3. Newcastle Disease
ND is a fatal and contagious disease of many avian
species predominantly the poultry sector that
creates a constant threat to the poultry industry in
the Egypt.
The disease is complicated due to different
pathotypes and strains of the virus that induce
variation in the severity of disease characterized by
fatal respiratory and neurological pathogenesis
4. The OIE definition for reporting an outbreak of ND is:
Criteria for virulence
The virus has (ICPI) in day-old chicks
(Gallus gallus) of 0.7 or greater.
Multiple basic amino acids have been demonstrated in the virus
(either directly or by deduction) at the C-terminus of the F2 protein
and phenylalanine at residue 117, which is the N-terminus of the F1
protein.three arginine or lysine residues between residues 113 and
116. (OIE .,2012).
5. The NDV
Order :
mononegivir
als
Family :
paramyxovi
rida
Sub family :
paramyxovi
rinae
Genus :
Avulavirus
Serotypes:
APMV-1
(APMV-1 to
APMV-12)
• Genetic
analysis
classify NDV
to class I,
class II
• Class I
a virulent
strains
• Class II
both virulent
and a virulent
6. Molecular structure of NDV
Main Structure genome of NDV
contains six genes
that code for the six
major structural
proteins
Genome sequence of
NDV are (15,186-
15,198 nt long)
•NDV is an enveloped,
single stranded non-
segmented, negative
sense RNA virus with
helical capsid symmetry
F M LNP P HN
9. 2013
NDV genotypes (I- XVIII)
Class II
Genotype I
Genotype II
Genotype III
Genotype IV
Genotype V
Genotype VI
Genotype VII
VII A
VII G
VII B
VII F
VII C
VII D
VII E
Genotype VIII
Genotype IX
Genotype X
Genotype XI
Genotype XII
GENOTYPE XIII
Genotype IVX
Genotype XV
Genotype XVI
Genotype XVII
Genotype XVIII
10. NDV World Panazootics
Genotype
II,III,IV…………. 1st
panazootic
(started in
southeast Asia in
the mid-1920)
Genotype V
……………………..2nd
panazootic
(started in the
Middle East in
the late 1960s
and to have
spread to most
countries by the
early 1970)
Genotype
VI……………
.ppmv-3rd
panazootic ( in
the Middle East
in the late 1970,
spread to Europe
in the 1980),
Genotype VII
and VIII ……. 4th
panazootic
(since the early
1990s to current
date in Asia,
Europe and
Africa including
Egypt )
Genotype VII(a-h)
new sub-genotypes
of vNDV suggests
that a new, fifth,
panazootic of NDV
already originated
in Southeast Asia,
extended to the
Middle East, and
was entering into
Eastern Europe.
(Miller et
al., 2015)
11. History OF NDV IN Egypt
diseas
e
record
ed in
Egypt
for the
first
time
in year
1942
(Daub
ney
and
Manc
El-
Nassa
ri,
1957;
Eissa,.
1960
pigeo
n
(Ahm
ed
and
Reda,
1967),
Lanca
ster
and
Alexa
nder,
.1975
(velog
enic
NDV)
Khafa
gy,
1983;
Amal
Eid,
1984;
and
Bakhi
t and
Abd
El-
Hami
d,
1990)
Hassa
n et
al.,
2004).
(Abde
l
mone
im et
al.,
2006;
Amer
et al.,
2006).
Mah
moud
et al.
(2006)
Ramz
y et
al.
(2009)
Moha
med
et al.
(2009)
Saad
et al.
(2010)
Moha
med
et al.
(2011)
Radw
an et
al.,
2013)
Hussi
en et
al.
(2014)
Ismail
et al.
(2014)
Shala
by et
al.
(2014)
Mosta
fa et
al . (
2014)
Awad et
al.
(2015)
Abdel
Aziz
et al.
(2016)
12. Economic Significance
Mortality (reach up to 100% in fully susceptible flocks)
Decrease in egg production by up to 40% for a period, but
when returns to normal it takes 4 weeks
soft egg shell (5%).
BROILER -condemnation in slaughter house( MG-Ecoli)
Vaccination and control measures
Zoonotic (pink eye)
cancer therapy
13. Biologic Properties
Hemagglutination Activity
(binding of theHN protein to the sialic acid receptors on
the surface of theRBCs)
HA Test
Neuraminidase Activity
Prevent Clumping- elution
The fusing activity
infectivity of the virus depends on the proteolytic
cleavage by a host protease of the precursor F0 protein
into theheterodimer (F1 and F2)
14. Pathotyping
MDT after allantoic sac inoculation, of less than60 hours, 60–90
hours, and greater than 90 hours (lentogenic ,mesogenic, and
velogenic)
The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in day-old chicks
(ICPI> 0.7 M0.7-1.5 V 1.5-2)
Molecular bases of pathogenicity
Lentogenic F0 cleavage site:
monobasic amino acid motif → cleaved by extracellular trypsin-like
proteolytic enzymes on the surface of mucous membranes → local
and asymptomatic infection
Velogenic F0 cleavage site: :
multiple basic amino acid motif (at least 2, like arginine [R] or
lysine [K] residues) → cleaved by intracellular proteolytic enzymes
→ generalized infection
15. Intracerebral Pathogenicity Index ICPI
Twisting of the head and neck, Paralysis of both wings and
both legs closed eyes, ruffled feathers an dropping wings
16.
