-in right from the beginning of the definition of a
new technology node
Cost optimization
• Leading lithography nodes
• Technology architecture enhancements

30. High Integration in a single package
• Up to 8 actuator channels in QFN 6x6
• Monolithic integration of Smart Trench
FET technology with dense digital intelligence
Higher Energy Efficiency
• From low to high Rdson
High Current Actuation
• Up to 50A DC load for 12V, 24V and 48V
Smart Interfacing
• Serial peripheral Interface / parallel interface
Enhanced diagnostics
• SPI Drivers with autonomous synchronization
of diagnostic during PWM operation
• Very low current sensing spread
30
>25 years VIPower in Automotive
Comprehensive auto grade product families
New high power loads & power distribution systems
• Support of new high power load functions
• Smart Junction Boxes replacing relays & fuses
• Suitable for ICE as well as HEV
System simplification (HW and SW)
• SPI and ADC on board enable saving of I/O’s
• Enhanced diagnostic result in higher robustness
• SW re-use and AUTOSAR compliant
Miniaturization and reduced system cost
• Reduced number of external components
• Significant reduction of PCB space from generation
to generation
VIPower™ Advantages for Automotive
VIPower™ Technological Benefits
Smart Power Technology VIP
Value Proposition

31. RDS(on) continuous reduction
• FOM Reduction versus previous generations
Miller Capacity Reduction
• Thanks to new sophisticated gate structure
(double-electrode)
Soft Capacity Ratio Crss / Ciss
• F7 shows excellent EMI performance
Excellent Diode Performance
• F7 perfectly suitable for Synchronous
Rectification
Excellent avalanche Performance
• Technology is immune to dynamic dv/dt failure
175 °C maximum junction temperature
• F7 is able to meet AG requirements
31
Comprehensive auto grade product families
Broad Packaging Portfolio
• PowerFLAT (DI), TOLL, LFPAK, D2PAK, DPAK
• Bare Die Business
• Known Good Die (KGD)
Scalable Product Portfolio
• Different Voltage Classes
30V,40V, 60V, 80V & 100V
• Scalable RDSON starting in the sub mΩ range
Excellent Switching performance
• Very stable switching performance to support high
power 48V Power Grid Applications
F7 Technological Benefits
F7 Low Voltage MOSFETS
Value Proposition
F7 Advantages for Automotive

32. ST Stands for life.augmented
Smart Driving is one of the 4 Smart Themes
32

33. Silicon Carbide
Market and History

34. SiC MOSFET Target Applications 34
NETCOM
SERVER
PHOTOVOLTAIC
INDUSTRIAL DRIVES
POWER SUPPLY / UPS
ENERGY STORAGE
CHARGING STATION
600V 900V 1200V
Rated Voltage
1 kW
5 kW
10 kW
30 kW
50 kW
100 kW
350 kW
Power
HOME APPLIANCE
HEV / BEV
Rail traction
Smart Power Grid
Wind mills
1700V

35. SiC Diode Target Applications 35
CHARGING STATION
600V 900V 1200V
Rated Voltage
1 kW
5 kW
10 kW
30 kW
50 kW
100 kW
350 kW
Power
HIGH POWER SMPS
HEV / BEV
ON-BOARD CHARGER
SOLAR INVERTERS
MOTOR DRIVES
POWER SUPPLY / UPS
TELECOM
NETCOM
SERVER
HOME APPLIANCE

36. 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016…
20 Years of ST SiC History 36
April 1998
1st contract on SiC
with CNR-IMETEM
(Dr. V. Raineri)
February 2003
ETC Epitaxial
reactor prototype
installed in ST
May 2002
Schottky Diode
Demonstrator
(CNR line)
June 1996
Collaboration with
Physics Dept.
(Prof. G. Foti)
November 2003
First ST internal
product request
June 2003
2" ST line
May 2004
Schottky Diode
Demonstrator
(ST line)
December 2005
Schottky Diode
Mat 20
June 2006
3" ST line
October 2007
1st Gen Diode
Start Production
March 2009
Power MOSFET
3" Demonstrator
June 2011
4" ST line
June 2016
6" ST line
September 2014
1st Gen MOSFET
Start Production
May 2012
2nd Gen Diode
Start Production
June 2017
2nd Gen MOSFET
AG 6" Start
Production
Pioneers.. ...to mass production
September 2013
1.2kV Diode
Start
Production
June 2014
3rd Gen 3 Diode
Start Production

