J Schneider - UVA

1. Study success among 2nd Generation Turkish students
Results from the TIES Survey
Jens Schneider
AISSR, UvA
Mix-In Conference on Diversity in Higher Education,
Amsterdam, 22-23 March 2010
TIES
= “The Integration of the European Second Generation”
= a quantitative survey on children of immigrants born in
destination countries of labour migration in the 1960/70s.
= almost 10.000 respondents in 15 cities in 8 countries:
Sweden, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France,
Switzerland, Austria and Spain.
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2. INTERVIEWS
per city and group Turkish “Yugoslavian” Moroccan Comparison Group Total
Austria: Wien 252 253 - 250 755
Linz 206 242 - 234 682
Belgium: Brussel 250 - 257 271 778
Antwerpen 358 - 312 303 973
France: Paris 248 - - 174 422
Strasbourg 252 - - 177 429
Germany: Berlin 255 202 - 250 707
Frankfurt 250 204 - 253 707
Netherlands: Amsterdam 237 - 242 259 738
Rotterdam 263 - 251 253 767
Spain: Madrid - - 250 250 500
Barcelona - - 250 250 500
Sweden: Stockholm 250 - - 250 500
Switzerland: Zürich 206 235 - 202 643
Basel 252 200 - 266 718
TOTAL 3.275 1.327 1.562 3.642 9.806
TIES 2007/2008
Survey Organisation
International Coordination:
General: Universiteit van Amsterdam
Survey: Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut (NIDI), The Hague
National Partners:
Germany: Universität Osnabrück
France: Institut National d’Etudes Démografique (INED), Paris
Austria: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
Switzerland: Université de Neuchâtel
Belgium: Katolieke Universiteit Leuven
Sweden: Stockholm Universitet
Spain: Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid
The Netherlands: see above.
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3. Departure point
Much attention to problems of educational integration of
immigrant children, BUT:
• the educational system and the integration context are often
taken for granted;
• no distinction between immigrant children and “native-born”
children of immigrants;
• only differences between groups are looked at, which
overemphasizes “ethnic” differences.
→ Alternative: comparing the same groups in different contexts
BUT: international comparison is very difficult (data
collection methods, group definition criteria etc.).
→ Basic Idea of TIES:
A survey on the same groups in various European countries
with the same questionnaire and definitional criteria.
• Target Group: native-born children of Turkish, Moroccan or
former Yugoslavian immigrants in the age group 18 to 35 (=
Second Generation)
Definition of Second Generation in TIES: All persons born and
resident in the respective survey country from either one or both
parents being born in Turkey, Morocco or former Yugoslavia.
• Comparison Group: native-born children of native-born
parents in the same age group and from the same
neighbourhoods
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4. Sampling in TIES
• Population registers as database in Austria, Belgium
(Antwerp), Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, and
Switzerland
• Additional onomastic analysis in Austria, Belgium,
Germany, and Switzerland
• Phone directory screening + name recognition in France;
Census street segment screening + name recognition in
Brussels
• “Rare element”-sampling (e.g. difficult to find in Paris;
approaching the “entire group” in Linz)
TIES Questionnaire
• Educational careers and attainments
• Labour market careers
• Discrimination
• Identity formation
• Social relations
• Religion
• Transnationalism
• Partner choice and family relations
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5. Education (42+ questions)
• Special focus on transitions and steps/choices taken in school
trajectories:
Starting age of schooling
School choices and given advice
Transitions (to other schools, to higher levels, repetitions)
Highest level of schooling (incl. drop-out)
Highest obtained diploma (incl. branch of study)
• also: School context and climate in secondary education
(e.g. relation to teachers and students, extra help, discrimination)
• also: Situation at home (siblings, homework guidance, role of parents,
learning environment)
Highest diploma
Turkish G2
maximum maximum tertiary level
lower secondary higher secondary (e.g. university)
Austria 35,9% 49,6% 14,5%
Belgium 24,0% 50,2% 24,8%
France 15,8% 44,6% 39,6%
Germany 34,7% 62,3% 3,0%
Netherlands 32,1% 42,3% 25,6%
Sweden 7,9% 55,0% 37,1%
Switzerland 19,8% 67,0% 13,2%
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6. Still in education
Turkish G2
Austria 19,7%
Belgium 21,7%
France 46,0%
Germany 12,7%
Netherlands 43,2%
Sweden 22,7%
Switzerland 42,8%
Highest diploma + current level of education:
Turkish G2 and Comparison Group
TIES diverse 2007/2008
Netherlands Germany France Sweden
Turk. CG. Turk. CG. Turk. CG. Turk. CG.
Prim. primary 6,0% 1,2% 3,0% 2,4% 10,0% 1,4% n.a. n.a.
special 1,5% 0,4% 0,8% 0,0% n.a. n.a n.a. n.a.