17. Epidemiology
Host range and susceptibility
Over 250 species
• Chicken are highly susceptible then TurkeyND in
• Pigeons , caused by paramyxovirus serotype 1
(PPMV-1)
• Quail
23. Role of waterfowls and wild birds in
Epidemiology
ducks and geese are a potential reservoirs of NDV
House sparrows
24. Sources of infection and mode of
transmission
• movement of live birds – feral birds, pet/exotic birds,
game birds, racing pigeons, and commercial poultry
• contact with other animals
• movement of peoples and equipment
• movement of poultry products
• airborne spread
• contaminated poultry feed and water
• contaminated vaccines ( incomplete inactivation
and/or decontamination of the vaccines)
25. Methods of infection
The inhalation of virus via aerosol form or ingestion
of contaminated feed or litter.
Incubation Period
For natural exposures to NDV varies between 2 and 15
Days,
Averaging around 5–6 days
Experimental infection 2-4 day
26. Pathotypes on the basis of the clinical signs in
infected chickens
as following
Viscerotropic velogenic (Doyle's form): a highly pathogenic
form in which haemorrhagic intestinal lesions
Neurotropic velogenic (Beach's form): a form that
accompanied with high mortality, usually following respiratory
and nervous signs.
Mesogenic (Beaudettes form): a form that causes respiratory
signs, occasional nervous signs, but low mortality.
Lentogenic or respiratory ( Hitchner's form) : a form that
associated with mild or subclinical respiratory infection.
Asymptomatic: a form that usually consists of a subclinical
enteric infection
27. Environmental effects
Rainy season
More favorable for the occurrence and spread of the
disease.
Extreme weather can increase the intensity of the
disease.
Neural form of the disease is more common in
summer
28. Clinical Signs
Non vaccinated chickens infected with virulent viscerotropic
isolates become listless and depressed 2 days after infection
ending with 100% mortality by the third or fourth day.
34. Gross lesion in internal organs of nonvaccinated group after infection by NDV
strain EG/18/2015
Sever hemorrhages on tips of proventriculus glands and greenish contents
of gizzard
35.
36. 1. Hemorrhages of intestinal cell wall intestinal ulceration
(button shaper of payer's patches ) in mucosa of small
intestine.
2.Intestinal ulceration and sever boudenal ulceration
(button shape of payer's patches ) in mucosa of small
intestine.
3. Ulceration in mucosa of small intestine ( elliptical
ulceration).
1 2
3
37. Petechial hemorrhage in the spleen
Sever congestion in trachea Sever hemorrhage of cecal tonsils
39. Laboratory diagnosis
Isolation and Identification of NDV
Sampling
1. Tracheal, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs (or faeces) .
2. Organs samples also collected in some studies (lung, kidneys, intestine
(including contents), caecal tonsils, spleen, brain, liver and heart tissues).
40. RRT-PCR /(RT-PCR) Isolation
ECE lesion
+ve -ve +ve -ve after 2
passages
Differentiation between
vaccinal and virulent
NDV (not used as routine test)
Any type
Reported to
GOVs
HI /or NT
Typing using standard
reference antisera (not applicable)
Genomic sequence
of F gene
Viral detection protocol in different birds
41. Chicken embryo was congested and with
subcutaneous hemorrhage on the head
Rapid HA Test
Isolation
chicken embryo after inculcation in ECE 9-11 day age
42. Blood samples collected (10 -20 samples /
flocks). For serology
HI TEST
Protective titer in broiler
In layer ,Breeder
43. Molecular diagnosis of NDV
rRT-PCR Assay
Fusion gene protein cleavage site analysis
sequence
Phylogenetic Analyses
44. Differential diagnosis
High mortality, High morbidity and Respiratory
Manifestation
AI,MG ,
Drop in egg production and egg abnormalities
EDS,IB
Nervous signs
Head swelling
Hemorrhage (coccidiosis ,mycotoxin)
Diarrhea
45. Prevention and control
Biosecurity
Vaccination
Live lentogenic vaccines
Live mesogenic vaccines
Inactivated vaccines
Recombinant (live &inactivated)
46.
47. Virus
strains
Pathotype ICPI IVPI Derivation Use in
chicken
Routes
Strain H Mesogenic 1.4 0.0 laboratory
attenuated by
egg passage
Secondary im, sc
Mukteswar Mesogenic 1.4 0.0 laboratory
attenuated by
egg passage
Secondary im, sc
Komarov Mesogenic 1.4 0.0 laboratory
attenuated by
intracerebral
passage in
ducklings
Secondary im, sc,
io
Roakin Mesogenic 1.45 0.0 Field isolates Secondary im, ww
La Sota Lentogenic 0.4 0.0 Field isolates Secondary in, io,
dw, sp,
aer
F (Asplin) Lentogenic 0.25 0.0 Field isolates Primary in, io,
dw, sp,
aer
Hichner B1 Lentogenic 0.2 0.0 Field isolates Primary in, io,
dw, sp,
aer, bd
48. mass application of live vaccines it is difficult
to produce protective antibodies in high percentages of
birds in a flock. Ocular delivery provides the best
response(93%), while vaccine delivery in water or spray
may produce protective antibodies in only 53% to 60%
of the birds