37. 37

38. Higher Performance & Voltage Operation 38
100x
1200V
SiC vs Si
SiC MOSFET
Gen 2
Si StripFET MOSFET
Si IGBT
8x
650V
Si SJ
SiC MOSFET
Gen 2 5x
Si IGBT
SiC vs. Si
5x
1x
1x
Lower Rdson, Smaller Die Size for equivalent Breakdown Voltage

39. Higher Operating Frequency 39
1200V SiC MOSFET enables higher working frequency for smaller Passives and Cooling system
Higher efficiency at High frequency
• Smaller passives
• Smaller heatsink
Lower System cost and System size reduction
Simpler topologies can be adopted
• Less design effort
SiC Heat-sink
IGBT Heat-sink
Inductor Size Reduction

40. 40
Higher Operating Temperature
SiC operates at higher temperatures and has a lower RdsOn across temperature range
ST SiC MOSFET has the lowest Ron at high temperatures
ST is the only supplier to guarantee max Tj as high as 200°C in plastic package
SCT30N120
Temperature (oC)
Normalized
On
Resistance
ST SiC MOSFET
ST Si MOSFET
Competitor A SiC MOSFET
Competitor B SiC MOSFET
ST Si MOSFET
ST SiC MOSFET

41. 41
Faster Reverse Current Recovery
STTA806
STTH8R06
STTH806TTI
SiC
VR= 400V ; IF= 8A ; Tj= 125°C
di/dt= 200A/µs
0
2A/Div , 20ns/Div
Turn
Turn-
-OFF COMPARISON
OFF COMPARISON
STTA806
STTH8R06
STTH806TTI
SiC
VR= 400V ; IF= 8A ; Tj= 125°C
di/dt= 200A/µs
0
2A/Div , 20ns/Div STTA806
STTH8R06
STTH806TTI
SiC
VR= 400V ; IF= 8A ; Tj= 125°C
di/dt= 200A/µs
0
2A/Div , 20ns/Div
Turn
Turn-
-OFF COMPARISON
OFF COMPARISON
Temperature (oC)
Efficiency
(%)
SiC
Si
500W PFC, f=100 kHz

42. ST SiC Manufacturing
• The process flow in SiC device fabrication
is similar to that in Si technology, but
several unique processes are also
needed because of physical and
chemical properties of SiC
• Special HT Epitaxy
• EPI defects classification and monitoring
• High temperature ion implantation
• Very HT dopants activation
• ST has extensive experience in SiC
manufacturing
42
ST has been manufacturing Silicon Carbide since 2003
2003 – 2”
line startup
2006 – 3”
line startup
2011 – 4”
line startup
2016 – 6”
line startup

43. SiC MOSFET Technology Portfolio
• ST has long consolidated experience in manufacturing
Silicon and Silicon Carbide MOSFETs
• SiC 1st Gen 1.2kV MOSFET in production since 2014
• 12 A (500mW), 20 A (169mW), 45 A (80mW), 65 A (52mW)
• 2nd Gen 650V, 1.2 kV Automotive Grade in
production from Q3 2017
• 650V: 50 A (50 mW), 110 A (20 mW)
• 1200V: 40A (40 mW), 90 A (25 mW)
• 1.7 KV in production from Q4 2017
• 6 A (1 W), 25 A (90 mW)
43
Industrial and Automotive Grade 1200V and 650V

44. SiC Diode Technology Portfolio
• ST has over 20 years experience in
producing robust Schottky diodes
• SiC diodes are based on Schottky
technology, on which ST is a leader
• 650V AG
• 6A, 10A, 12A, 20
• 2x10A, 2x20A
• 1200V AG
• 2A, 5A, 6A, 10A, 15A, 20A
• 2x5A, 2x10A, 2x15A, 2x20A
44
Industrial and Automotive Grade 1200V and 650V

45. 45
SiC Technology RoadMAP
on losses*Area (V/A*mm2)
Schottky
diode planar JBS
(Junction Barrier Schottky)
trench
JBS
more
Efficient
Under Dev. : gen 3, gen 4 Under Dev. : gen 5, gen 6
MOSFET DIODE

46. From Planar to Trench 46
body
source
TrenchFET key advantages:
• longer channel perimeter
• higher mobility on trench wall surface
• improved quality of channel surface
• self aligned gate
Tatsuya Kimoto; Hiroki Yoshioka; T. Nakamura
Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications
(WiPDA), 2013 IEEE Workshop on
ST 4th Generation SiC - TrenchFET