Sec. I vocational 10,2% 5,0% 19,4% 6,6% n.a. n.a. n.a n.a
integr. 1,7% 0,4% 0,4% 0,2% 3,8% 0,6% 2,0% 0,8%
mixed 9,3% 3,2% 7,5% 4,8% n.a. n.a. n.a n.a
academic n.a. n.a n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a
Sec II. apprent. 11,8% 5,6% 48,5% 49,5% 22,4% 11,1% n.a. n.a.
post-sec. n.a. n.a. 5,9% 8,9% n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
vocational 23,4% 13,4% 0,4% 1,4% 14,8% 10% n.a. n.a.
academic 1,0 6,2% 7,3% 7,2% 2,2% 3,1% 60,4% 35,6%
Tert. vocational 26,6% 32,1% 1,9% 5,0% 7,4% 7,7% n.a. n.a.
university 8,5% 39,6% 5,6% 14,1% 42,8% 66,1% 36,6% 63,6%
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7. Educational attainment Moroccan/Turk. G2
Still in education or highest diploma
Moroccan G2 Turkish G2
Amsterdam primary 7,1% 4,2%
lower sec. 16,6% 22,8%
apprenticeship 12,4% 8,0%
tertiary 32,0% 30,0%
Rotterdam primary 9,2% 12,2%
lower sec. 16,3% 19,0%
apprenticeship 9,6% 13,3%
tertiary 27,1% 27,4%
Background Turkish parents: educational level
of the fathers
Austria CH Germany Belgium NL France Sweden
max. 28,2% 33,5% 60,6% 38,7% 46,2% 48,8% 47,8%
primary
Sec I 50,2% 47,1% 19,6% 40,7% 35,0% 40,9% 28,6%
Sec II + 15,9% 10,1% 1,6% 6,8% 6,2% 9,6% 15,5%
Tert.
No answer 5,7% 9,2% 18,2% 13,8% 12,6% 0,7% 8,1%
total N 458 465 505 602 500 500 253
TIES diverse 2007/2008
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8. Educational level Turkish G2: current level + highest diploma
(parents of high educational background)
Brussels 4,7 63,6 31,8
Antwerp 6,0 58,1 35,9
Paris 4,0 27,3 68,7
Strasbourg 6,4 52,4 41,3
Stockholm 9,5 52,0 38,5
Zürich 10,3 77,3 12,4
Basel 17,8 68,3 13,9
Linz 8,6 59,1 32,3
Vienna 15,9 67,1 17,1
Frankfurt 16,3 67,4 16,3
Berlin 21,1 63,2 15,8
Rotterdam 25,4 38,8 35,8
Amsterdam 18,4 36,7 44,9
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
lower secondary or below Upper secondary and vocational orientated Post Seocndary & Tertiary education
Educational level Turkish G2: current level + highest diploma
(parents of low educational background)
Brussels 15,1 60,3 24,7
Antwerp 10,1 64,5 25,4
Paris 12,5 36,4 51,1
Strasbourg 23,8 51,6 24,6
Stockholm 7,0 56,1 36,8
Zürich 19,0 63,8 17,2
Basel 22,1 66,3 11,6
Linz 32,8 49,2 18,0
Vienna 40,0 47,1 12,9
Frankfurt 34,1 63,8 2,2
Berlin 36,8 60,2 3,0
Rotterdam 37,2 42,5 20,4
Amsterdam 31,0 43,0 26,0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
lower secondary or below Upper secondary and vocational orientated Post Seocndary & Tertiary education
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9. Influential Factors
e.g. Educational level of the parents; speaking about school at home;
help with homework by parents or siblings; a quiet place to study; the
number of books at home...
only relevant, when school system fails to fulfill a “complete duty”
(Germany: yes, Sweden: no); highest relevance in higher education
Permeability of the system in both directions; second or third chances,
long routes for “late bloomers”
Germany: no; Netherlands: yes
Better access conditions to the labour market through vocational
training in “full-term”-apprenticeships
Germany and Switzerland: yes; Netherlands and France: no
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10. Average starting age in education (incl. pre-school)
Turkish G2 Starting age in
school
Austria 5.2
Belgium 3.0
France 3.1
Germany 4.2
Netherlands 4.0
Sweden 3.1
Switzerland 4.9
Selection age for secondary school
Turkish G2 Selection age
Austria 10
Belgium 14
France 15
Germany 10/12
Netherlands 12
Sweden 15
Switzerland 12
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11. Number of years in school before tracking and
% of those in pre-academic tracks
Turkish G2
joint years in school % in pre-academic track
Sweden 11,9 56,2%
France 11,9 53,6%
Belgium 11,0 51,3%
Netherlands 8,0 25,6%
Germany 5,8/7,8 12,7%
Switzerland 7,1 8,2%
Austria 4,8 n.a.
Turkish G2: Relation pre-academic track and
actual access to higher education
Pre-academic track Entering higher education
Austria n.a. 19,7%
Belgium 51,3% 24,2%
France 53,6% 52,0%
Germany 12,7% 7,5%
Netherlands 25,6% 33,2%
Sweden 56,2% 35,5%
Switzerland 8,2% 13,8%
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12. Turkish G2: Drop-out in higher education
% left without a diploma
Austria 5,6%
Belgium 22,8%
France 15,0%
Germany 10,5%
Netherlands 14,5%
Sweden (29,2%)
Switzerland 9,3%
Second generation Success?
Success is relative: Do we
compare with peers or with
parents?
Institutional arrangements
condition second generation
success across Europe.
Educational success = question
of integration or discrimination?
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13. Thank you!
www.TIESproject.eu
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